Article(id=1236697127456395276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723996800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781171907, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781171907, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781171907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781171907, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697127779356699, articleId=1236697127456395276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Review of furnace temperature field online monitoring and prediction for deep peaking and smart power generation, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When thermal power units participate in deep peak loading, real-time acquisition of furnace temperature field is helpful to power plant boiler control and research of combustion process in the furnace. With the promotion of intelligent power generation, machine learning provides an important means for real-time acquisition of furnace temperature field. The principle and application of the three most commonly used online monitoring technologies of furnace temperature field, namely acoustic method, absorption spectral tomography and thermal radiation imaging, are summarized at first, and the advantages and disadvantages in the application of boiler furnace temperature measurement are reviewed. Then, the principle of the coupled machine learning and CFD prediction method is described in detail, indicating that the method is less affected in the harsh furnace environment, and the application research of the method in the combustion flame structure and parameters and the furnace temperature field is reviewed, demonstrating the feasibility of applying the method to the furnace temperature field, indicating it can accurately predict the furnace temperature field. Finally, the future development trend of furnace temperature field online monitoring technology and coupled machine learning and CFD prediction method is analyzed, so as to provide ideas for obtaining more accurate furnace temperature field in real time under the continuous advancement of intelligent construction of power station.

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在火电机组参与深度调峰时,炉膛温度场的实时获取有助于电站锅炉控制和研究炉内燃烧过程,在智能发电的推进下,机器学习为实时获得炉膛温度场提供了重要手段。总结了声学法、吸收光谱层析成像法以及热辐射成像法这3种最常用的炉膛温度场在线监测技术的原理及应用,以及在锅炉炉膛测温应用中存在的优势及缺点。之后详细阐述了耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法的原理,说明该方法在恶劣炉内环境中受到的影响较小,综述了该方法在燃烧火焰结构及参数和炉膛温度场的应用研究,表明了该方法应用于炉膛温度场的可行性,并可准确地预测获得炉膛温度场。最后对炉膛温度场在线监测技术和耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法的未来发展趋势进行了分析,以便在电站智能化建设进程下,为实时快速获得更准确的炉膛温度场提供思路。

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娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断,
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方顺利(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧过程关键参量在线监测及燃烧诊断,

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方顺利(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧过程关键参量在线监测及燃烧诊断,

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Experimental and simulation research of reconstruction of temperature field in large furnaces based on MLP neural network[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2022: 1., articleTitle=Experimental and simulation research of reconstruction of temperature field in large furnaces based on MLP neural network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707927109726905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127456395276, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=200, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=107, authorNames=ZHONG Q, CHEN Y, ZHU B, journalName=Measurement, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG Q, CHEN Y, ZHU B, et al. A temperature field reconstruction method based on acoustic thermometry[J]. 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Principles and characteristics of common machine learning algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机器学习算法原理特点
深度
学习
主要使用神经网络来解决问题,以数据集训练网络,使用反向传播算法调整网络中权重及偏置学习能力强,可用于非线性问题,可根据所获取数据的种类选择不同类型的神经网络
支持
向量机
将向量映射到更高维的空间,建立一个最大间隔超平面,分隔超平面使其两侧平行超平面的距离最大化可用于统计分类以及回归分析,使用核函数可以解决非线性的分类,无局部极小值问题
极限
学习机
其基础是单隐藏层的前馈神经网络,通过最小二乘法直接计算输出层的权值,得到输出值不需要反向传播算法来调整权重,学习速度快,易于实现,但不能用于较复杂问题
), ArticleFig(id=1236707906637328663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697127456395276, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机器学习常用算法的原理及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机器学习算法原理特点
深度
学习
主要使用神经网络来解决问题,以数据集训练网络,使用反向传播算法调整网络中权重及偏置学习能力强,可用于非线性问题,可根据所获取数据的种类选择不同类型的神经网络
支持
向量机
将向量映射到更高维的空间,建立一个最大间隔超平面,分隔超平面使其两侧平行超平面的距离最大化可用于统计分类以及回归分析,使用核函数可以解决非线性的分类,无局部极小值问题
极限
学习机
其基础是单隐藏层的前馈神经网络,通过最小二乘法直接计算输出层的权值,得到输出值不需要反向传播算法来调整权重,学习速度快,易于实现,但不能用于较复杂问题
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面向深度调峰和智能发电的炉膛温度场在线监测及预测综述
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方顺利 1 , 晋中华 1 , 杨云 2 , 李翔 3 , 任世鹏 4 , 马帅 4 , 姚斌 4 , 王浩帆 1 , 张中晖 1 , 梅晟东 5 , 刘凯 5 , 陈新建 5 , 娄春 4 , 邹莹 2
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025,54(4): 13-23
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025, 54(4): 13-23
面向深度调峰和智能发电的炉膛温度场在线监测及预测综述
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方顺利1 , 晋中华1, 杨云2, 李翔3, 任世鹏4, 马帅4, 姚斌4, 王浩帆1, 张中晖1, 梅晟东5, 刘凯5, 陈新建5, 娄春4 , 邹莹2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.兰州铝业有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 4.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 5.武汉立为工程技术有限公司,湖北 武汉 430223
  • 方顺利(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧过程关键参量在线监测及燃烧诊断,

