Article(id=1236699937958842769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403049, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781841982, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781841982, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781841982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699938420216212, articleId=1236699937958842769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimal allocation of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage in areas with high proportion of hydropower, columnId=1236699938319552915, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Hydrogen storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Affected by the rapid electricity load growth and the increase of water uncertainty under extreme weather conditions, the contradiction between supply-side and demand-side volatility in areas with high hydropower proportion has become increasingly prominent. The demand for flexible resources with long-term regulation capability is becoming more urgent. Hydrogen energy storage with long-term regulation capacity can alleviate the tense situation of supply and demand in areas with high proportion of hydropower. The research designs an optimal allocation model of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage, which is suitable for areas with high hydropower proportion. The loss of load penalty function is introduced into the objective function, and the variation of generation capacity of large/small and medium-sized hydropower units with time is quantified. By taking the power system composed of 96 different types of generators in a high hydropower proportion area as the object, analysis is performed. Compared with the current energy storage configuration requirements, the optimization result of the model increases the hydropower consumption by 7 188 MW·h, reduces the unloaded electricity by 6 513 MW·h, and reduces the total cost by 3.194 million yuan. Moreover, the demand scale of different types of energy storage and the income of energy storage enterprises in high hydropower area, high thermal power area and high new energy area are compared horizontally. The relevant conclusions can provide reference for the development of energy storage investment in the future.

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受用电负荷快速增长和极端天气下来水不确定性提高等因素影响,高水电占比地区电力供给侧与需求侧波动性矛盾日益突出,电力系统对具备长期调节能力的灵活性资源需求愈发迫切。氢储能作为具有长期调节能力的新型储能,能够缓解高水电占比地区供需紧张形势。为此设计了适应高水电占比地区实际情况的电氢混合储能优化配置模型,在目标函数中引入了失负荷惩罚函数,并量化了大型/中小型水电机组发电能力随时间的变化情况。以某高水电占比地区96台不同类型发电机组构成的电力系统为分析对象,相较于现行储能配置要求,模型优化结果使得水电消纳量提升了7 188 MW·h,失负荷电量下降了6 513 MW·h,总成本下降了319.4万元。横向对比了高水电占比地区、高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区对不同类型储能的需求规模以及储能企业的收益情况,相关结论能够为未来储能投资发展提供参考。

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王鹏(1973),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为能源电力体制改革政策与电力市场化理论,
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孟凡奇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力市场与储能优化配置,

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孟凡奇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力市场与储能优化配置,

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Externality theory-based cost sharing mechanism of grid side energy storage[J]. 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figureFileBig=MrZRgRqKLHO9WwkOONWB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699946297119420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=图3, caption=情景1中5月典型日各类型机组出力情况, figureFileSmall=pdkKu1Sfjwt/wOx4O0fHtA==, figureFileBig=MrZRgRqKLHO9WwkOONWB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699946410365635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Charging and discharging situation of lithium electric energy storage facilities, figureFileSmall=5xsvQXTNRr2/Ib4q/0HUSA==, figureFileBig=EZGxCtxxjyBUrXoJZ96kiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699946527806151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=图4, caption=锂电储能设施充放电情况, figureFileSmall=5xsvQXTNRr2/Ib4q/0HUSA==, figureFileBig=EZGxCtxxjyBUrXoJZ96kiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699946607497937, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同发电装机结构下分月现货平均价格情况, figureFileSmall=CCvK5vYudp5RAtjrSZANVw==, figureFileBig=yrH9tyo+P5eJOMJ0C+/kTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699947597353754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Monthly output upper limit of large/small and medium-sized hydropower units

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月份大型水电机组
分月出力上限标幺值
中小型水电机组
分月出力上限标幺值
10.450.20
20.450.20
30.440.20
40.480.20
50.520.50
60.680.50
70.820.80
80.900.80
90.830.80
100.720.50
110.560.50
120.490.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236699947689628450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大型/中小型水电机组分月出力上限标幺值

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月份大型水电机组
分月出力上限标幺值
中小型水电机组
分月出力上限标幺值
10.450.20
20.450.20
30.440.20
40.480.20
50.520.50
60.680.50
70.820.80
80.900.80
90.830.80
100.720.50
110.560.50
120.490.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236699947781903141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Technical parameters and investment cost of lithium electric energy storage

