Article(id=1236699940211184054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718380800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781842519, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781842519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781842519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781842519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699941897294281, articleId=1236699940211184054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimization and performance evaluation for liquid air energy storage based on liquid natural gas cold energy utilization, columnId=1236699939707867559, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Liquid air energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to its geographical flexibility and high energy storage density. To further improve the round-trip efficiency and economic benefits of LAES, a novel integrated system combining liquid natural gas (LNG) cold energy utilization and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with LAES is proposed. Thermodynamic and economic analysis methods for the integrated system are established, and the effects of key parameters on the system’s thermal performance are investigated based on simulations. An economic analysis of the system is also conducted. The results show that, as the system’s expansion pressure increases, both efficiency and power output rise, but at a decreasing rate. The system’s round-trip efficiency increases with more expansion stages up to a point, then decreases. With four-stage expansion, the system efficiency reaches 62.26%, which is 7%~12% higher than that of the conventional LAES system. When the difference between peak and valley electricity prices is 0.848 yuan/(kW·h), the net present value, dynamic payback period, and levelized cost of electricity are 119 058 500 yuan, 4.48 years, and 0.893 yuan/(kW·h), respectively. The results of this study can provide a reference for engineering application and efficiency improvement of LAES systems.

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液态空气储能(LAES)具有不受地理限制和储能密度高的特点,是有潜力的大规模储能技术。为了进一步提升LAES的系统往返效率和经济效益,提出了联合液态天然气(LNG)冷能利用和有机朗肯循环(ORC)与LAES的新型集成系统。建立了集成系统的热力学和经济性评价方法,基于仿真计算探究了关键参数对系统热力性能的影响并对系统进行了经济性分析。结果表明:随着系统膨胀压力的增大,系统效率和功率输出也增加,但是增加的幅度在减小;系统往返效率随着膨胀级数先增大再减小;采用四级膨胀时,系统的效率达到了62.26%,相较于常规的LAES系统效率提升了7%~12%;当峰谷电价差为0.848元/(kW·h)时,系统的净现值、动态回收期以及平准化度电成本分别为11 905.85万元、4.48年和0.893元/(kW·h)。该研究结果可为LAES系统的工程应用和效率提升提供参考和依据。

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陈六彪(1987),男,博士,项目研究员,主要研究方向为大规模储能技术,
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李俊先(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为液态空气储能系统蓄冷与储热技术,

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Operating parameters of the system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
LNG进口压力/MPa0.13
LNG出口压力/MPa7.00
LNG进口温度/℃-162
空气压缩压力/MPa9.00
空气膨胀压力/MPa8.00
空气进口流量/(kg·s–1)10.00
液态空气储罐压力/MPa0.10
板翅换热器夹点温度/℃2
管壳换热器夹点温度/℃10
压缩机等熵效率/%85.0
膨胀机等熵效率/%85.0
低温泵等熵效率/%75.0
储能时间/h8
释能时间/h8
), ArticleFig(id=1236699952957674475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
LNG进口压力/MPa0.13
LNG出口压力/MPa7.00
LNG进口温度/℃-162
空气压缩压力/MPa9.00
空气膨胀压力/MPa8.00
空气进口流量/(kg·s–1)10.00
液态空气储罐压力/MPa0.10
板翅换热器夹点温度/℃2
管壳换热器夹点温度/℃10
压缩机等熵效率/%85.0
膨胀机等熵效率/%85.0
低温泵等熵效率/%75.0
储能时间/h8
释能时间/h8
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953062532080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic parameters for economic calculation

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项目数值
运行生命周期n/a25
折现率d/%6
通货膨胀率r/%2
年度税率α/%5
操作和维修因素μ/%6
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953175778291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

经济计算的基本参数

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项目数值
运行生命周期n/a25
折现率d/%6
通货膨胀率r/%2
年度税率α/%5
操作和维修因素μ/%6
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953284830202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model validation with the simulation data from literature [20]

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系统项目文献[20]计算结果本文计算结果误差/%
基本LAES液态空气储罐温度/K78.8079.370.72
末级透平出口温度/K307.80309.560.57
充电过程输入电能/MW94.8893.331.63
空气透平输出电能/MW47.7747.620.30
空气液化率/%60.5060.580.13
系统往返效率/%50.3051.021.43
ORC透平进口温度/K456.60458.960.52
冷凝器出口温度/K282.90282.130.27
泵的出口温度/K291.40291.150.09
能量输出/kW7.107.110.16
), ArticleFig(id=1236699953372910589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

