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Article(id=1236699943088484990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717948800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781843205, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781843205, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781843205, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781843205, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699943394669195, articleId=1236699943088484990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic and economic analysis of liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system, columnId=1236699939707867559, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Liquid air energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy poses significant challenges to stable operation of power grids. Energy storage technology can address these issues effectively. Liquid air energy storage technology offers significant advantages of high energy storage density, being unconstrained by geographical conditions and atmospheric pressure storage. However, its round-trip efficiency is relatively low. To solve this problem, a liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system (N-LAES) is proposed. By charging liquid nitrogen during energy release process, the gas flow in the expander increases, and gas pressure in front of the expander rises as well, thus the system’s round-trip efficiency increases. A thermodynamic model is developed, and the analysis results indicate that, for a typical scale N-LAES, the round-trip efficiency is increased to 66.47% compared with 56.90% for a standalone LAES. The net present value at the 30th year increases to 120 213 500 yuan, compared with 58 077 400 yuan for a standalone LAES, and the levelized cost of storage decreases to 0.809 4 yuan/(kW·h) from 0.897 2 yuan/(kW·h) for a standalone LAES. These findings demonstrate that both the thermodynamic and economic performance of the N-LAES is superior to that of the standalone LAES, offering a new approach for development of the liquid air energy storage technology.

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可再生能源存在间歇性和波动性，给电网的稳定运行造成了挑战，储能技术是解决此问题的有效途径。液态空气储能技术具有储能密度高，不受地理条件限制和常压储存的突出优势，但往返效率相对较低。提出了一种液氮和液空复合型空气储能系统（N-LAES），通过充注液氮，增加膨胀机中的气体流量，同时也提高膨胀机前的气体压力，从而提高系统往返效率。利用建立的热力学模型进行分析，结果表明：对于一个典型规模的N-LAES，其往返效率可以从单一液空储能系统的56.90%提高至66.47%，第30年的净现值从单一系统的5 807.74万元提高至12 021.35万元，平准化储能成本从单一系统的0.897 2元/(kW·h)降低至0.809 4元/(kW·h)。表明，N-LAES的热力学性能和经济性能都优于单一系统，为液空储能技术的发展提供了新思路。

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刘纪云（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为液态空气储能技术，。

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刘纪云（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为液态空气储能技术，。

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刘纪云（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为液态空气储能技术，。

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Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 41: 102878., articleTitle=Thermodynamic optimization with multi objectives and parameters for liquid air energy storage system based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236699953318391860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, awardId=09CHDD020, language=EN, fundingSource=Technological Innovation Project of CGDG(09CHDD020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236699953389695035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, awardId=09CHDD020, language=CN, fundingSource=中国绿发投资集团有限公司科技项目(09CHDD020), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236699946863358700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236699946871747309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, companyId=1236699946863358700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Zhonglv Zhongke Energy Storage Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing 100020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236699946880135918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, companyId=1236699946863358700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中绿中科储能技术有限公司，北京　100020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236699950596289425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The flowchart of liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system, figureFileSmall=i9WtNXv2XWC5U8+XVU8lKQ==, figureFileBig=rSS0bqtIuZwHLIVkcJ2g0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699950684369816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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caption=Comprehensive efficiency of the N-LAES with different numbers of compression and expansion stages, figureFileSmall=kLPkFKuUeH4858MEyBR2JA==, figureFileBig=BOaoOb7jP4VrovKE/lSqPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951166714807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同压缩级数和膨胀级数下N-LAES综合效率, figureFileSmall=kLPkFKuUeH4858MEyBR2JA==, figureFileBig=BOaoOb7jP4VrovKE/lSqPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951267378109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The net present values of the N-LAES and standalone LAES, figureFileSmall=WtxagpRA0bgwbcG8NQ0rqA==, figureFileBig=cg5cEHRuOzdsfDaj3ol8OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951372235717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=图4, caption=N-LAES和单一LAES的净现值, 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figureFileSmall=mLF6BFOHi36Cn9hSSta3Xw==, figureFileBig=zfCAQOjzFbQWil3B6/+dPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951858775021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同液氮购价折扣下净现值对比, figureFileSmall=mLF6BFOHi36Cn9hSSta3Xw==, figureFileBig=zfCAQOjzFbQWil3B6/+dPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699951997187059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The levelized cost of energy storage of N-LAES with different discounts on purchase price of liquid nitrogen, figureFileSmall=TJKKQa7L6769aWK1fqJksw==, figureFileBig=+QNv1x5IhgdT8AE/SPULwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699952093656060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同液氮购价折扣下N-LAES平准化储能成本对比, figureFileSmall=TJKKQa7L6769aWK1fqJksw==, figureFileBig=+QNv1x5IhgdT8AE/SPULwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699952194319359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Reference values for equipment cost estimation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
压缩机成本/(元·kW–1)1 267.886
膨胀机成本/(元·kW–1)743.414
液体膨胀机成本/(元·kW–1)5 109.731
低温泵成本/(元·kW–1)10 942.950
级间换热器成本/(元·kW–1)352.453
低温换热器成本/(元·kW–1)395.972
蓄冷储罐成本/(元·m–3)2 005.689
蓄热储罐成本/(元·m–3)7 124.170
液空罐成本/(元·m–3)2 899.104
甲醇成本/(元·t–1)2 555.000
丙烷成本/(元·t–1)5 375.750
THEOL-66导热油成本/(元·t–1)17 447.646
液氮成本/(元·t–1)455.000
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952299175941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设备成本估算参考值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
压缩机成本/(元·kW–1)1 267.886
膨胀机成本/(元·kW–1)743.414
液体膨胀机成本/(元·kW–1)5 109.731
低温泵成本/(元·kW–1)10 942.950
级间换热器成本/(元·kW–1)352.453
低温换热器成本/(元·kW–1)395.972
蓄冷储罐成本/(元·m–3)2 005.689
蓄热储罐成本/(元·m–3)7 124.170
液空罐成本/(元·m–3)2 899.104
甲醇成本/(元·t–1)2 555.000
丙烷成本/(元·t–1)5 375.750
THEOL-66导热油成本/(元·t–1)17 447.646
液氮成本/(元·t–1)455.000
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952404033550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The peak-valley price in Nanjing