通讯作者:

娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断,
Review of furnace temperature field online monitoring and prediction for deep peaking and smart power generation
Shunli FANG1 , Zhonghua JIN1, Yun YANG2, Xiang LI3, Shipeng REN4, Shuai MA4, Bin YAO4, Haofan WANG1, Zhonghui ZHANG1, Shengdong MEI5, Kai LIU5, Xinjian CHEN5, Chun LOU4 , Ying ZOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 3.Lanzhou Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 5.Wuhan Leaway Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430223, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408174
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在火电机组参与深度调峰时,炉膛温度场的实时获取有助于电站锅炉控制和研究炉内燃烧过程,在智能发电的推进下,机器学习为实时获得炉膛温度场提供了重要手段。总结了声学法、吸收光谱层析成像法以及热辐射成像法这3种最常用的炉膛温度场在线监测技术的原理及应用,以及在锅炉炉膛测温应用中存在的优势及缺点。之后详细阐述了耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法的原理,说明该方法在恶劣炉内环境中受到的影响较小,综述了该方法在燃烧火焰结构及参数和炉膛温度场的应用研究,表明了该方法应用于炉膛温度场的可行性,并可准确地预测获得炉膛温度场。最后对炉膛温度场在线监测技术和耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法的未来发展趋势进行了分析,以便在电站智能化建设进程下,为实时快速获得更准确的炉膛温度场提供思路。

电站锅炉  /  炉膛温度场  /  在线监测  /  机器学习  /  预测

When thermal power units participate in deep peak loading, real-time acquisition of furnace temperature field is helpful to power plant boiler control and research of combustion process in the furnace. With the promotion of intelligent power generation, machine learning provides an important means for real-time acquisition of furnace temperature field. The principle and application of the three most commonly used online monitoring technologies of furnace temperature field, namely acoustic method, absorption spectral tomography and thermal radiation imaging, are summarized at first, and the advantages and disadvantages in the application of boiler furnace temperature measurement are reviewed. Then, the principle of the coupled machine learning and CFD prediction method is described in detail, indicating that the method is less affected in the harsh furnace environment, and the application research of the method in the combustion flame structure and parameters and the furnace temperature field is reviewed, demonstrating the feasibility of applying the method to the furnace temperature field, indicating it can accurately predict the furnace temperature field. Finally, the future development trend of furnace temperature field online monitoring technology and coupled machine learning and CFD prediction method is analyzed, so as to provide ideas for obtaining more accurate furnace temperature field in real time under the continuous advancement of intelligent construction of power station.