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项目数值
荷电状态下限0.20
荷电状态上限0.95
锂电储能充电效率0.90
锂电储能放电效率0.90
锂电池寿命年限[26]/年10.00
单位功率折算投资成本/(万元·MW–1)45.62
单位容量折算投资成本/(万元·(MW·h)–1)18.25
单位锂电储能运行成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)50.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236699947886760748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锂电储能技术参数/投资成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
荷电状态下限0.20
荷电状态上限0.95
锂电储能充电效率0.90
锂电储能放电效率0.90
锂电池寿命年限[26]/年10.00
单位功率折算投资成本/(万元·MW–1)45.62
单位容量折算投资成本/(万元·(MW·h)–1)18.25
单位锂电储能运行成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)50.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948004201265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Technical parameters and investment cost of hydrogen energy storage

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项目数值
电解槽电氢转换效率0.70
储氢罐存储效率0.98
燃料电池氢电转换效率0.60
电解槽寿命年限/年20.00
储氢罐寿命年限/年10.00
燃料电池寿命年限/年10.00
电解槽投资系数/(万元·MW–1)20.00
储氢罐投资系数/(万元·MW–1)230.00
燃料电池投资系数/(万元·MW–1)80.00
折现率0.067
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948104864568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

氢储能技术参数/投资成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
电解槽电氢转换效率0.70
储氢罐存储效率0.98
燃料电池氢电转换效率0.60
电解槽寿命年限/年20.00
储氢罐寿命年限/年10.00
燃料电池寿命年限/年10.00
电解槽投资系数/(万元·MW–1)20.00
储氢罐投资系数/(万元·MW–1)230.00
燃料电池投资系数/(万元·MW–1)80.00
折现率0.067
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948201333565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Optimal configuration results of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage

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项目数值
锂电储能容量/(MW·h)796.03
锂电储能功率/MW265.34
电解槽耗电功率/MW425.43
储氢罐最大存储能量/(MW·h)1 512.27
燃料电池发电功率/MW152.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948285219648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电氢混合储能优化配置结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
锂电储能容量/(MW·h)796.03
锂电储能功率/MW265.34
电解槽耗电功率/MW425.43
储氢罐最大存储能量/(MW·h)1 512.27
燃料电池发电功率/MW152.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948398465860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of optimal configuration results of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage with different power generation installation structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装机结构类型锂电储能容量/(MW·h)锂电储能功率/MW电解槽功率/MW储氢罐最大存储能力/(MW·h)燃料电池发电功率/MW
高水电占比796.03265.34425.431 512.27152.08
高火电占比421.63140.5475.82208.0630.58
高新能源占比37 83.741 261.25246.84715.8079.90
), ArticleFig(id=1236699948520100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699937958842769, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同发电装机结构下电氢混合储能优化配置结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装机结构类型锂电储能容量/(MW·h)锂电储能功率/MW电解槽功率/MW储氢罐最大存储能力/(MW·h)燃料电池发电功率/MW
高水电占比796.03265.34425.431 512.27152.08
高火电占比421.63140.5475.82208.0630.58
高新能源占比37 83.741 261.25246.84715.8079.90
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高水电占比地区电氢混合储能优化配置研究
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孟凡奇 1 , 王鹏 1 , 王海利 2 , 辛力 2
热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024,53(9): 126-135
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热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024, 53(9): 126-135
高水电占比地区电氢混合储能优化配置研究
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孟凡奇1 , 王鹏1 , 王海利2, 辛力2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.内蒙古电力交易中心有限公司,内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010020
  • 孟凡奇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力市场与储能优化配置,

通讯作者:

王鹏(1973),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为能源电力体制改革政策与电力市场化理论,
Optimal allocation of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage in areas with high proportion of hydropower
Fanqi MENG1 , Peng WANG1 , Haili WANG2, Li XIN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Power Exchange Center Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010020, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403049
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受用电负荷快速增长和极端天气下来水不确定性提高等因素影响,高水电占比地区电力供给侧与需求侧波动性矛盾日益突出,电力系统对具备长期调节能力的灵活性资源需求愈发迫切。氢储能作为具有长期调节能力的新型储能,能够缓解高水电占比地区供需紧张形势。为此设计了适应高水电占比地区实际情况的电氢混合储能优化配置模型,在目标函数中引入了失负荷惩罚函数,并量化了大型/中小型水电机组发电能力随时间的变化情况。以某高水电占比地区96台不同类型发电机组构成的电力系统为分析对象,相较于现行储能配置要求,模型优化结果使得水电消纳量提升了7 188 MW·h,失负荷电量下降了6 513 MW·h,总成本下降了319.4万元。横向对比了高水电占比地区、高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区对不同类型储能的需求规模以及储能企业的收益情况,相关结论能够为未来储能投资发展提供参考。

