Article(id=1236697127892602913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781172010, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781172010, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781172010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781172010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697128236535858, articleId=1236697127892602913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental research on monitoring slagging characteristics of heating surface based on gaseous alkali metal detection, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In China, Xinjiang province has vast reserves of high alkali coal resources. However, in coal-fired boilers, fouling and slagging on heating surface caused by alkali metals significantly limit the efficient utilization of the coals. Based on gas-phase alkali metal detection, combined with flue gas temperature monitoring, heat transfer calculation and other methods, slagging monitoring was carried out on the heating surface of a tangentially-fired boiler burning high alkali coal. The influence of air distribution on flame temperature, gas-phase alkali metal mass concentration and heating surface heat transfer in the furnace was analyzed, and a quantitative relationship between the gas-phase alkali metal mass concentration and the heating surface heat transfer was established. Preliminary monitoring of fouling and slagging on the heating surface was also conducted. The results indicate that, slag sample on the water wall side was quite different from that on the flue gas side. The covered water wall surface was loose and porous, while the flue gas side was dense and hard black coke. Significant macroscopic differences were observed, with sodium crystalline phases mainly in the form of feldspar. The highest alkali metal concentration were observed in the main combustion zone of the boiler. The higher the ratio of upper to lower secondary air, the higher the temperature and gaseous alkali metal concentration in the furnace. An increase in the average gaseous alkali metal concentration by 1 mg/m3 resulted in a decrease in the heat transfer of the water wall by 0.82×108 kJ at 300 MW on a tangentially-fired boiler burning high alkali coal.

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新疆高碱煤储量巨大,但碱金属引起的受热面沾污结渣问题严重限制其高效利用。基于气相碱金属检测,结合烟温监测、传热计算等方法对燃用高碱煤四角切圆锅炉的受热面进行结渣监测,分析了配风对炉内火焰温度、气相碱金属质量浓度与受热面传热量的影响,建立了气相碱金属质量浓度对受热面传热量的定量关系,对受热面沾污结渣进行初步监测。结果表明:水冷壁侧与烟气侧渣块宏观差异较大,水冷壁侧疏松多孔而烟气侧表现为致密、坚硬的黑色焦块,钠晶相以长石为主;炉内主燃区的火焰温度、气相碱金属质量浓度最高,上二次风与下二次风比例越高,炉膛内的温度与气相碱金属质量浓度水平越高;在燃用高碱煤的四角切圆锅炉内,负荷稳定在300 MW时,炉内气相碱金属质量浓度平均值每升高1 mg/m3,水冷壁的传热量下降0.82×108 kJ。

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娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断、热辐射传递技术,
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王浩帆(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为火电厂炉内结渣监测技术,

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王浩帆(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为火电厂炉内结渣监测技术,

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王浩帆(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为火电厂炉内结渣监测技术,