utility boiler  /  furnace temperature field  /  online monitoring  /  machine learning  /  prediction
方顺利, 晋中华, 杨云, 李翔, 任世鹏, 马帅, 姚斌, 王浩帆, 张中晖, 梅晟东, 刘凯, 陈新建, 娄春, 邹莹. 面向深度调峰和智能发电的炉膛温度场在线监测及预测综述. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408174
Shunli FANG, Zhonghua JIN, Yun YANG, Xiang LI, Shipeng REN, Shuai MA, Bin YAO, Haofan WANG, Zhonghui ZHANG, Shengdong MEI, Kai LIU, Xinjian CHEN, Chun LOU, Ying ZOU. Review of furnace temperature field online monitoring and prediction for deep peaking and smart power generation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408174
在“双碳”战略目标下,我国开始发展以太阳能、风能为代表的新能源发电技术。随着新能源发电技术的逐渐成熟,新能源的装机容量不断增加。据统计,2021年我国新能源发电装机占比为41.13%,但火电发电量占比约为70.29%[1]。由此可知,目前燃煤发电依然占据我国电力供应的主导地位。这主要是因为我国新能源资源与负荷需求具有逆向分布的特点,跨区域输电能力有限,并且由于新能源具有不稳定性,其发电对负荷需求响应能力不足[2],需要燃煤机组承担深度调峰任务。深度调峰是指在电力系统中通过灵活调整电力供需平衡,实现电力负荷的高峰期和低谷期之间的平衡。因此机组参与深度调峰对于新能源消纳和电网安全稳定运行具有重要作用。在其参与深度调峰时,炉膛内火焰充满度下降,容易出现火焰燃烧不稳定、热负荷不均匀等问题,而炉膛中温度场可以直接反映炉内燃烧状况,对炉膛温度场在线监测可保障深度调峰时炉内燃烧过程的安全性和经济性[3]
近些年随着人工智能、物联网、云计算等技术的快速发展,一些研究人员在电站数字化、信息化建设基础上将这些技术应用于电站中,以实现电站智能化。智能电站的本质就是人工智能与信息技术在发电领域的交叉融合与发展,通过将人工智能技术应用在机组设备及其参数监测、机组控制系统和生产管理等方面,可提高发电效率、降低污染物排放以及增强机组安全运行与控制[4-6]。人工智能技术中机器学习算法已被应用于炉内燃烧过程部分参数的预测[7]。例如,利用神经网络对电厂锅炉的飞灰含碳量进行建模预测[8],基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型实现炉内速度场的快速预测[9]。采用多模型智能组合算法预测锅炉再燃器区域的局部炉膛温度[10]。甚至,在锅炉测试环境变得恶劣时也可以采用机器学习来预测炉内温度场。
基于上述研究背景,本文首先阐述了目前常用的炉内燃烧温度场在线监测技术的原理、特点及应用现状,之后详细综述了基于机器学习算法在线预测锅炉炉内温度场的可行性及研究现状,最后对炉内温度场在线监测技术和在线预测方法的未来发展趋势进行了分析。
炉膛温度场可以反映炉内燃烧情况,机组根据燃烧情况对燃料量、风量和空燃比等参数进行控制,有利于机组的深度调峰,所以炉膛温度场在线监测十分重要。其监测方法分为接触式与非接触式方法,接触式方法主要是将感温元件如热电偶放于温度场中测量,但是由于感温元件的耐热性,该方法适用于短时间测量,并且只能进行单点测量,所以不能对炉膛进行长时间在线监测。而非接触式方法测量元件不与介质接触,不会对炉膛温度场产生影响,因此研究人员更倾向使用这种方法测量炉膛温度场。非接触式方法主要包括声学法、吸收光谱层析成像法以及热辐射成像法[11],下面对这3种方法的原理与实际应用进行分析。