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时期电价
高峰时期1.137 2
平谷时期0.661 3
低谷时期0.276 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952529862672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南京市峰谷电价

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时期电价
高峰时期1.137 2
平谷时期0.661 3
低谷时期0.276 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952605360147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Economic parameters of the system

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项目数值
储能过程时长/h8[24]
释能过程时长/h8[24]
年运行天数/d330[25]
维修运行系数/%6[21]
折现率/%6[21]
液氮采购折扣0.6
服务寿命/a30[26]
通胀率/%2[21]
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系统经济性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储能过程时长/h8[24]
释能过程时长/h8[24]
年运行天数/d330[25]
维修运行系数/%6[21]
折现率/%6[21]
液氮采购折扣0.6
服务寿命/a30[26]
通胀率/%2[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952785715230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Operating parameters of the system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
环境温度/K298.15[30]
环境压力/MPa0.1[30]
压缩压力/MPa7.0
级间换热器夹点温差/K10.00[31]
低温换热器夹点温差/K2.00[31]
压缩机绝热效率/%85[31]
膨胀机绝热效率/%85[31]
液体膨胀机绝热效率/%75[31]
低温泵绝热效率/%75[31]
液氮消耗量/(t·d–1)100
入口干空气流量/(m3·h–1)101 500
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952857018401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

系统的工作参数

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项目数值
环境温度/K298.15[30]
环境压力/MPa0.1[30]
压缩压力/MPa7.0
级间换热器夹点温差/K10.00[31]
低温换热器夹点温差/K2.00[31]
压缩机绝热效率/%85[31]
膨胀机绝热效率/%85[31]
液体膨胀机绝热效率/%75[31]
低温泵绝热效率/%75[31]
液氮消耗量/(t·d–1)100
入口干空气流量/(m3·h–1)101 500
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952961876006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Calculation results of the model and reference [29]

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项目文献[29]本文模型误差/%
末级压缩机级后温度/K495.3492.40.60
末级膨胀机级后温度/K307.8309.00.38
液态空气储存温度/K79.579.40.19
储能过程耗电量/MW94.8894.620.27
释能过程发电量/MW47.7747.760.02
液化率/%60.560.60.13
往返效率/%50.350.50.36
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953054150699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型与文献[29]计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目文献[29]本文模型误差/%
末级压缩机级后温度/K495.3492.40.60
末级膨胀机级后温度/K307.8309.00.38
液态空气储存温度/K79.579.40.19
储能过程耗电量/MW94.8894.620.27
释能过程发电量/MW47.7747.760.02
液化率/%60.560.60.13
往返效率/%50.350.50.36
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953138036780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