利用文献[20]中的数据进行模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统项目文献[20]计算结果本文计算结果误差/%
基本LAES液态空气储罐温度/K78.8079.370.72
末级透平出口温度/K307.80309.560.57
充电过程输入电能/MW94.8893.331.63
空气透平输出电能/MW47.7747.620.30
空气液化率/%60.5060.580.13
系统往返效率/%50.3051.021.43
ORC透平进口温度/K456.60458.960.52
冷凝器出口温度/K282.90282.130.27
泵的出口温度/K291.40291.150.09
能量输出/kW7.107.110.16
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Calculation equations for purchase costs of each equipment components

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设备名称成本计算公式
空气压缩机57 670W0.62元/kW
透平膨胀机8 030W0.81元/kW
级间冷却器355W元/kW
级间加热器837W元/kW
低温换热器399W元/kW
液态空气储罐2 336V元/m3
低温储罐9 680V元/m3
高温储罐3 088V元/m3
丙烷5 600M元/t
3 526W元/kW
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各设备部件的采购成本计算公式

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设备名称成本计算公式
空气压缩机57 670W0.62元/kW
透平膨胀机8 030W0.81元/kW
级间冷却器355W元/kW
级间加热器837W元/kW
低温换热器399W元/kW
液态空气储罐2 336V元/m3
低温储罐9 680V元/m3
高温储罐3 088V元/m3
丙烷5 600M元/t
3 526W元/kW
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Electricity price assumptions

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地区123456
峰电单价1.1771.0270.9770.9280.8280.728
谷电单价0.3290.2870.2730.2590.2310.203
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电价假设条件

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地区123456
峰电单价1.1771.0270.9770.9280.8280.728
谷电单价0.3290.2870.2730.2590.2310.203
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Thermodynamic properties of state points of air

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参数点温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(kg·s–1)焓值/(kJ·kg–1)
A125.000.1010.000
A2154.470.3110.00131.40
A335.000.3010.009.25
A4170.240.9510.00147.07
A535.000.9410.007.60
A6170.792.9210.00145.74
A735.002.8910.002.73
A8171.339.0010.00141.43
A935.008.9110.00-10.27
A10-124.878.8210.00-261.19
A11-178.008.7310.00-384.01
A12-194.120.1010.00-393.19
A13-194.120.101.24-222.25
A14-126.900.101.24-154.50
A1525.000.101.240
A16-194.120.108.76-417.44
A17-189.938.008.76-405.50
A18-130.767.928.76-274.86
A19-45.007.848.76-103.82
A2025.007.768.76-19.82
A21143.797.688.76113.1
A2248.052.708.7616.90
A23143.792.678.76117.13
A2448.470.908.7621.42
A25143.790.898.76119.27
A2645.320.298.7619.68
A27143.790.288.76120.03
A2854.120.108.7629.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236699955411341330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

空气参数点的热力学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数点温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(kg·s–1)焓值/(kJ·kg–1)
A125.000.1010.000
A2154.470.3110.00131.40
A335.000.3010.009.25
A4170.240.9510.00147.07
A535.000.9410.007.60
A6170.792.9210.00145.74
A735.002.8910.002.73
A8171.339.0010.00141.43
A935.008.9110.00-10.27
A10-124.878.8210.00-261.19
A11-178.008.7310.00-384.01
A12-194.120.1010.00-393.19
A13-194.120.101.24-222.25
A14-126.900.101.24-154.50
A1525.000.101.240
A16-194.120.108.76-417.44
A17-189.938.008.76-405.50
A18-130.767.928.76-274.86
A19-45.007.848.76-103.82
A2025.007.768.76-19.82
A21143.797.688.76113.1
A2248.052.708.7616.90
A23143.792.678.76117.13
A2448.470.908.7621.42
A25143.790.898.76119.27
A2645.320.298.7619.68
A27143.790.288.76120.03
A2854.120.108.7629.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236699955516198933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699940211184054, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison among previous researches on LAES