声学法测温原理是根据声学理论,在不考虑炉内烟气流动的情况下声波的传播速度与炉膛温度具有数学关系,即声波在不同温度介质中的传播速度不同。图1为声学法重建炉膛温度场系统示意。由图1可见,由工控机控制波形信号发生器产生声波信号,声波信号经过功率放大器和扬声器后传输到炉膛某一高度壁面上布置的声波传感器,形成多条声波传播路径,利用数据采集卡获取在介质传播前后的声波信号,传输到工控机中计算声波传播时间。将温度场进行网格划分,建立温度场每个离散化网格的温度值与相应路径的声波传播时间之间的数学方程组,求解后重建炉膛断面温度场分布。与重建二维温度场类似,在重建炉膛三维温度场时需要将声波传感器布置在炉膛三维空间,建立三维温度场每个离散化网格的温度值与相应路径的声波传播时间之间的数学方程组,把重建三维温度场的问题转化为求解方程组的问题,再采用最小二乘法和遗传算法等重建算法求解,最后通过插值法重建炉膛三维温度场分布[12]
目前声学法重建炉膛二维温度场的技术已应用到大型电厂锅炉中。Zhang等人[13]将声学法应用于600 MW燃煤锅炉进行二维温度场在线监测。Li等人[14]提出动态重建算法并与其他常用算法进行重建温度场对比研究,对比结果表明此算法重建精度更高。但声波在炉膛内的非均匀介质中传播声线会发生弯曲,若不考虑声线弯曲的影响,则温度场重建精度不高。孔倩等[15]在此基础上考虑了声线弯曲对重建温度场的影响,使用径向基函数和Tikhonov正则化方法求解温度场分布,重建结果证明了在考虑声线弯曲时可以明显提高温度场的重建质量,其绝对误差小于未考虑声线弯曲时重建绝对误差。Kong等人[16]在考虑声线折射的前提下使用基于RBF-PR-TGSVD的重建算法重建炉膛温度场,通过数值模拟验证了此算法的可行性,并进行实验研究并提高了重建精度。但需要注意的是,声学法用于炉内温度场测量时会受到炉膛中噪声、传感器积灰等干扰,从而影响声波信号传播[17-18],严重时对测温结果有较大影响。
吸收光谱层析成像法具有响应速度快、灵敏度高和抗干扰能力强等优点,其中可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱层析成像技术是应用最多的代表性技术之一,它是由可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TDLAS)和计算层析(compute tomography,CT)技术相结合而来。其基本原理是根据Beer-Lambert定律测量激光通过待测区域后的光强衰减程度,计算激光路径上平均温度和气体浓度等参数[19],之后结合CT技术重建二维火焰温度场和气体组分浓度场。图2为TDLAS重建炉膛温度场系统示意。由图2可见,工控机控制信号发生器发出电信号,经过激光控制器后使可调谐激光器发出激光信号,2个可调谐激光器的激光信号通过光纤耦合器耦合为1路输出从而实现分时复用,经过分束器将激光信号分到光纤准直器中,激光经过温度场时部分光谱被吸收,之后激光信号进入探测器并将其转换为电信号,最后数据采集卡获取电信号,传输到工控机中计算重建炉膛温度场。
李源等[20]基于TDLAS和代数重建算法建立了炉内二维火焰温度在线测量系统,并结合分层切片原理重建三维温度场。王东风等[21]在680 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了基于激光光谱的炉膛温度场和浓度场重建实验研究,可以实时同时得到炉膛二维温度场和浓度场,该研究在布置多光路测量系统时,需要在炉膛不同位置分别布置多组发射器和接收器,接收器接收到激光后形成一条路径,不同于声波法以波的形式传播,激光以光束的形式传播,因此要求发射器和接收器布置具有足够高的精度,保证接收器可以接收到发射器发射的激光。然而,在燃烧过程中炉内介质会发出强烈的光、热辐射,容易导致发射激光被干扰。此外,外部激光光源的加入会增加测量系统的复杂性,使光路测量系统布置较为困难,且使用的光学仪器成本昂贵,因此该方法在燃煤电站锅炉的实际应用很少[22-23]
热辐射成像法是由周怀春等首次提出[24],该方法无需引入激光和声波等外界激励,仅以火焰自身的辐射信息作为测量信号,降低了测温系统的操作安装难度与对测试环境的要求,因此相较于其他方法,使用热辐射成像法对炉膛三维温度场进行在线监测的研究较多[25-26]
图3为热辐射成像法重建三维温度场系统示意。如图3所示,热辐射成像法重建炉膛三维温度场原理是利用摄像机获得炉内的火焰辐射图像,成像面上所接收的辐射能量是空间点辐射、经过介质吸收、散射和壁面反射后在成像面上累计效果[27],之后根据辐射传递方程搭建辐射成像模型,建立炉膛三维温度场与辐射图像两者关系,再采用最小二乘法和Tikhonov正则化等重建算法进行反问题求解,从而获得炉膛三维温度场分布。