高水电占比  /  电氢混合储能  /  调节能力  /  失负荷影响

Affected by the rapid electricity load growth and the increase of water uncertainty under extreme weather conditions, the contradiction between supply-side and demand-side volatility in areas with high hydropower proportion has become increasingly prominent. The demand for flexible resources with long-term regulation capability is becoming more urgent. Hydrogen energy storage with long-term regulation capacity can alleviate the tense situation of supply and demand in areas with high proportion of hydropower. The research designs an optimal allocation model of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage, which is suitable for areas with high hydropower proportion. The loss of load penalty function is introduced into the objective function, and the variation of generation capacity of large/small and medium-sized hydropower units with time is quantified. By taking the power system composed of 96 different types of generators in a high hydropower proportion area as the object, analysis is performed. Compared with the current energy storage configuration requirements, the optimization result of the model increases the hydropower consumption by 7 188 MW·h, reduces the unloaded electricity by 6 513 MW·h, and reduces the total cost by 3.194 million yuan. Moreover, the demand scale of different types of energy storage and the income of energy storage enterprises in high hydropower area, high thermal power area and high new energy area are compared horizontally. The relevant conclusions can provide reference for the development of energy storage investment in the future.

high proportion of hydropower  /  electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage  /  regulation capacity  /  load loss effect
孟凡奇, 王鹏, 王海利, 辛力. 高水电占比地区电氢混合储能优化配置研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403049
Fanqi MENG, Peng WANG, Haili WANG, Li XIN. Optimal allocation of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage in areas with high proportion of hydropower[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403049