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Measurement, 2023, 214: 112804., articleTitle=An automatic spectral baseline estimation method and its application in industrial alkali-pulverized coal flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707915592159603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=53, issue=6, pageStart=2498, pageEnd=2508, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=BELL I H, WRONSKI J, QUOILIN S, journalName=Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BELL I H, WRONSKI J, QUOILIN S, et al. Pure and pseudo-pure fluid thermophysical property evaluation and the open-source thermophysical property library coolprop[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014, 53(6): 2498-2508., articleTitle=Pure and pseudo-pure fluid thermophysical property evaluation and the open-source thermophysical property library coolprop, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707915680239991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=169, issue=null, pageStart=383, pageEnd=389, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=MOCO A, COSTA M, CASACAB C, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOCO A, COSTA M, CASACAB C. Ash deposit formation during the combustion of pulverized grape pomace in a drop tube furnace[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 169: 383-389., articleTitle=Ash deposit formation during the combustion of pulverized grape pomace in a drop tube furnace, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707915759931771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=188, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=XU L, HUANG Y, ZOU L, journalName=Fuel Processing Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU L, HUANG Y, ZOU L, et al. Experimental research of mitigation strategy for high-temperature corrosion of waterwall fireside in a 630  MWe tangentially fired utility boiler based on combustion adjustments[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2019, 188: 1-15., articleTitle=Experimental research of mitigation strategy for high-temperature corrosion of waterwall fireside in a 630  MWe tangentially fired utility boiler based on combustion adjustments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707915831234942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1/2/3/4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=22, authorNames=PU Y, JIA Z, WANG Z, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PU Y, JIA Z, WANG Z, et al. Experimental study of combustion characteristics and ash-related issues of ammonia co-firing with high alkali pulverized coal in a 4 MW boiler[J]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and ash analysis of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种工业分析元素分析
war(V)war(M)war(A)war(C)war(H)war(O)war(N)war(S)
大井煤30.087.528.8276.823.4514.930.800.76
四棵树煤42.236.497.9274.605.5618.351.620.21
煤种灰分分析
w(SiO2)w(Fe2O3)w(Al2O3)w(CaO)w(MgO)w(SO3)w(Na2O)w(TiO2)
大井煤32.1313.9420.3113.303.847.904.900.43
四棵树煤41.546.1619.1718.363.063.262.790.96
), ArticleFig(id=1236707906926727373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质工业分析、元素分析与灰分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种工业分析元素分析
war(V)war(M)war(A)war(C)war(H)war(O)war(N)war(S)
大井煤30.087.528.8276.823.4514.930.800.76
四棵树煤42.236.497.9274.605.5618.351.620.21
煤种灰分分析
w(SiO2)w(Fe2O3)w(Al2O3)w(CaO)w(MgO)w(SO3)w(Na2O)w(TiO2)
大井煤32.1313.9420.3113.303.847.904.900.43
四棵树煤41.546.1619.1718.363.063.262.790.96
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907023196370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Ash-fusion temperatures of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰熔融温度大井煤四棵树煤
变形温度1 1501 180
软化温度1 1701 190
半球温度1 1801 210
流动温度1 2801 300
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907115471060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤种灰熔融温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰熔融温度大井煤四棵树煤
变形温度1 1501 180
软化温度1 1701 190
半球温度1 1801 210
流动温度1 2801 300
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907190968537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental condition

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项目C1C2C3
炉膛出口氧量2.62.62.6
上二次风挡板开度607070
下二次风挡板开度606060
燃尽风挡板开度605060
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907325186270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验工况

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项目C1C2C3
炉膛出口氧量2.62.62.6
上二次风挡板开度607070
下二次风挡板开度606060
燃尽风挡板开度605060
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907430043876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Coal feed condition of the coalmill

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燃烧器上煤情况
A层100%二矿准东煤
B层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
C层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
D层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
E层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907560067308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

磨煤机上煤情况

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燃烧器上煤情况
A层100%二矿准东煤
B层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
C层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
D层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
E层75%四棵树与25%煤矸石
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907673313525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Enthalpy-temperature table of the flue gas

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温度/℃焓值/(KJ·m–3)
CO2N2H2O空气
100171.1130.1150.5132.7
200360261304267
300563394463403
400776529626542
500999667795685
6001 231808969930
7001 4699521 149979
8001 7121 0981 3341 129
9001 9611 2471 5261 283
1 0002 2131 3981 7231 438
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907782365433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

烟气焓温

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃焓值/(KJ·m–3)
CO2N2H2O空气
100171.1130.1150.5132.7
200360261304267
300563394463403
400776529626542
500999667795685
6001 231808969930
7001 4699521 149979
8001 7121 0981 3341 129
9001 9611 2471 5261 283
1 0002 2131 3981 7231 438
), ArticleFig(id=1236707907883028735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127892602913, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

XRF results of the slagging sample

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结渣样品w(SiO2)w(Fe2O3)w(Al2O3)w(CaO)w(MgO)w(SO3)w(Na2O)w(TiO2)
1号13.8510.8131.8126.462.294.352.970.91
2号58.358.6112.565.781.610.512.290.86
3号53.187.7810.985.811.782.161.050.91
4号21.549.1025.1220.732.943.983.760.85
5号56.817.9111.646.451.721.292.610.94
6号55.817.8112.145.331.571.981.310.86
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结渣样品XRF结果