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系统名称循环效率/%CLCOE/(元·(kW·h)–1)
LAES[28]55.00
LAES[29]50.00
LAES[30]56.480.85
LAES[19]54.00~56.000.92
LAES-LNG(本文)62.260.69~0.89
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不同液态空气储能系统研究对比

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系统名称循环效率/%CLCOE/(元·(kW·h)–1)
LAES[28]55.00
LAES[29]50.00
LAES[30]56.480.85
LAES[19]54.00~56.000.92
LAES-LNG(本文)62.260.69~0.89
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基于液态天然气冷能利用的液态空气储能系统优化与性能评估
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李俊先 1, 2 , 刘延江 3 , 刘坤 3 , 高诏诏 1 , 陈六彪 1, 2 , 王俊杰 1, 2
热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024,53(9): 69-77
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热力发电 | 液态空气储能技术 2024, 53(9): 69-77
基于液态天然气冷能利用的液态空气储能系统优化与性能评估
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李俊先1, 2 , 刘延江3, 刘坤3, 高诏诏1, 陈六彪1, 2 , 王俊杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院理化技术研究所低温科学与技术重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.中绿中科储能技术有限公司,北京 100020
  • 李俊先(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为液态空气储能系统蓄冷与储热技术,

通讯作者:

陈六彪(1987),男,博士,项目研究员,主要研究方向为大规模储能技术,
Optimization and performance evaluation for liquid air energy storage based on liquid natural gas cold energy utilization
Junxian LI1, 2 , Yanjiang LIU3, Kun LIU3, Zhaozhao GAO1, Liubiao CHEN1, 2 , Junjie WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.China Green Development Investment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406126
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液态空气储能(LAES)具有不受地理限制和储能密度高的特点,是有潜力的大规模储能技术。为了进一步提升LAES的系统往返效率和经济效益,提出了联合液态天然气(LNG)冷能利用和有机朗肯循环(ORC)与LAES的新型集成系统。建立了集成系统的热力学和经济性评价方法,基于仿真计算探究了关键参数对系统热力性能的影响并对系统进行了经济性分析。结果表明:随着系统膨胀压力的增大,系统效率和功率输出也增加,但是增加的幅度在减小;系统往返效率随着膨胀级数先增大再减小;采用四级膨胀时,系统的效率达到了62.26%,相较于常规的LAES系统效率提升了7%~12%;当峰谷电价差为0.848元/(kW·h)时,系统的净现值、动态回收期以及平准化度电成本分别为11 905.85万元、4.48年和0.893元/(kW·h)。该研究结果可为LAES系统的工程应用和效率提升提供参考和依据。

液态空气储能  /  LNG冷能利用  /  有机朗肯循环

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to its geographical flexibility and high energy storage density. To further improve the round-trip efficiency and economic benefits of LAES, a novel integrated system combining liquid natural gas (LNG) cold energy utilization and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with LAES is proposed. Thermodynamic and economic analysis methods for the integrated system are established, and the effects of key parameters on the system’s thermal performance are investigated based on simulations. An economic analysis of the system is also conducted. The results show that, as the system’s expansion pressure increases, both efficiency and power output rise, but at a decreasing rate. The system’s round-trip efficiency increases with more expansion stages up to a point, then decreases. With four-stage expansion, the system efficiency reaches 62.26%, which is 7%~12% higher than that of the conventional LAES system. When the difference between peak and valley electricity prices is 0.848 yuan/(kW·h), the net present value, dynamic payback period, and levelized cost of electricity are 119 058 500 yuan, 4.48 years, and 0.893 yuan/(kW·h), respectively. The results of this study can provide a reference for engineering application and efficiency improvement of LAES systems.