“双碳”目标作为国家重大战略之一,近年来在促进可再生能源发展与低碳社会建设方面,起到了不可替代的积极作用[1-2]。随着电力系统中清洁能源占比的不断提高,其发电不确定性、波动性等特性给新型电力系统带来了新的问题与挑战[3-4]。储能设施作为实现电能量“发用时间分离”的重要灵活性资源,能够提高电力系统调节能力,缓解负荷高峰时期电力供应紧张,储能系统的合理配置还能起到避免电网或电源过度投资的作用[5-6]
近年来,国家层面多次出台政策,鼓励送端地区优化水电、风电、光伏、储能等电源配置,提高电力系统调节能力,推动电源侧、电网侧和用户侧储能应用。为此,国内多个省份制定了新能源配储政策,大多规定新能源发电场站需配置不低于装机容量10%、储能时长2 h的新型储能设施。然而,水力发电相较于新能源发电具有更强的季节性,且在高水电占比地区其装机规模具备绝对优势。如果在高水电占比地区仅对新能源发电场站配置锂电储能:一方面,其容量不足以为电力系统提供充足的调节能力;另一方面,其不具备电能长时转移能力,在缓解高水电占比地区季节性电力供应紧张方面不能很好发挥作用。
相对于火电机组的运行约束,水电机组的运行约束更为复杂。文献[7-8]均采用多目标模型解决梯级水电站优化调度问题,但研究时间尺度不同。文献[7]侧重于水电长期调度,在构建多目标多水库模型的基础上,通过隶属度函数转化为单目标函数求解。文献[8]侧重于水电短期调度,分别以发电量最大、剩余负荷峰谷差最小为目标函数求解。文献[9]利用梯级水电站的互补特性,通过对日负荷曲线划分能量块,并根据电力平衡和发电约束迭代优化,最终实现全流域梯级电站发电分配。文献[10]采用风险中立的观点,对水电企业参与日前市场和平衡市场策略开展研究。文献[11]从清洁能源消纳的角度出发,在市场出清模型中考虑了弃水价值,在目标函数中设置弃水惩罚因子,从而实现水火电机组联合出清。
随着新能源在电力系统中的比例逐步提高,储能设施在新型电力系统中发挥越来越重要的作用,合适的储能配置能够有效提升系统运行灵活性、经济性等特性。文献[12]以新型电力系统弹性作为研究切入点,从事前预防、事中响应、事后恢复3个方面提出了储能提升电力系统弹性的研究前景。文献[13]提出了一种储能优化配置新思路,利用储能优化配置的“等面积原理”实现新能源电量的充分消纳。文献[14]在传统储能优化配置的基础上,进一步考虑了空调负荷和柔性热(冷)负荷的响应,分日前、日内两阶段设定约束条件和目标函数,通过算例验证了新方法的经济性。文献[15]采用预期失负荷功率指数确定储能系统的功率,通过平均失负荷时间指数确定储能系统的容量,以提升高新能源渗透率电力系统的可靠性。文献[16]对多类型储能系统全生命周期成本进行分析建模,以最小化发电企业成本为目标函数,采用遗传算法求解储能系统的最优配置,得到了不同类型储能对成本影响的敏感性序列。文献[17-19]以氢储能作为储能配置类型,对氢储能与新能源系统联合运行产生的影响进行分析,采用了蚁狮优化算法、猫群算法、多目标函数转化等方法进行求解,验证了氢储能对系统新能源消纳率、调频性能等方面起到的积极作用。
由于单一储能类型的配置不足以完全满足新型电力系统灵活性需求,很多学者对混合储能的优化配置开展过研究,旨在通过多类型储能混合配置实现更优异的技术特性。文献[20]对不同储能类型的技术指标进行了前景评估,为构建混合储能方案优选模型和混合储能优化配置博弈模型打下理论基础。文献[21]提出了氢-电储能联合运营机制,构建了复合储能同时参与电能量市场和辅助服务市场的运行策略模型。文献[22-23]聚焦于混合储能系统在微电网中的应用研究,提出了自适应储能设施功率分配方法,降低了混合储能系统的运行损耗,有效控制了微电网整体运行成本。文献[24-25]对锂电储能与超级电容器结合的混合储能模式进行了研究,考虑了能量型、功率型2个储能类型的需求,通过双循环优化模型实现混合储能的优化配置。
大多数储能优化配置研究考虑了新能源(风电、光伏)出力特性及与储能的协调运行,而对水电发电特性及与储能的配合研究较少。如果没有充分考虑水电的季节性变化,仅应用传统储能优化配置模型开展研究,其结论不能为高水电占比地区储能规划提供参考。本文在整理不同装机容量水电机组不同月份发电能力变化情况的基础上,构建各类发电机组运行以及锂电/氢储能数学模型,求解得出相应的锂电/氢储能配置结果;通过算例验证了电氢混合储能相对于单一锂电储能在经济性和清洁能源消纳方面的优势;分析高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区储能配置结果的差异性,以及造成差异的影响因素,给出了高水电占比地区储能发展建议。
1)电力供需形势快速转变