System cost comparison between the N-LAES and standalone LAES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目单一LAESN-LAES
造价/元占比/%造价/元占比/%
压缩机27 627 817.5621.6827 627 817.5620.98
膨胀机10 275 476.438.0711 916 204.899.05
级间换热器13 262 501.2710.4114 312 959.4210.87
低温换热器5 406 161.004.245 406 161.004.11
低温泵2 181 383.731.713 772 339.912.86
储罐35 204 100.9227.6335 204 100.9226.73
蓄冷、热介质33 455 311.0726.2633 455 311.0725.40
总计127 412 752.98100.00131 694 894.77100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953213534255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699943088484990, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

N-LAES和单一LAES系统成本对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目单一LAESN-LAES
造价/元占比/%造价/元占比/%
压缩机27 627 817.5621.6827 627 817.5620.98
膨胀机10 275 476.438.0711 916 204.899.05
级间换热器13 262 501.2710.4114 312 959.4210.87
低温换热器5 406 161.004.245 406 161.004.11
低温泵2 181 383.731.713 772 339.912.86
储罐35 204 100.9227.6335 204 100.9226.73
蓄冷、热介质33 455 311.0726.2633 455 311.0725.40
总计127 412 752.98100.00131 694 894.77100.00
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液氮和液空复合型空气储能系统热力学与经济性分析
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刘纪云 , 王新东 , 林子 , 江兆伟
热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024,53(9): 85-91
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热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024, 53(9): 85-91
液氮和液空复合型空气储能系统热力学与经济性分析
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刘纪云 , 王新东, 林子, 江兆伟
作者信息
  • 中绿中科储能技术有限公司，北京　100020

    • 刘纪云（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为液态空气储能技术，。

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system
Jiyun LIU , Xindong WANG, Zi LIN, Zhaowei JIANG
Affiliations
  • Zhonglv Zhongke Energy Storage Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing 100020, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406124
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摘要
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可再生能源存在间歇性和波动性，给电网的稳定运行造成了挑战，储能技术是解决此问题的有效途径。液态空气储能技术具有储能密度高，不受地理条件限制和常压储存的突出优势，但往返效率相对较低。提出了一种液氮和液空复合型空气储能系统（N-LAES），通过充注液氮，增加膨胀机中的气体流量，同时也提高膨胀机前的气体压力，从而提高系统往返效率。利用建立的热力学模型进行分析，结果表明：对于一个典型规模的N-LAES，其往返效率可以从单一液空储能系统的56.90%提高至66.47%，第30年的净现值从单一系统的5 807.74万元提高至12 021.35万元，平准化储能成本从单一系统的0.897 2元/(kW·h)降低至0.809 4元/(kW·h)。表明，N-LAES的热力学性能和经济性能都优于单一系统，为液空储能技术的发展提供了新思路。

液态空气储能  /  液氮  /  热力学分析  /  经济性分析

The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy poses significant challenges to stable operation of power grids. Energy storage technology can address these issues effectively. Liquid air energy storage technology offers significant advantages of high energy storage density, being unconstrained by geographical conditions and atmospheric pressure storage. However, its round-trip efficiency is relatively low. To solve this problem, a liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system (N-LAES) is proposed. By charging liquid nitrogen during energy release process, the gas flow in the expander increases, and gas pressure in front of the expander rises as well, thus the system’s round-trip efficiency increases. A thermodynamic model is developed, and the analysis results indicate that, for a typical scale N-LAES, the round-trip efficiency is increased to 66.47% compared with 56.90% for a standalone LAES. The net present value at the 30th year increases to 120 213 500 yuan, compared with 58 077 400 yuan for a standalone LAES, and the levelized cost of storage decreases to 0.809 4 yuan/(kW·h) from 0.897 2 yuan/(kW·h) for a standalone LAES. These findings demonstrate that both the thermodynamic and economic performance of the N-LAES is superior to that of the standalone LAES, offering a new approach for development of the liquid air energy storage technology.