liquid air energy storage  /  LNG cold energy utilization  /  organic Rankine cycle
李俊先, 刘延江, 刘坤, 高诏诏, 陈六彪, 王俊杰. 基于液态天然气冷能利用的液态空气储能系统优化与性能评估. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406126
Junxian LI, Yanjiang LIU, Kun LIU, Zhaozhao GAO, Liubiao CHEN, Junjie WANG. Optimization and performance evaluation for liquid air energy storage based on liquid natural gas cold energy utilization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406126
能源行业的低碳转型是实现双碳目标的关键[1],而可再生能源发电是能源低碳转型的重要途径。据国际能源署预测,到2025年可再生能源发电将超过煤炭,在2023年—2028年期间新增可再生能源装机容量将达到3 700 GW[2]。然而,可再生能源具有间歇性和波动性,给电网的稳定安全运行带来了影响,为其大规模装机并网带来了严峻的挑战[3]
储能系统具有调节速率快,容量配置灵活等特点,能够提高电能质量,促进能源转型,有效解决可再生电力不稳定的问题,以实现电网的调峰调频[4]。虽然,目前的储能技术很多,但适用于电网的大规模储能技术只有抽水蓄能、电池储能、压缩空气储能和液态空气储能[5]。其中,液态空气储能(liquid air energy storage,LAES)技术具有储能密度高、常压储存、易于与外界其他能源系统耦合和不受地理限制等特点,是最具潜力的大规模储能技术之一。LAES由Smith[6]在1977年首次提出,用于电网调峰。2010年,利兹大学和Highview Power建立了世界上第1个350 kW/2.5 MW·h的LAES中试工厂[7]。2018年,Highview Power公司和Viridor公司开始运营电网级规模的液态空气储能示范电站[8],发电功率5 MW,容量为15 MW·h。中国科学院理化研究所与中国绿色发展投资集团有限公司于2023年开始合作建设60 MW/600 MW·h的LAES储能示范项目[9]
典型的LAES的流程包括压缩储热过程、空气液化过程、蓄冷过程以及膨胀发电等过程。在储能时期,空气经过压缩机压缩至高压状态,压缩期间通过级间冷却器冷却回收压缩热,高压空气经过补冷和节流变为液态空气储存在液态空气储罐中;在释能时期,液态空气经过冷能回收后复温为高压空气进入膨胀机做功,膨胀期间通过压缩热补充热量。然而,由于空气的压缩和液化过程能量损耗较大,另一方面在释能时期储存的压缩热只使用了高品位的热能,还有较多低品位热能未利用,所以独立LAES系统的往返效率通常低于55%,系统动态回收期一般超过15年[10]。与外部热源或冷源集成的LAES可以显著提高其往返效率和经济性[11]。Ebrahimi等人[12]研究了与太阳能热电联产的综合LAES系统,该系统的储能效率为57.62%。She等人[13]对独立的LAES系统进行了灵敏性分析,有40%的压缩热未利用,若利用可使往返效率提高12%。Wang等人[14]为提升LAES系统经济效益,将空分装置与LAES耦合,既可以用于发电调峰,又可以提供氧气和供热。同时,液化天然气(liquid nature gas,LNG)在气化时具有丰富的冷能,由于利用不充分造成其高品位冷能随海水耗散[15]。将LNG与LAES结合既可提升LAES储能效率,也可以实现LNG冷能的有效利用。
为了提升LAES的往返效率和经济性,拓宽其应用场景,本文构建一种耦合LNG冷能利用和有机朗肯循环(ORC)的液态空气储能系统,对该系统进行了关键参数的分析和优化,以及热力学和经济性评价。该系统在储能时期将LNG的冷能用于空气辅助液化,在释能时期通过ORC回收剩余低品位压缩热和空气冷能,实现了能源梯级利用。研究成果可为LNG-LAES耦合系统的集成、系统热力学和经济性评价提供参考。
图1为耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统。
储能时期:空气经过多级压缩至高压状态;通过级间冷却器回收压缩热并储存在热水储罐中;压缩后的高压空气先被LNG冷却,再被蓄冷系统的蓄冷介质进一步冷却;被冷却后的高压液态空气经低温透平节流为常压状态;常压液态空气储存在液态空气储罐。压缩过程,空气的压缩热利用加压水回收,储存在热水储罐中。蓄冷单元的介质为丙烷[16]