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结渣样品w(SiO2)w(Fe2O3)w(Al2O3)w(CaO)w(MgO)w(SO3)w(Na2O)w(TiO2)
1号13.8510.8131.8126.462.294.352.970.91
2号58.358.6112.565.781.610.512.290.86
3号53.187.7810.985.811.782.161.050.91
4号21.549.1025.1220.732.943.983.760.85
5号56.817.9111.646.451.721.292.610.94
6号55.817.8112.145.331.571.981.310.86
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The results of slag removal machine observation and flue gas temperature detection

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指标C1C2C3
渣量渣形较多疏松量大致密较多疏松
渣样大小大量大渣致密大渣大量大渣
A侧空预器出口烟温/℃136.43153.97149.76
B侧空预器出口烟温/℃140.61155.51158.45
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捞渣机观测与烟温结果

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指标C1C2C3
渣量渣形较多疏松量大致密较多疏松
渣样大小大量大渣致密大渣大量大渣
A侧空预器出口烟温/℃136.43153.97149.76
B侧空预器出口烟温/℃140.61155.51158.45
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基于气相碱金属检测的受热面结渣监测实验研究
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王浩帆 1 , 郭丽 2, 3 , 徐永宁 4 , 晋中华 1 , 李翔 5 , 方顺利 1 , 张向宇 1 , 姚斌 6 , 娄春 6
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(4): 140-148
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(4): 140-148
基于气相碱金属检测的受热面结渣监测实验研究
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王浩帆1 , 郭丽2, 3, 徐永宁4, 晋中华1, 李翔5, 方顺利1, 张向宇1, 姚斌6, 娄春6
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
  • 3.新疆维吾尔自治区计量测试研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 4.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 5.兰州铝业有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 6.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 王浩帆(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为火电厂炉内结渣监测技术,

通讯作者:

娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断、热辐射传递技术,
Experimental research on monitoring slagging characteristics of heating surface based on gaseous alkali metal detection
Haofan WANG1 , Li GUO2, 3, Yongning XU4, Zhonghua JIN1, Xiang LI5, Shunli FANG1, Xiangyu ZHANG1, Bin YAO6, Chun LOU6
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
  • 3.Institute of Metrology and Testing of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 4.Huaneng Gansu Energy Development Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 5.Lanzhou Aluminum Industry Co. Ltd, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 6.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408178
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新疆高碱煤储量巨大,但碱金属引起的受热面沾污结渣问题严重限制其高效利用。基于气相碱金属检测,结合烟温监测、传热计算等方法对燃用高碱煤四角切圆锅炉的受热面进行结渣监测,分析了配风对炉内火焰温度、气相碱金属质量浓度与受热面传热量的影响,建立了气相碱金属质量浓度对受热面传热量的定量关系,对受热面沾污结渣进行初步监测。结果表明:水冷壁侧与烟气侧渣块宏观差异较大,水冷壁侧疏松多孔而烟气侧表现为致密、坚硬的黑色焦块,钠晶相以长石为主;炉内主燃区的火焰温度、气相碱金属质量浓度最高,上二次风与下二次风比例越高,炉膛内的温度与气相碱金属质量浓度水平越高;在燃用高碱煤的四角切圆锅炉内,负荷稳定在300 MW时,炉内气相碱金属质量浓度平均值每升高1 mg/m3,水冷壁的传热量下降0.82×108 kJ。

气相碱金属  /  结渣监测  /  高碱煤  /  传热计算

In China, Xinjiang province has vast reserves of high alkali coal resources. However, in coal-fired boilers, fouling and slagging on heating surface caused by alkali metals significantly limit the efficient utilization of the coals. Based on gas-phase alkali metal detection, combined with flue gas temperature monitoring, heat transfer calculation and other methods, slagging monitoring was carried out on the heating surface of a tangentially-fired boiler burning high alkali coal. The influence of air distribution on flame temperature, gas-phase alkali metal mass concentration and heating surface heat transfer in the furnace was analyzed, and a quantitative relationship between the gas-phase alkali metal mass concentration and the heating surface heat transfer was established. Preliminary monitoring of fouling and slagging on the heating surface was also conducted. The results indicate that, slag sample on the water wall side was quite different from that on the flue gas side. The covered water wall surface was loose and porous, while the flue gas side was dense and hard black coke. Significant macroscopic differences were observed, with sodium crystalline phases mainly in the form of feldspar. The highest alkali metal concentration were observed in the main combustion zone of the boiler. The higher the ratio of upper to lower secondary air, the higher the temperature and gaseous alkali metal concentration in the furnace. An increase in the average gaseous alkali metal concentration by 1 mg/m3 resulted in a decrease in the heat transfer of the water wall by 0.82×108 kJ at 300 MW on a tangentially-fired boiler burning high alkali coal.