liquid air energy storage  /  liquid nitrogen  /  thermodynamic analysis  /  economic analysis
刘纪云, 王新东, 林子, 江兆伟. 液氮和液空复合型空气储能系统热力学与经济性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406124
Jiyun LIU, Xindong WANG, Zi LIN, Zhaowei JIANG. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of liquid nitrogen and liquid air hybrid energy storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406124
正文
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目前，居高不下的碳排放量对全球生态环境造成了很大的负面影响[1-2]。可再生能源具有清洁、无污染、资源丰富的特点，是未来能源的发展方向。然而，可再生能源具有间歇性和波动性，因此对电网的稳定运行提出了挑战[3-4]。储能技术被认为是解决上述问题的有效途径[5-6]。液态空气储能是一种有前景的大规模储能技术，具有储能密度高、不受地理条件限制和常压储存的突出优势[7-8]。储能时，经压缩机后的高压空气在蓄冷单元中被蓄冷工质冷却液化，再节流至常压后，液相储存于常压液空罐中，气相返流为压缩空气提供冷量。释能时，液态空气经液空泵加压后进入蓄冷单元，其冷量被蓄冷工质回收，温度升高后以高压空气形式进入膨胀机发电[9-10]。储能时期压缩空气获得的冷量来自于返流空气、蓄冷工质和加压液空。液态空气量增多或膨胀机前压力提高都可以提高往返效率。Wang等人[11]提出了液态空气储能与空分耦合系统中将空分装置生产的液氧供给储能系统补冷，大大提高了液空加压压力。Park等人[12]将液化天然气（LNG）的汽化过程与液态空气储能系统耦合，为压缩空气提供了冷量，将液空增压压力提高至12 MPa，往返效率提升至85.1%。Chen等人[13]利用LNG冷量制氢，并为液态空气储能系统供冷，使得液空增压压力提高至8 MPa，往返效率提升至71.0%。
在液体空分市场，液氮存在供大于求的情况。对于液态空气储能技术，可以将液体空分厂的液氮在释能时期经加压后充注入蓄冷单元中，进一步增强液态空气储能系统的发电能力，并提高空分厂的收益。为此，本文提出了液氮与液空复合型空气储能系统（N-LAES），建立了系统的能量模型、经济性模型和调峰模型，并分析了其各项指标性能。
1　充注液氮的液态空气储能系统
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图1为充注液氮的液态空气储能系统流程。系统一次充放电过程如下。
1）在用电低谷时期或新能源发电期间，系统充电。电能供给压缩单元，空气被压缩至高压状态，压缩热储存于蓄热装置中。高压空气随后在蓄冷单元中被冷却、液化，并储存于液态空气储罐中。
2）在用电高峰时期，系统放电。液态空气及液氮经加压后进入蓄冷单元中汽化，其冷量由蓄冷单元回收。在回收压缩热后，高温高压的空气在膨胀单元中膨胀至常压，并带动发电机发电。
压缩单元包括多级压缩机和多级级间冷却器。压缩机将空气增压至高压，级间冷却器将压缩热传递至蓄热工质，以降低下一级压缩能耗。蓄冷单元包括两级换热器及液体膨胀机。两级换热中采用的蓄冷工质分别为甲醇-水溶液和丙烷。蓄热单元采用的蓄热工质为THEOL-66导热油。膨胀单元包括多级膨胀机和多级级间加热器。空气在膨胀机中膨胀，可以输出大量功。空气在级间加热器中加热可以增强其输出功能力。
2　系统数学模型
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为评价系统性能，建立了系统能量模型，并提出了能量、经济性和调峰能力的评价指标。
2.1　热力学模型
在充注液氮的液态空气储能系统中，所用到的设备有压缩机、膨胀机、泵、换热器和储罐。其中，压缩机将空气压缩至高压状态，使其更容易液化，其功耗为[14]：
WCP=mCP×(hout−hin)
式中：WCP为压缩机功率；mCP为进入压缩机的气体质量流量，kg/s；hin和hout分别为压缩机进、出口气体的比焓，kJ/kg。
在N-LAES中，膨胀机分为2类，一种为高温高压空气膨胀发电的膨胀机，一种为液态空气膨胀至常压以便储存的液体膨胀机。两者用途不同，但是其模型一致，其输出功率为[15]：
WTB=mTB×(hin−hout)
式中：WTB为膨胀机输出功率；mTB为进入膨胀机的气体质量流量，kg/s。
泵在N-LAES中广泛使用，包括液态空气泵、液氮泵、蓄冷工质泵、蓄热工质泵等，其功耗WPumps为[16]：
WPumps=mPumps×(hout−hin)
式中：mPumps泵中工质的质量流量，kg/s。