随着我国南方某水电大省主要河流大型水电的集中投产和省内工业快速发展,该省电力供需形势经历了“供不应求-供需基本平衡-汛期基本平衡,枯期电力电量双缺”的转变。近年来,该省受到省内重点工业迅速发展、可靠性电源建设缓慢、极端天气等一系列不利因素影响,电力供需形势愈加严峻。部分工业企业经历了长时间限电生产,影响经济社会的健康发展。
2)电力系统调节能力不足
尽管该省在装机总量上较为充裕,但从装机类型结构分析,该省具有多年调节能力的水电装机仅占该省水电装机的12.4%,且在地理位置上集中于省内主干河流,众多位于中小河流的水电机组调节能力大多较差。此外,大型水电机组发挥调节能力还要受到迎峰度冬蓄水等水利条件的约束,部分位于省界河流的大型水电机组调度还涉及到跨省协商,因此在实际操作中不能完全发挥其调节能力。
3)不同发电类型成本差异较大
从成本角度分析,燃煤发电与水力发电成本结构差异较大。燃煤发电变动成本高于水力发电,且该省煤电企业受省内电煤质量不良、电煤供应能力不足的影响,对省外电煤采购需求增加,提高了煤电企业发电成本,进一步拉大了该省水/火电发电成本的差距。
电氢混合储能优化配置模型架构如图1所示。电氢混合储能优化配置模型分为数据层和优化层。数据层包括电力系统基本条件、经济性参数、自然条件参数3部分。其中,电力系统参数包括电源装机情况和用电负荷情况,经济性参数包括各类型发电单元运行成本以及短时/长时储能投资成本,自然条件参数包括区分不同装机规模的水电机组分月出力上限标幺值和分月新能源典型出力上限标幺值,并将数据层中的内容作为基本数据传递至优化层。
优化层分别设置了目标函数与约束条件。目标函数包括弃负荷惩罚成本、各类型电源运行成本以及储能投资和运营成本3部分。约束条件包括发用电平衡约束、各类型电源运行约束、各类型储能运行约束3部分。其中,储能模型由短时储能和长时储能2类组成,短时储能类型为锂电池储能,长时储能类型为氢储能,并根据实际锂电储能电站配置,设定短期储能连续充/放电时间不超过3 h。
以系统各类型机组发电成本、短时储能运行成本、弃负荷惩罚成本、短时/长时储能投资成本之和最小为目标函数,其具体形式为:
minC=C1+C2+C3+C4+C5
式中:C为系统总成本;C1为各发电类型发电成本;C2为短时储能运行成本;C3为弃负荷惩罚成本;C4为短时储能投资成本;C5为长时储能投资成本。
C1=d=1Dt=1Ti=1N[ai(Pid,t)2+bi(Pid,t)+ci]
式中:D为研究时间段包含的天数;T为1天24 h的集合;N为系统内发电机组的集合;Pid,t为第i台发电机组在第dt时刻的出力水平;aibici分别为第i台发电机组的二次发电成本函数系数。
C2=d=1Dt=1T(Pess_sh_chd,t+Pess_sh_disd,t)Cess_sh
式中:Pess_sh_chd,tPess_sh_disd,t分别为短时储能在第dt时刻的充电、放电功率;Cess_sh为短时储能的单位运行成本。
C3=d=1Dt=1TPload_lossd,tCloss_fine
式中:Pload_lossd,t为系统在第dt时刻的失负荷功率;Closs_fine为单位失负荷功率惩罚因子。
C4=Cess_sh_pPess_sh+Cess_sh_sSess_sh
Cess_sh_p=γ(1+γ)yD365((1+γ)y1)Cess_sh_p0
Cess_sh_s=γ(1+γ)yD365((1+γ)y1)Cess_sh_s0
式中:Cess_sh_pCess_sh_s分别为短时储能的单位储能充放电功率和单位储能容量的折算投资成本;γ为折现率;y为短时储能使用年限;Cess_sh_p0Cess_sh_s0分别为短时储能的单位储能充放电功率和单位储能容量的年均投资成本;Pess_sh为短时储能配置装机功率;Sess_sh为短时储能配置装机容量。
氢储能系统主要由电解槽、储氢罐和燃料电池3部分组成,从实际情况分析,三者使用寿命有所不同。
C5=Cele+CH2+Cfuel
Cele=δ1Seleγ(1+γ)n1D365((1+γ)n11)
CH2=δ2SH2γ(1+γ)n2D365((1+γ)n21)
Cfuel=δ3Sfuelγ(1+γ)n3D365((1+γ)n31)
式中:CeleCH2Cfuel分别为电解槽、储氢罐和燃料电池的折算投资成本;δ1δ2δ3分别为电解槽、储氢罐和燃料电池的投资成本系数;Sele为电解槽的配置容量;SH2为储氢罐的配置容量;Sfuel为燃料电池的配置容量;n1n2n3分别为电解槽、储氢罐和燃料电池的使用寿命年限。
约束条件包括功率平衡约束、机组爬坡约束、机组出力上下限约束、短时/长时储能运行约束等。
1)功率平衡约束
i=1NPid,t+Pess_sh_disd,tPess_sh_chd,t+Pout_fueld,tPin_eled,t=αload_monthPloadd,tPload_lossd,t