gaseous alkali metal  /  slagging monitoring  /  high alkali coal  /  heat transfer calculation
王浩帆, 郭丽, 徐永宁, 晋中华, 李翔, 方顺利, 张向宇, 姚斌, 娄春. 基于气相碱金属检测的受热面结渣监测实验研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408178
Haofan WANG, Li GUO, Yongning XU, Zhonghua JIN, Xiang LI, Shunli FANG, Xiangyu ZHANG, Bin YAO, Chun LOU. Experimental research on monitoring slagging characteristics of heating surface based on gaseous alkali metal detection[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408178
我国新疆地区的煤炭储量大,其中准东煤田煤炭预测储量可达2 136亿吨,预计煤炭资源总储量可达到3 900亿吨[1]。以准东煤为代表的高碱煤灰分中钠含量远远高于其他煤种,高碱煤灰中平均Na2O质量分数高达6.1%[2]。另外,其煤灰中碱土金属(如MgO与CaO)质量分数高,铁(Fe2O3)质量分数高,而主要酸性氧化物(SiO2与Al2O3)质量分数之和小于60%,导致其沾污性、结渣性极强。
在高碱煤燃烧过程中,气相碱金属主要以氯化物形式析出,并与烟气中的硫化物发生反应生成硫酸盐,在换热面上形成黏稠的熔融态冷凝膜,这种冷凝膜是飞灰粘附在受热面上的关键,其会捕捉烟气中的固体颗粒,进而加速沾污结渣过程[3-5]。目前,对沾污结渣的研判与预测主要从燃料的物理化学特征、锅炉实际运行参数变化两方面进行[6]。一方面,燃料的物理特征主要包括燃料灰熔点温度、燃料灰黏度特性、燃料灰电阻值突变温度、渣形特征等[7],方法简单易行,有大量分析数据和经验公式作为支撑,但忽略了实际炉膛特性与燃烧工况影响,无法动态反映燃烧动态特性对结渣的影响;另一方面,基于运行参数计算受热面吸热效率进而监测沾污结渣的“清洁因子”法获得了广泛应用[8-9],但由于沾污结渣对于传热的影响有一定的滞后性,所有基于传热分析的沾污结渣判断预测都无法实时反映受热面污染情况。
近年来,在众多的气相碱金属检测手段中,无需外加光源的被动式原位检测技术以其装置简单、环境适应能力强的优势在工业领域脱颖而出[10]。随着气相碱金属检测技术的成熟,利用气相碱金属对受热面沾污结渣进行监测成为可能[11-12]
本文通过气相碱金属检测设备对炉内温度与气相碱金属进行测量,结合受热面的传热计算,分析变工况下燃用高碱煤炉膛的结渣情况,建立燃烧区气相碱金属浓度与受热面传热的定量联系,达到初步结渣监测的目的。
实验对象为新疆某电厂的2号锅炉,锅炉为上海锅炉厂设计的SG-1180/17.5-M4001热电联产330 MW锅炉,锅炉采用单个炉膛布置,亚临界、平衡通风、全钢架悬吊结构,采用的是一次中间再热、自然循环汽包固态排渣煤粉炉;燃烧方式为四角切圆燃烧,燃烧器分为5层。
锅炉的设计煤种为当地四棵树煤矿出产的烟煤,掺混煤种为二矿准东煤,二矿准东煤是准东大井矿区的二号矿井B1层煤,2种煤种的工业分析、元素分析与灰分分析见表1。灰分制灰按照GB/T 1574进行,将原煤在(415±10) ℃温度下缓慢灰化制得灰样。大井煤与四棵树煤的灰分、水分相当,但四棵树煤的挥发分比大井煤高,2种煤元素组成的碳与氧质量分数较高,氢质量分数较低。在煤灰中,大井煤中Na2O质量分数高达4.90%,四棵树煤的Na2O质量分数为2.79%,均属于典型的高碱煤。大井煤灰中SiO2质量分数仅为32.13%,Fe2O3质量分数为13.94%,而四棵树煤灰中SiO2质量分数为41.54%,Fe2O3质量分数为6.16%。2种煤的灰熔融温度测量结果见表2,2种煤种的软化温度均低于1 200 ℃,都属于严重结渣等级煤种,由于大井煤的SiO2质量分数较低,Na2O质量分数较高,大井煤的灰熔融温度较低,比四棵树煤更容易沾污结渣。