释能时期:储罐中的液态空气经过低温泵加压进入蓄冷系统回收高品位的冷能;之后再被有机工质回收剩余冷能;冷能回收后的空气经过海水热交换复温后被储存在热水储罐中的热水加热;加热后的高压空气进入膨胀机中做功输出高峰电力。高温热水的高品位热用于加热空气。未利用的低品位热用作有机朗肯循环的热源。
采用Aspen HYSYS软件对耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统进行建模计算,其基本设计参数见表1。为了对模型进行简化提出了以下假设:1)空气是纯净且干燥的;2)所有机组在稳定的状态下运行;3)所有流体参数基于Peng-Robinson方程[17];4)忽略在管道的压力损失和热损失;5)热交换器中流体的压力损失为1%[17]
基于热力学第一定律,对耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统进行能量分析。
各压缩机功率消耗为:
WComp=mComp×(houthin)
泵的能耗为:
WPump=mPump×(houthin)
膨胀机输出功为:
WTur=mTur×(hinhout)
式中:mCompmPumpmTur分别为经过压缩机、泵和膨胀机工质的质量流量,kg/s;hinhout分别为设备进出口处工质的焓,kJ/kg。
储能时消耗电能为:
Wstr=j=14WComp,j+WPump-LNGWCryo-Tur
释能时系统输出电能为:
Wrls=j=14WTur,jWPump-ORCWPump-Air+WTur-ORC
整个系统的往返效率为:
η=j=14WTur,jWPump-ORCWPump-Air+WTur-ORCj=14WComp,j+WPump-LNGWCryo-Tur
对于ORC系统,其系统效率可以定义为ORC净输出功率与能量的输入的比值。ORC系统的效率[18]可以如下定义:
ηORC=WTurWPumpm×(hinhout)
式中:WTur为透平发电功率,kW;WPump为泵消耗功率,kW;m为与有机物工质进行热量交换的流体质量流量,kg/s;hinhout分别为与有机工质进行热交换的冷/热流体的进口焓和出口焓,kJ/kg。
耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统收益主要是在电价低时对低价电进行储存而在高峰时期将储存的电力销售,利用峰谷电价差套现。系统年度总成本(CATC)主要由年运行维护成本和低谷电成本组成[19]。所以,年度总收入(EATI)是高峰时期发出电能的收入,年度总利润(EATP)为年度总成本与总利润的差值。
CATC=μ×Ci+CValley
CValley=Wstr×tstr×td×PValley
式中:μ为操作和维修的因素;Ci为第i个部件的初始投资成本;CValley为储能过程中消耗电能的成本;PValley为低谷时期的电价,元/(kW·h);Wstr为在非高峰时期系统需要的电能输入,kW;tstr为1天中储能的时间,h;td为1年中系统运行的天数,365天。
EATI=Wrls×trls×td×Ppeak
EATP=EATICATC
式中:Ppeak为高峰时期的电价,元/(kW·h);Wstr为高峰时期系统向电网输出的电能,kW;tstr为1天中释放能量的时间,h。
净现值(ENPV)是指一项投资产生的净收益的折现值与初始投资额的折现值之差,他能够反映项目的经营成果,具体计算公式为:
ENPV=j=1nEATPj(1+d)jCi
式中:EATPj为第j年的年度总利润;d为折现率;n为系统的生命周期。
ENPV等于0时,可以计算出动态回收期(DPP),即回收初始投资额所需年限:
DPP=t1+|ENPVt1|EATPt
式中:t–1为ENPV为负数的最后1年;EATPt为第t年的年度利润;|ENPVt1|t–1年ENPV的绝对值。
平准化度电成本(CLCOE)为系统整个生命周期内的成本与发电量按照一定折现率进行折现后,计算得到的发电成本[20],表示为总成本现值与总发电量的现值之比:
CLCOE=(δ×Ci)j+EATCj(1+r)jWj(1+r)j
δ=a×(1+a)n(1+a)n1
式中:δ为资金回收系数;Wj为第j年系统输出的电力;r为通货膨胀率。具体参数见表2[21-23]
通过文献[20]验证本文建立模型的准确性,结果见表3。计算结果显示,本研究提出的模型与文献[20]的误差均小于2%,属于合理范围。因此,本研究建立的仿真模型准确、可靠。
系统膨胀压力对往返效率和输出电能的影响如图2所示。由图2可见,随着膨胀压力增加,系统往返效率和输出功率也随之增加。当系统膨胀压力从6.0 MPa增加到9.0 MPa时,系统的往返效率从59.39%增加到63.24%;系统的输出功率从3 260.11 kW增加到3 474.01 kW。虽然系统效率和输出功率都随膨胀压力增大不断增加,但膨胀压力越高,系统中设备和管道的成本也越高。