N-LAES中使用的换热器按照用途分类分为级间冷却器、级间加热器和低温换热器，以实现热量传递，其模型为[11]：
∑mhot(hhot,in−hhot,out)=∑mcold(hcold,out−hcold,in)
式中：mhot和mcold分别为热流体和冷流体的质量流量，kg/s；hhot,in和hhot,out为热流体在换热器进出口处的比焓，kJ/kg；hcold,in和hcold,out为冷流体在换热器进出口处的比焓，kJ/kg。
N-LAES储能时耗电量为[11]：
WES=∑WCP−WLAE
释能时发电量为[11]：
WER=∑WATB−WLAP−WLNP
式中：∑WCP为压缩机耗功之和，kW；WLAE为液体膨胀机输出功，kW；∑WATB为膨胀机输出功之和，kW；WLAP和WLNP分别为液空泵和液氮泵耗功，kW。
则系统往返效率ηRTE为[11]：
ηRTE=WER×tERWES×tES
式中：tES和tER分别为储能时期和释能时期的时长，h。
由于N-LAES中充注了大量液氮，为综合评价其性能，采用综合效率评价其能量指标。综合效率ηcom为：
ηcom=WER×tERWES×tES+WLN×mN×tER
式中：mN为释能时期液氮每小时用量，kg/h；WLN为制液氮能耗，本文为0.258 kW·h/kg[17]。
2.2　经济性模型
采用净现值分析（NPV）和平准化储能成本（ELCOS）作为评价指标，检测系统经济性。N-LAES年总成本（CATC）包括维修运行成本、电力成本和液氮成本，则年总成本为[18]：
CATC=α×∑Ci+CE+CN
式中：α为维修运行系数；Ci为系统中各设备造价，其计算公式见表1[14]；CE为电力成本，江苏省南京市峰谷电价见表2[19]；CN为液氮成本。
由于系统所使用的电力全部为低谷电，则电力成本为[20]：
CE=WES×tES×ts×PRE-valley
液氮成本为：
CN=mN×tER×ts×PRN×δ
式中：ts为系统年运行天数；PRE-valley为低谷电价；PRN为液氮市场价格；δ为N-LAES采购液氮折扣。
N-LAES的输出产品为高峰电力，则其收益为高峰电力收益，则其年总收入（EATI）为[21]：
EATI=WER×tER×ts×PRE-peak
式中：PRE-peak为高峰电力价格。则系统年总利润（EATP）为年总收入和年总成本之差[21]：
EATP=EATI−CATC
净现值（ENPV）表示1个时期内现金流入和流出间的现值差，为[21]：
ENPV=∑j=1nEATPj(1+φ)j−∑Ci
式中：n为N-LAES的服务时间；EATPj为N-LAES第j年的总利润；φ为折现率。当ENPV为0时，可以得到系统的动态投资回收期。考虑到资金的时间价值，系统收回初始投资的时间DPP为[22]：
DPP=y−1+|ENPVy−1|EATPy
式中：ENPVy−1为负值；ENPVy为正值；EATPy为系统在第y年的总利润。
此外，平准化储能成本ELCOS表示系统每储1 kW·h所消耗的成本[23]：
ELCOS=∑Ci+∑j=1nCATCj(1+f)j∑j=1nWER×tER×ts(1+f)j
式中：CATCj为系统第j年的总成本；f为通胀率。
系统各经济性参数见表3。
2.3　调峰能力模型
为评价N-LAES的调峰能力，采用调峰系数PPSI作为评价指标[27]：
PPSI=∫0T(WNET−WAV)2dtt×WAV
WAV=1T∫0TWNETdt
式中：WNET为系统从电网获得的电量，kW；WAV为系统每天平均能耗[28]，kW。
3　系统模拟与结果
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3.1　系统模拟
对N-LAES系统进行技术经济分析，旨在综合考虑系统效率、调峰性能和经济性性能等方面。经济分析的目的是验证N-LAES集成系统的经济效益，并与独立的LAES系统进行比较。为更好地衡量系统的性能并评估其实际可行性，需要对其参数做出合理的假设。表4列出了模拟过程基本参数设置，并且这些参数在目前的技术水平下无需高昂的投资即可实现。
3.2　模型验证
为验证模型的合理性，将模型所计算数据与文献[29]的数据进行对比，结果见表5。由表5可见，本文模型计算数据与文献[29]数据误差小于1%，属于合理范围，因此该模型合理。
3.3　能量分析
在单一液态空气储能系统中，压缩空气在蓄冷单元中被冷却、液化。高压液态空气经节流至常压后，其中液相储存于液空罐中，气相返流为压缩空气提供液态空气提供冷能。液态空气在释能时被加压后进入蓄冷单元，为蓄冷介质提供冷量，从而在储能时为压缩空气供冷。释能时，当液空加压的压力太小时，蓄冷介质获得的冷量超过压缩空气所需冷量，且空气的压力能较低，系统发电量较小；当液空加压的压力太大时，蓄冷介质获得的冷量不足。因此，存在一个最大加压压力值与系统匹配。N-LAES向单一液态空气储能系统中注入液氮，可进一步提高液空增压的压力，从而增强系统发电能力。
在单一LAES中，当压缩压力为7.0 MPa时，膨胀压力约为4.3 MPa，增加液氮补冷后，膨胀压力可提升至6.7 MPa。