锅炉采用正压直吹式制粉系统,配置5台中速磨煤机,燃烧器在锅炉的四角分层布置,燃烧方式为四角切圆。5台中速磨煤机分别对应A、B、C、D、E 5层燃烧器,分别布置在锅炉标高为21.2、22.9、24.5、26.2、27.8 m水平面上。燃尽风喷口在炉膛35.5 m标高位置。
在相同的负荷下对不同配风与氧量的结渣情况进行监测,实验工况见表3,实验期间炉膛负荷保持为300 MW,实验期间负荷绝对误差不超过2 MW。实验过程中吹灰暂停,每个工况持续1 h以上。
实验期间煤种保持稳定,磨煤机的上煤情况见表4。除20.6 m燃用100%的二矿准东煤,其他层燃烧器均燃用75%(质量分数,下同)四棵树与25%煤矸石的混合物。煤矸石是煤矿开采产生的固体废物,其主要成分为SiO2与Al2O3,燃用准东煤的锅炉中掺烧煤矸石可以在一定程度上缓解高碱金属引起的沾污结渣。
利用气相碱金属检测设备测量炉膛测点的火焰温度与气相碱金属浓度,设备的主要仪器为光谱仪,光谱测量的光谱辐射强度由以下两部分组成[13-14]
Im=INa+IC
式中:Im为光谱仪获得的绝对光谱强度;INa为被激发的气相钠发射出的光谱辐射强度;IC为火焰热辐射的光谱辐射强度。
当物体的温度为800~2 000 ℃、波长为300~1 100 nm,热辐射强度符合维恩辐射定律[10]
IC(λ,T)=ε(λ)πC1λ5exp(C2λT)
式中:λ为波长;T为温度;ε(λ)为发射率,其值会随波长变化;C1C2分别为普朗克第一常数与普朗克第二常数,分别取3.742×10–16 W·m2、1.438 8×10–2 m·K。
火焰温度采用下式计算:
Ti=C2(1λi1λi+Δλ)/ln(IC(λi,T)IC(λi+Δλ,T)λi5(λi+Δλ)5)
T=1Mi=1M(Ti)
式中:Ti为不同波长下的温度;T为温度的平均值;IC(λ1λ,T)为波长λ1λ下的热辐射光谱强度;M为计算采用的波长数。火焰满足灰性假设,可以消除上式的误差,使计算结果反映目标的真实温度。
火焰中的气相钠浓度计算采用文献中的标定方法与结果。
CNa=INa/a
式中:CNa为气相碱金属浓度;a为比例系数,可以由标定实验获得,取47.99[11]
实验测点如图1所示。通过位于燃烧器附近的观火孔,对炉内气相钠浓度和火焰温度进行现场测量。选择20.0、25.6、39.6 m 3个标高,20.0 m代表炉膛下段,25.6 m代表主燃区,39.6 m代表燃尽区。每一标高有2个观火孔,均位于四角燃烧器的右墙并靠近燃烧器,共6个。前墙侧的观火孔由高到低分别标记为1号、2号与3号,后墙侧的观火孔由高到低分别标记为4号、5号与6号。在每个观火孔进行时长3 min的测量。另外,在实验开始前收集观火孔的沉积物样本,该样品可以代表本锅炉日常运行的结渣情况。
在实验过程中,采用了以下的方法判断炉内的结渣情况:
1)直接判断 直接诊断是最简单直观的结渣判断方法。在本次实验过程中,实验人员定期观察下炉膛的结渣大小与形貌,并记录捞渣机的运行状态,以此判断炉膛中结渣情况。
2)根据炉膛出口烟温变化判断 炉内出现沾污、结渣现象时,各个受热面的吸热量减少,炉膛的出口烟温升高。因此,炉膛出口烟温变化可以从整体上反映出炉内结渣情况。
3)炉膛受热面传热计算 收集机组烟气侧与工质侧的压力、温度等参数,计算锅炉中受热面的工质侧吸热量与烟气侧放热量与热损失项。根据工质吸热量与烟气放热量的比值判断受热面的传热效率,若比值下降,则认为受热面的沾污结渣现象加剧。