式中:Pout_fueld,t为氢储能燃料电池在第dt时刻的放电功率;Pin_eled,t为氢储能电解槽在第dt时刻的用电功率;αload_month为用电负荷分月变化参数;Ploadd,t为系统在第dt时刻的用电负荷功率。
2)火电机组出力上下限约束
Pi_fire_minPi_fired,tPi_fire_max
式中:Pi_fired,t为第i台火电机组在第dt时刻的发电功率;Pi_fire_maxPi_fire_min分别为第i台火电机组的最大、最小出力。
3)火电机组爬坡约束
Pi_fired,tPi_fired,t1Pi_fireUp
Pi_fired,t1Pi_fired,tPi_fireDown
式中:Pi_fireUpPi_fireDown分别为第i台火电机组的向上、向下最大爬坡速率。
4)水电机组出力上下限约束
Pi_hyd_minPi_hydd,tαhyd_monthPi_hyd_max
式中:Pi_hydd,t为第i台水电机组在第dt时刻的发电功率;Pi_hyd_maxPi_hyd_min分别为第i台水电机组的最大、最小出力;αhyd_month为水电机组分月出力上限标幺值,并在表1中详细列出(区分大型水电机组和中小型水电机组)。
5)风电机组出力上下限约束
Pi_wind_minPi_windd,tαwindPi_wind_max
式中:Pi_windd,t为第i台风电机组在第dt时刻的发电功率;Pi_wind_maxPi_wind_min分别为第i台风电机组的最大、最小出力;αwind为风电机组分月典型日发电曲线标幺值。
6)光伏机组出力上下限约束
Pi_solar_minPi_solard,tαsolarPi_solar_max
式中:Pi_solard,t为第i台光伏机组在第dt时刻的发电功率;Pi_solar_maxPi_solar_main分别为第i台光伏机组的最大、最小出力;αsolar为光伏机组分月典型日发电曲线标幺值。
7)短时储能运行约束
短时储能充放电约束:
0Pess_sh_chd,tUess_sh_chd,tPess_sh
0Pess_sh_disd,tUess_sh_disd,tPess_sh
式中:Uess_sh_chd,tUess_sh_disd,t均为0—1变量,表示短时储能在第dt时刻的充放电状态。
上述短时储能充放电功率约束中,存在两变量相乘的非线性约束情况。参考文献[26]中的处理方法,即通过大M法将非线性约束式(19)转化为线性约束式(21)—式(23),放电功率约束同理,不再赘述。
0Pess_sh_chd,tBess_sh_chd,t
Pess_shM(1Uess_sh_chd,t)Bess_sh_chd,tPess_sh+M(1Uess_sh_chd,t)
MUess_sh_chd,tBess_sh_chd,tMUess_sh_chd,t
式中:Bess_sh_chd,t为短时储能充电功率辅助变量;M为一个极大数。
短时储能荷电容量约束:
Eess_shd,t=Eess_shd,t1+ηess_sh_chPess_sh_chd,tPess_sh_disd,tηess_sh_dis
φess_sh_minSess_shEess_shd,t
Eess_shd,tφess_sh_maxSess_sh
式中:Eess_shd,t为短时储能在第dt时刻的荷电状态;ηess_sh_chηess_sh_dis分别为短时储能的充放电效率;φess_sh_maxφess_sh_min分别为短时储能的最大、最小荷电状态参数。
短时储能规划约束:
Sess_shPess_shTess_sh_limit
式中:Tess_sh_limit为短时储能连续充放电时间限制。
8)长时储能运行约束
电解槽模型:
Pout_H2d,t=ηele_H2Pin_eled,t
式中:Pout_H2d,t为电解槽在第dt时刻的产氢功率;ηele_H2为电解槽电氢转换比率。
储氢罐模型:
EH2d,t=EH2d,t1+ηstore_H2Pout_H2d,tPin_fueld,tηstore_H2
式中:EH2d,t为储氢罐在第dt时刻的储氢量;ηstore_H2为储氢罐的存储效率;Pin_fueld,t储氢罐在第dt时刻释放到燃料电池的氢气功率。
氢燃料电池模型:
Pout_fueld,t=ηH2_elePin_fueld,t
式中:Pout_fueld,t为氢燃料电池在第dt时刻的输出功率。
氢储能系统运行约束:
0Pin_eled,tSele
0EH2d,tSH2
0Pout_fueld,tSfuel
本文设计的电氢混合储能优化配置模型为混合整数二次规划模型,该模型在MATLAB软件中通过Yalmip调用Gurobi求解器进行求解,其求解流程如图2所示。
步骤1:设定研究时段,收集两类数据。一是系统运行参数,包括不同月份的各类型发电机组装机容量、用电负荷情况等;二是系统经济性参数,包括各类型发电机组运行成本、短时储能运行成本、短时/长时储能投资成本。