系统膨胀压力对往返效率和输出电能增长的影响如图3所示。由图3可见,随着膨胀压力的增加,系统往返效率增长率和输出功率增长量均逐渐的减少。以6.0 MPa为基础,随着膨胀压力的增加系统效率和功率的增长量逐渐下降。当系统膨胀压力从6.0 MPa增加到6.5 MPa时,系统能量效率增加0.92%,系统输出功率增加50.62 kW;当系统膨胀压力从8.5 MPa增加到9.0 MPa时,系统能量效率增加0.48%,系统输出功率增加26.01 kW。
综上所述,虽然膨胀压力增加,系统输出功率和往返效率也增加,但膨胀压力越大系统的效率和功率增长幅度却减小,并且系统设备及管道的成本也越高。
膨胀压力与膨胀级数关联较大。膨胀级数对往返效率和余热温度的影响如图4所示。由图4可见:系统往返效率随膨胀级数从2级到5级逐渐增大,随膨胀级数从5级到6逐渐减小;随着膨胀级数的增加压缩热减少,余热温度降低。2级膨胀到5级膨胀,系统的效率上升,这是由于系统对压缩热利用更充分;在6级膨胀时,因为压缩热不足,导致膨胀机入口的空气温度不足,所以效率下降。整个系统采用5级膨胀时系统效率达到峰值63.47%,但是只比4级膨胀增加了1.27%;而4级膨胀时的系统效率比3级膨胀增加2.75%。
膨胀级数对ORC单元的影响如图5所示。由图5可见,膨胀级数越多会导致ORC单元和ORC单元输出功率下降,二者都与图4中余热温度变化趋势相同。由于ORC单元选用剩余压缩热作为热源,压缩热将更多的热量供给空气做功,导致ORC单元利用的热能更少。
对耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统投资成本、运行费用以及收益等多方面进行分析,并对不同地区的经济性进行对比,以评估系统的可行性和应用价值。膨胀级数会影响系统往返效率,采用5级膨胀时系统效率最高。根据表4各主要设备成本计算方法[24-27],得到不同膨胀级数的初始成本如图6所示。由图6可见,随着膨胀级数增加,设备的初始成本也增加,采用5级膨胀时,系统初始购买成本最高。较高膨胀级数,系统效率较高,但成本也高,同时过多的膨胀级数会使得系统更加复杂。综上所述,采用4级膨胀,既满足效率,同时系统初始成本也不是最高,故本系统采用4级膨胀。
同样,根据表4,可以得到采用4级膨胀的系统各部分占系统总投资的比例如图7所示。由图7可见:空气压缩机的成本达到整个系统的38.1%,是系统中成本最多的部分;储罐和换热器的成本也较高;ORC单元投资比较少,只有2.6%。空气压缩机成本较高是由于压缩机是系统中消耗功率最大的设备,并且也是压力和温度最高的设备,所以其成本最高。系统中的换热器是数量最多的设备,所以换热器在系统投资中也占很大比例。采用ORC单元对整个系统成本影响比较小,所以系统引入ORC单元在经济上可行。
峰谷电价差是分时运行经济性策略的依据。以2024年1月中国各省市工商业用户代理购电价格为例,谷电单价约为0.203~0.329元/(kW·h),峰电单价为0.728~1.177元/(kW·h)。根据电价假设,得到6组不同地区的峰谷电价见表5,对系统在不同地区进行经济评价和分析。
运行年数对各地区ENPV的影响如图8所示。由图8可见,随着运行年数的增加,各地区净现值ENPV也随之增加,运行年限越长,整个系统获得的利润越高。在运行年数为25年时,系统ENPV最大,而由于不同地区的电价不同,峰谷电价也不同。地区1的峰谷电价差最大,在运行年数达到25年时,其净现值达到了11 905.85万元;而地区6的峰谷电价差值最小,所以其净现值只有6 805.91万元。
动态回收期(DPP)表示系统回本的年限,也是重要的经济性指标之一。图9为上述6个地区峰谷电价与动态回收期的关系。由图9可见:峰谷电价差越高,DPP越小;当峰谷电价差值为0.848元/(kW·h)时,DPP仅为4.48年;当峰谷电价差值为0.525元/(kW·h)时,DPP高达8.17年。图9曲线第4个点的斜率发生变化,这是因为地区4与地区3峰谷电价差比较接近。
图10比较了各地区平准化度电成本CLCOE和峰谷电价。由图10可见,CLCOE的变化趋势与低谷电价相似。由于在其他基本参数不变的情况下,不同地区相同系统的CLCOE计算过程中只有系统年度总成本(CATC)不同,而CATC与低谷电价变化一致,所以系统CLCOE与该地区的低谷电价变化趋势相同。系统的经济效益还与峰值电价有关。地区1的CLCOE最大,但地区1的CLCOE与峰值电价的差值最大,所以地区1的DPP最小,经济效益最好。而地区6的CLCOE最小,该地区每发1 kW·h成本最小,但由于峰值电价差最小,每发1 kW·h的利润少,所以地区6的DPPENPV最小,经济效益最差。