锅炉的受热面布置示意如图2所示。在实验过程中,各个旁路系统的开度很小,可以忽略不计。由于电厂工质侧的压力与温度测点不足,因此将各级过热器与再热器综合考虑,锅炉的受热面传热计算包括水冷壁、过热器、再热器与省煤器。
炉膛的传热计算包括工质侧与烟气侧。工质侧的计算组分是水蒸气,烟气侧的组分按照标准烟气计算。根据水蒸气的温度与压力,通过Python的代码块CoolProp即可计算水蒸气在当前状态下的焓值,对于某一受热面而言,受热面入口焓值与出口焓值的差值即为该受热面上的工质侧吸热量,具体如下式所示:
Q1=(h2h1)qm
式中:Q1为某一受热面上的工质吸热量,kJ/h;h1h2分别为该受热面工质的进口焓值与出口焓值,kJ/kg;qm为流过该受热面的工质质量流量,kg/h。
烟气的组分、体积与煤粉的元素组成和过量空气系数有关,根据表2的煤质元素分析,按照以下各式计算烟气组分[15]
VN20=0.8war(N)100+0.79V0
VCO2=1.866war(C)100+0.7war(S)100
VH2O0=11.1war(H)100+1.24war(M)100+0.016V0
式中:V0为1 kg煤粉完全燃烧的干空气体积用量,在本文中,煤质按照大井煤与四棵树煤的质量比为1:3比例计算,可使用下式计算:
V0=0.0889(war(C)+0.375war(S))+0.265war(H)0.033war(O)
在实际燃烧的过程中,助燃的空气往往超出燃烧反应所需量,干烟气与三原子气体的体积计算中需引入过量空气系数α进行修正:
Vgy=VN20=VCO2+(α1)V0
VH2O=VH2O0+0.0161(α1)V0
过量空气系数可以通过下式求得:
α=20.920.9φ(O2)
式中:φ(O2)为空气预热器出口烟气中氧的体积分数,可以直接从电厂DCS中导出。
计算获得烟气中各组分的体积分数,计算各组分的体积。再根据表5的焓温[15],按线性插值计算各组分的焓值。计算获得的结果是1 kg给煤量的混合气体焓,需要将结果与给煤量相乘才能获得烟气侧的总焓变。
在实验进行过程中,统计了水冷壁的结渣情况与捞渣机的运行情况,并使用工具获得了水冷壁结渣的部分样品,具体如图3所示。
水冷壁采集的部分结渣样品如图4所示。由图4可知,水冷壁表面的渣样呈现明显的分层。渣样沿水冷壁的壁面分布,在水冷壁壁面侧形成了一个凹槽。该侧表面有明显的红色粉末,形貌较为疏松多孔,易脱落,这是由于煤中的碱金属、碱土金属、硅等元素与受热面表面的铁元素反应形成的疏松的铁盐与铁氧化物颗粒,颗粒被烟气携带,率先粘附在水冷壁上形成的[16];而在烟气侧,渣样的形貌表现为致密、坚硬的黑色焦块,其表面较为光滑,这是由于在无机盐颗粒粘附在水冷壁表面后,形成一层粗糙的初始层,高温的熔融颗粒在初始层上凝结并流动,且随着时间的延长不断凝结而形成的。
为避免烟气侧样品的熔融性物质对XRD结果的影响,选择水冷壁侧样品粉末研磨后进行XRD与XRF分析。
使用MDI Jade软件分析XRD数据,结果如图5所示。结果表明,Fe2O3晶相出现在所有测点的样品中,说明铁元素在结渣初期就被氧化,这也是样品水冷壁侧的颜色现赤黄色的原因。随着高度的变化,结渣样品的结晶晶相有明显的变化,位于39.6 m的1号测点与4号测点的结渣样品没有出现SiO2晶相,4号测点检出NaAlSi3O8与测点检出Na2SO4。25.6 m的2号与5号测点的样品晶相相似,包括SiO2、CaSO4、Fe2O3、NaAlSi3O8、KAl(SiO4)与CaAl2Si2O8,而在20.0 m的3号与6号测点样品中钠晶相含量较低,1号测点中未检出含钠晶相。这是由于3号与6号测点的气相钠质量浓度较低,而下炉膛气流向上,气相钠难以接触壁面,说明在燃烧器以下的下炉膛区域,碱金属钠对结渣沾污内层的影响较低,而在炉膛主燃区与燃尽区内,气相碱金属质量浓度较高,钠晶相出现。Niu等人[17]研究了生物质结渣的内层与过渡层的灰分晶相,发现碱金属的氯化物在内层大量出现,而在本实验中内层却未检出NaCl相,这可能是由于锅炉运行时间较长,长时间的高温下,NaCl与SiO2与Al2O3反应生成NaAlSi3O8