步骤2:通过清洁能源发电能力和用电负荷统计信息,确定分月水电、风电、光伏的清洁能源发电变化参数,并利用新能源典型发电曲线,确定风电、光伏发电的分时变化参数。
步骤3:以各类型电源运行成本、储能投资成本、弃负荷惩罚成本之和最小为目标函数,以各类型电源运行约束、储能规划约束、短时/长时储能运行约束为约束条件,建立模型并求解。
算例设计的电力系统中包括96台发电机组,其中火电机组9台,水电机组60台(其中大型水电机组21台,中小型水电机组39台),风电机组16台,光伏机组11台,代表了上述高水电占比地区装机情况。各机组报价数据参考文献[11]中的参数设置,失负荷惩罚因子设定为3 000元/(MW·h),锂电储能/氢储能的相关技术参数与投资成本分别见表2表3
为验证本文提出的高水电地区电氢混合储能优化配置模型的有效性,设计了以下4种对比情景。
情景1不进行储能配置;情景2按现有新能源配储政策标准(新能源场站装机容量的10%,2 h)配置锂电储能;情景3应用电氢混合储能优化配置模型(只配置锂电储能,不配置氢储能);情景4应用电氢混合储能优化配置模型。
本节以高水电占比地区全年实际运行情况作为研究对象并做适当简化,在研究时段中存在明显的电力供需情况变化,相关结论能够验证以氢储能作为长时储能类型在高水电占比地区电力系统发挥的积极作用。
以5月典型日电力供需情况(图3)为例,在没有配置任何类型储能设施的情况下,电力系统供应受水电发电能力不足影响,发用电功率平衡难以保证,在典型日负荷高峰时段(08:00—12:00、16:00—21:00)均出现了失负荷现象。在实际生产中,失负荷通常会导致该地区工业企业的拉闸限电,影响企业正常生产,不利于社会经济发展,因此选择失负荷电量作为评判电氢混合储能优化配置模型效果的指标之一。
表4为电氢混合储能优化配置模型应用于算例高水电占比地区电力系统的配置结果。可以看出,高水电占比地区不仅对锂电储能存在一定需求,对氢储能也存在较高需求,特别是在氢储能系统的储氢能力方面。
图4图5为锂电储能设施和氢储能设施充放电情况。由图4图5可以看出,锂电储能和氢储能设施均可通过充放电行为参与系统电力供需平衡调整,利用电力供需形势较为宽松的时段(7月—9月)进行能量存储,并在供应紧张时段(10月—12月)放电缓解电力供需紧张形势。锂电储能相较于氢储能充放电更加频繁,反映出锂电储能、氢储能在调节能力时间尺度上的差异。
从经济性角度分析,电氢混合储能设施主要起到了促进高水电地区汛期水电消纳和减少枯期失负荷电量的作用。图6展示了4种情景下的失负荷电量情况。由图6可见:情景4相对于情景1,水电消纳量提升了9 898 MW·h,失负荷电量下降了10 194 MW·h,下降幅度为8.24%,总成本下降了425.9万元;情景4相对于情景2,水电消纳量提升了7 188 MW·h,失负荷电量下降了6 513 MW·h,下降幅度为5.42%,总成本下降了319.4万元。情景3优化配置结果为锂电储能容量2 006.17 MW·h,锂电储能功率668.72 MW,相较于情景4出现大幅上升。虽然情景3相较于情景4失负荷电量进一步下降了1 145 MW·h,但其水电消纳量减少了2 047 MW·h,总成本上升了88.6万元,在环保性和经济性上均存在一定劣势。
从储能企业的角度分析,在情景4中,锂电储能可获得73.5万元的收益,按静态投资回收期公式计算,锂电储能企业实现回收投资成本需要11.9年,略超过锂电池寿命年限。氢储能将受到275.3万元的损失,说明在现有氢储能转换效率与建设成本的情况下,仅通过在现货市场“高充低放”获取收益的氢储能企业经营存在一定困难。但与现行配储政策(情景2)相比,总成本下降金额高于储能企业亏损金额,证明了电氢混合储能优化配置结果能够起到增加社会总福利的积极作用。
上述仿真结果说明:本文提出的电氢混合储能优化配置模型能够有效避免锂电储能的过度投资,验证了电氢混合储能优化配置模型的有效性。
从上节分析结论来看,就目前该高水电占比地区经济承载能力和储能投资建设成本而言,现在大规模发展储能产业能够带来的经济效益有限。本节旨在通过对比不同发电装机结构情况下的储能优化配置结果,分析造成结果变化的主要影响因素,进而给出高水电地区储能发展建议。
算例设置了3种装机结构类型,分别是高水电占比地区、高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区。其中,高水电占比地区参数设置与上节一致,通过将高水电占比地区中的大水电机组替换为火电和新能源机组分别形成高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区装机情况,再运行电氢混合储能优化配置模型得到相应结果。不同情况的参数设置详细对比如图7所示。