热力学结果是系统性能分析的首要结果。值得注意的是,热力学研究在参考条件下进行,参考条件温度为25 ℃,压力为0.1 MPa。系统中空气参数点的热力学性质见表6。该系统采用四级压缩和四级膨胀,并且空气压缩压力为9 MPa,膨胀压力采用8 MPa。得到系统往返效率为62.26%,ORC单元效率为14.79%。
图11为系统中2个多股流换热器CE-1、CE-2的换热曲线。CE-1中的冷侧流体是返流空气和LNG,且LNG在CE-1中会发生气化,所以其冷侧换热曲线与热侧换热曲线在中部有较大温差,会产生较大的㶲损失。而CE-2的冷侧流体是返流空气和丙烷,与空气的传热曲线匹配良好,换热过程中产生的㶲损小。多股流换热器CE-1和CE-2中,换热过程中始终夹点温差为正,最小夹点温差Tmin均为2 ℃,满足表1对换热器的基本假设。
将本系统与国内外相关的液态空气储能系统进行热力学和经济性综合比较,结果见表7。从系统模拟结果来看,与其他系统相比本研究提出的系统循环效率和CLCOE均有一定的提升。本研究的系统相较于常规的LAES系统效率提升了7%~12%,并且在经济性上具有一定优势。上述结果表明,本研究提出的耦合系统具有技术和经济可行性。
本文将LNG冷能与LAES相结合,并采用有机朗肯循环回收低品位热能与冷能,建立了新型耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统,既能实现LNG冷能的有效利用,同时也提升了LAES系统的往返效率。建立了系统的热力学模型,对系统内部参数进行研究,分析系统的热力性能和经济性。
1)耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统膨胀压力增大,系统效率和功率输出增加,但增加幅度趋于减小。当系统膨胀压力从6.0 MPa增到6.5 MPa时,系统能量效率增加0.92%,系统输出功率增加50.62 kW;而当系统膨胀压力从8.5 MPa增加到9.0 MPa时,系统能量效率增加0.48%,系统输出功率增加26.01 kW。
2)耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统往返效率随着膨胀级数先增大再减小。5级膨胀效率最高,但是采用5级膨胀时系统的成本也是最高。综合考虑成本和效率,采用4级膨胀更为合理。4级膨胀时效率可以达到62.26%,其初始购买成本为5 324.23万元。
3)经济性分析表明,运行年数越久,峰谷电价差越大,系统净现值越高;而系统年度总成本与地区低谷电价变化趋势相同。系统具有较高的经济性,当峰谷电价差为0.848元/(kW·h)时,系统的ENPVDPP以及CLCOE分别为11 905.85万元、4.48年和0.893元/(kW·h)。
4)本研究提出的耦合LNG冷能利用和ORC的液态空气储能系统在循环效率和经济性能与其他系统相比都有一定提升。该系统相较于常规LAES系统效率提升了7%~12%,并且在CLCOE上具有一定优势。
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20241778)
  • 中国绿发科技创新项目(202309CHDD020)
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406126
  • 接收时间:2024-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-15
基金
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20241778)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20241778)
Technological Innovation Projects of China Green Development Investment Group Co., Ltd.(202309CHDD020)
中国绿发科技创新项目(202309CHDD020)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院理化技术研究所低温科学与技术重点实验室,北京 100190
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中绿中科储能技术有限公司,北京 100020

通讯作者:

陈六彪(1987),男,博士,项目研究员,主要研究方向为大规模储能技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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