结渣样品的XRF结果见表6。标高39.6 m的1号与4号测点的结渣样品中SiO2质量分数比其他测点低,这与XRD结果吻合。另外,由于1号与4号测点的位置较高,2个测点Al2O3的质量分数也显著高于其他测点。在标高20.0 m的3号与6号测点的Na2O较低,与XRD结果吻合。说明主燃区与燃尽区的结渣沉积Na较高。
实验期间各个测点的火焰平均温度与平均气相钠质量浓度如图6所示。由图6可知,火焰温度与气相钠质量浓度在不同工况下变化趋势高度吻合。这是由于火焰温度越高,高碱燃料中的气相碱金属释放强度越大,燃烧烟气中的碱金属元素释放越多。在3个高度下,25.6 m测点的温度与气相钠质量浓度最高,这是由于四角切圆燃烧方式的流场向上螺旋发展,垂直上升速度平均为4~6 m/s,而最底层燃烧器位于21.2 m,25.6 m为锅炉主燃区,其氧化反应强度高[18]。工况C2的火焰温度与平均气相钠质量浓度最高,其上二次风开度为70%、下二次风的风门开度为60%、燃尽风开度均为50%,说明在出口氧量恒定的情况下,调整二次风与燃尽风的挡板开度同样对炉内温度与气相碱金属质量浓度造成了影响。
上二次风与下二次风的比例越高,炉膛内的温度与气相碱金属质量浓度水平越高,而燃尽风的挡板开度越低,温度与碱金属质量浓度越高。
当二次风总量恒定时,分配给上二次风的比例越高,而炉膛下部分是火焰主燃区,主燃区的氧化剂不足,煤粉着火受到一定影响,局部产生较多不均衡的高温区域,碱金属元素大量释放。当燃尽风的挡板开度升高,由于煤粉燃尽率升高,炉膛内的火焰温度水平整体较低,没有出现局部高温区。
捞渣机的观察结果与出口烟温见表7,主要观察渣量渣形与渣样大小。由于锅炉负荷较高,3个工况下捞渣机都出现了较多渣块。炉内火焰温度高于灰熔融温度,导致炉内结渣严重。工况C2的结渣情况较为严重,出现致密的大渣,渣形更为致密,说明二次风门的变化会对炉内的灰渣形态有影响。分析烟温结果表明,工况C3下B侧空气预热器出口烟温比A侧高约9 ℃,说明锅炉内存在烟温偏差,B侧的异常烟温可能受其他因素影响。工况C2的烟温较高,说明工况C2下受热面的总吸热量较少,炉膛内整体结渣沾污情况较严重。烟温结果与捞渣机直接观测的结果较为吻合。
通过计算,获得了水冷壁、过热器、再热器与省煤器的蒸汽吸热量,受热面吸热量与6个测点气相钠质量浓度平均值的关系如图7所示。结果显示,水冷壁的吸热量最高,省煤器的吸热量最低,二者相差数倍。水冷壁与过热器工质吸热量随着二次风配风情况的变化较为明显,而省煤器与再热器的工质吸热量变化并不明显,这是由于省煤器与再热器的受热面远离炉膛,炉膛结渣对其传热影响较小。工况C1下的水冷壁吸热量最高,则工况C1炉膛的结渣程度最低,工况C2的吸热量最低,说明工况C2下炉膛的结渣严重程度最高。在总二次风量不变的情况下,减小上二次风的开度,有利于缓解炉膛结渣。这是由于炉内一侧风流线向上发展,下二次风流量升高,主燃区的煤粉与空气的混合越均匀,炉膛下部的燃烧强度增大,火焰温度升高,灰熔融情况加重,最终导致结渣加重。上二次风和燃尽风的升高可以使煤粉的燃尽率升高。已有研究表明,减少燃尽风风量以补充二次风可以限制NOx与CO的体积分数,改善燃尽区的还原性气氛,降低腐蚀的倾向,导致了工况C2下省煤器的吸热量最高,但燃尽风升高引起了主燃区的火焰温度升高。这与本实验测量的主燃区火焰温度结果吻合,说明对沾污结渣而言,火焰温度的影响更高。