表5图8反映了不同情况下储能设施优化配置情况。在目前的储能投资建设成本下,电氢混合储能优化配置在高新能源占比地区经济性最佳,相较于没有配置储能设施的情况,失负荷电量减少了43 104 MW·h,下降幅度达到42.7%,总成本下降了3 865.1万元,下降幅度达到2.5%。
相比之下,高水电占比地区和高火电占比地区总成本下降幅度略小,但也能够减少系统失负荷电量,缓解工业企业的限电情况。从配置结果差异性来看,高火电占比地区由于发电可靠性高,在不同时间发电能力的变化较小,因此对储能设施的整体需求也较少;高水电占比地区发电能力季节性变化强于高新能源占比地区,因此其氢储能配置容量在3种情况中最高,而高新能源占比地区的锂电储能配置容量则最高。
图9反映了不同发电装机结构下的分月现货平均价格情况。可见,在不同发电装机结构下现货均价变动展现出一定规律,高水电占比地区电力现货均价在汛期(6月—10月)显著低于枯期(11月—次年5月),这主要是由于汛期现货价格由成本较低的水电机组定价,枯期现货价格由成本较高的火电机组定价。在总装机容量相近的情况下,高新能源占比地区现货均价普遍高于高火电占比地区,这主要是因为新能源发电的可靠性低于火电机组,致使需调用更高成本的火电机组发电以维持电力供需平衡。
对比不同发电装机结构下的储能企业收益情况:高水电占比地区锂电储能企业可获得73.5万元收益,氢储能企业损失275.3万元;高火电占比地区锂电储能企业可获得19.1万元收益,氢储能企业损失76.7万元;高新能源占比地区锂电企业损失139.9万元,氢储能企业损失333.9万元。以上结果进一步验证了单一的现货市场收益来源不足以对储能企业产生足够的激励作用,需要国家政策的深入落地实施与辅助服务市场机制的进一步完善来提高储能企业投资意愿。
本文针对高水电占比地区发用电特性,建立了短时与长时储能相结合的电氢混合储能优化配置模型,综合考虑了系统运行成本、储能投资建设成本和失负荷对经济社会产生的影响三方面因素,对比分析了不同发电结构电力系统中储能优化配置的结果,得出如下结论。
1)应用本文构建的电氢混合储能优化配置模型,能够有效利用高水电占比地区的发电能力随季节变化的特性,提高水电消纳量,降低电力系统失负荷电量,在一定程度上缓解高水电占比电力系统的供需矛盾问题,同时避免对短时储能的过度投资,在促进社会经济发展方面具有一定积极意义。
2)高水电占比地区、高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区在储能优化配置结果方面呈现出明显差异性。高水电占比地区对氢储能存在更高的需求,高新能源占比地区对锂电储能存在更高的需求,高火电占比地区由于发电可靠性较高,储能需求相对较低。因此,在不同发电装机结构的地区发展储能可依据对不同类型储能需求的轻重缓急,有次序、有策略的逐步发展储能。
3)从测算结果来看,当前条件下高水电占比地区暂不宜大规模发展储能,可适当发展一定规模的短时/长时储能相结合的储能系统,并配合可靠性电源建设解决电力供需形势紧张问题。长远来看,随着地区经济承载力不断提高、储能投资建设成本下降以及新能源装机比例的不断上升,可逐步扩大储能配置规模以进一步提升电力系统灵活性。
  • 内蒙古电力交易中心有限公司项目(DLJY-YBHT-2023-SCGLB-0401-0036)
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403049
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
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Project of Inner Mongolia Electric Power Exchange Center Company Limited(DLJY-YBHT-2023-SCGLB-0401-0036)
内蒙古电力交易中心有限公司项目(DLJY-YBHT-2023-SCGLB-0401-0036)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,北京 102206
    2.内蒙古电力交易中心有限公司,内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010020

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王鹏(1973),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为能源电力体制改革政策与电力市场化理论,
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