为选择往返效率最高的机组配置，首先分析压缩级数和膨胀级数对系统往返效率的影响。图2为压缩级数和膨胀级数对单一LAES和N-LAES往返效率的影响。由图2可见：对于单一LAES，在2级压缩、3级膨胀的配置下具有最高的往返效率，为56.90%；对于N-LAES，也在2级压缩和3级膨胀的配置下具有最高的往返效率，为66.47%。
在N-LAES中，相比LAES注入了大量液氮。因此，本文引入了综合效率。图3为不同压缩级数和膨胀级数下N-LAES的综合效率。随着膨胀级数增加，系统综合效率升高后下降。在2级、3级、4级压缩中，其综合效率最高点对应的膨胀级数分别为3级、4级和5级，综合效率分别为57.83%、56.57%和55.70%。
3.4　经济性分析
为了分析N-LAES的经济性性能，在二级压缩和三级膨胀的配置下，表6对比了N-LAES和单一LAES设备造价及成本占比。由表6可见，单一LAES总造价为127 412 752.98元，N-LAES总造价为131 694 894.77元，相比单一LAES增加了4 282 141.89元，涨幅3.36%。
单一LAES的年总成本为23 426 685.29元，年利润为13 475 654.92元；N-LAES的年总成本和年利润分别为29 295 420.17元和13 796 368.46元。分析N-LAES和单一LAES的净现值和平准化储能成本比较2系统的经济性性能，结果如图4、图5所示。
由图4可见，在第30年时，单一LAES和N-LAES的净现值分别为5 807.74万元和12 021.35万元。2系统的投资回收期分别为14.16年和9.52年。由图5可见，在第30年时，单一LAES的ELCOS为0.897 2元/(kW·h)，N-LAES的ELCOS为0.809 4元/(kW·h)，相比单一LAES降低了9.79%。
在之前的经济性分析中，假设液氮购买价格为市场价的6折。因此，本节分析了液氮购价对系统经济性的影响。图6和图7为液氮购价折扣对净现值和平准化储能成本的影响。随着液氮购价折扣提高，系统经济性降低，第30年的净现值降低，平准化储能成本升高。每当液氮购价折扣增加1成，则第30年的净现值降低约2 067万元，第30年的平准化储能成本增长0.039 6元/(kW·h)。当液氮购价折扣为9折时，N-LAES在第30年的平准化储能成本已高于单一LAES，则在该购价下不应该施行N-LAES。
3.5　调峰能力分析
在单一LAES中，储能时用电功率为21.60 MW，释能时发电功率为12.30 MW，往返效率为56.91%。N-LAES储能时用电功率为21.60 MW，释能时发电功率为14.35 MW，往返效率为66.46%。单一LAES的调峰系数为63.26 MW，N-LAES的调峰系数为90.42 MW，相比单一LAES提高了42.93%。
4　结论
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液态空气储能技术作为一种不受地理条件限制的大规模储能技术，可以有效解决可再生能源对电网稳定运行的影响。然而，液态空气储能技术往返效率较低，增加液态空气量可以有效提高液空增压压力，从而增强系统的发电能力。N-LAES将空分厂中多余的液氮充注于液态空气储能系统中，一方面增加了用于膨胀发电的空气量，另一方面也提高了膨胀空气的压力，从而提高了系统的往返效率。
1）N-LAES的往返效率为66.47%，相比单一液空储能系统56.90%的往返效率提高了9.57%。
2）N-LAES在第30年的净现值为12 021.35万元，高于单一LAES的5 807.74万元。N-LAES的平准化储能成本为0.809 4元/(kW·h)，相比单一LAES的0.897 2元/(kW·h)降低了9.79%。
3）N-LAES的调峰系数为90.42 MW，相比单一系统的63.26 MW提高了42.93%。
基金
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  • 中国绿发投资集团有限公司科技项目(09CHDD020)
文献
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406124
  • 接收时间：2024-06-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-10
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Technological Innovation Project of CGDG(09CHDD020)
中国绿发投资集团有限公司科技项目(09CHDD020)
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    中绿中科储能技术有限公司，北京　100020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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