图7同时可知,随着各个工况气相钠平均质量浓度升高,水冷壁、过热器与再热器的吸热量降低,水冷壁吸热量降低最明显。在负荷300 MW下,气相碱金属质量浓度平均值每升高1 mg/m3,水冷壁的传热量下降0.82×108 kJ。这是由于水冷壁是炉膛内最主要的受热面,在水冷壁范围内的燃烧强度最高,直接受到携带气相钠烟气的冲击,且炉膛水冷壁附近烟气的温度更高,使水冷壁结渣受到燃烧工况影响更大。除省煤器外,工况的气相钠质量浓度越高,受热面的吸热量越低,说明气相碱金属质量浓度与受热面传热量紧密相关,气相碱金属质量浓度可以有效反映受热面的沾污结渣情况。锅炉内的气相碱金属检测对受热面结渣评判有参考价值,可以初步地对受热面结渣进行判断。
烟气传热量与6个测点气相钠质量浓度平均值的关系如图8所示。
结果显示,根据烟气焓差计算的过热器与再热器烟气传热量比受热面工质的吸热量低,这可能是由于过热器与再热器既存在辐射换热又进行对流换热,是一种半对流受热面。省煤器的烟气传热量结果与省煤器吸热量接近,这是由于省煤器传热以对流换热为主。
本文在330 MW燃用高碱煤的四角切圆锅炉上进行现场实验,使用气相碱金属检测设备在6个不同位置测量炉内火焰温度与气相碱金属质量浓度,收集观火孔的结渣样品代表本锅炉日常运行的结渣。用烟温监测、传热计算等方法对3个工况的受热面进行结渣情况判断,分析3种配风工况下火焰温度、气相碱金属水平与结渣的影响,建立气相碱金属质量浓度与受热面传热量的定量关系,证明使用气相碱金属浓度对受热面结渣可以进行初步监测,研究结果如下。
1)渣块水冷壁侧呈红色疏松粉末状,烟气侧呈致密、坚硬的黑色焦块状,表面较为光滑,主燃区与燃尽区结渣样品中钠质量分数较高,钠晶相以钠长石(NaAlSi3O8)为主。
2)主燃区测点的温度与气相钠质量浓度普遍最高,工况C2的火焰温度与平均气相钠质量浓度最高,在出口氧量恒定的情况下,上二次风与下二次风的比例越高,炉膛内的温度与气相碱金属质量浓度越高。
3)上二次风与下二次风风量比例越高,主燃区的煤粉与空气的混合越均匀,有利于缓解炉膛结渣,燃尽风量升高引起了主燃区火焰温度的升高;工况的气相碱金属越高,结渣情况越严重,在负荷300 MW下,炉内气相碱金属质量浓度平均值每升高1 mg/m3,水冷壁的传热量下降0.82×108 kJ。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2023A01005)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408178
  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
基金
Major Scientific and Technological Projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023A01005)
新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2023A01005)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
    3.新疆维吾尔自治区计量测试研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    4.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
    5.兰州铝业有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
    6.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断、热辐射传递技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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