胡智超[28]在二维矩形炉膛系统中使用DRESOR法计算辐射成像模型,并基于Tikhonov正则化和最优化算法进行了炉内温度场的重建,并且在煤粉锅炉进行了炉膛温度场重建实验研究,但是其假设锅炉辐射参数均匀,而锅炉实际的辐射参数并不均匀,因此会影响炉膛温度场重建精度。唐广通等[29]利用热辐射成像模型获得数据集对多层感知器(multi-layer perceptron,MLP)神经网络进行训练,将训练后的网络在300 MW燃煤锅炉中测量炉内温度场,该研究也将锅炉各热辐射参数设为均匀分布。Liu等人[30]使用最小二乘QR分解方法求解温度场,对300 MW锅炉进行了炉膛三维温度场的重建,重建效果较好且所用时间较短,但是重建温度略低,其原因可能是摄像机镜头受到结渣的污染,接收到热辐射变少,重建精度可能受到影响,常见的处理措施是对镜头进行吹扫[31-32]。近年来,国内西安热工研究院有限公司等科研单位在实际应用中,通过引入部分二次风,并将镜头置于二次风中,可保证镜头使用中的洁净程度,在燃用高碱煤的锅炉上取得了较好的应用。
上述介绍的测量方法是目前最常用的在线监测炉膛温度场的方法,但是它们应用在炉膛中都存在一些不足,如在测试环境因噪声、探测器结渣等因素变得恶劣时,使用这些方法获得的测量结果出现偏差;而且测量所得温度分布的空间分辨率远低于燃烧数值模拟获得的温度场空间分辨率,难以实现对锅炉局部燃烧区域的精细化诊断。随着人工智能的快速崛起,将人工智能技术与燃烧数值模拟技术相结合,开展对燃烧场的在线预测,已逐渐成为研究的热点。人工智能技术中的机器学习技术具有强大的自学习能力以及大规模数据处理等特点,其已经被用于锅炉参数预测;采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法可以不进行现场实验便可模拟出复杂流体的流动情况,是研究燃烧过程的重要工具。本节综述了耦合机器学习与CFD的燃烧温度分布预测研究现状。
机器学习包括深度学习、支持向量机和极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)等算法,而这3种算法在燃烧火焰参数预测研究中应用较为广泛,表1介绍了这3种算法的原理及特点[33-36]。在燃烧预测研究中,数据集是机器学习的基础,它包含了输入数据和输出数据。其中,训练数据集用来训练机器学习模型,测试数据集用于测试模型性能,以实现模型通过学习数据中规律和特征进行预测、分类或回归。而使用数值模拟技术建立的模型可准确模拟燃烧过程,从而获得详细的火焰结构及相关参数。现有研究中,利用数值模拟计算得到的参数组成数据集,建立机器学习预测模型,能够实现火焰结构及相关参数的预测。
耦合机器学习与CFD的方法应用于燃烧火焰进行预测研究的基本框架如图4所示。第1步根据燃料性质等参数进行燃烧数值模拟,搭建燃烧火焰模型;第2步是对模拟结果进行处理,生成用于机器学习的数据集;第3步是结合数据集建立并训练机器学习模型;第4步是将在实验时使用的燃料性质等参数输入基于机器学习的预测模型;第5步是根据输入数据通过模型计算预测燃烧火焰结构及其参数。
耦合机器学习与大涡模拟的方法可用于预测燃烧火焰结构。谢凡等[37]对MILD燃烧的HM1工况进行大涡模拟,将模拟结果中的组分质量分数和温度组成数据集,使用K-means聚类算法分类数据集,为训练BP神经网络提供标签,实现对湍流火焰结构的准确预测。在此基础上,文献[37]采用在稳态燃烧场下获得的结果训练BP神经网络,之后用该网络模型进行着火过程动态燃烧场下火焰结构预测。
燃烧火焰参数能够反映火焰燃烧状态和燃料特性,如层流火焰速度,它是描述复杂燃烧现象和反映燃料燃烧特性的关键参数,所以对燃烧火焰参数进行准确预测具有重要意义。Saeid等人[38]对不同燃料进行模拟计算获得层流火焰速度,获取数据集后分别训练SVM模型和人工神经网络模型,实现对不同燃料的层流火焰速度预测。Zhang等人[39]采用BoxCox变换预处理方法的多尺度采样方法组成数据集,然后建立并训练基于深度神经网络的预测模型,证实了深度神经网络在预测点火延迟时间、层流火焰速度方面具有鲁棒性和合理的精度。
此外,耦合机器学习与Cantera的方法已经用于燃烧火焰温度分布的预测研究。Rene等人[40]以GRI3.0为反应机理,使用Cantera对层流扩散火焰进行模拟计算研究,获取包括CH4和H2质量分数及温度数据等参数的数据集,对支持向量机和2个人工神经网络相结合的模型进行训练,实现对层流扩散火焰的状态和温度分布的准确预测。研究表明这种预测方法应用于火焰温度分布方面上的有效性,为其应用于工业领域进行温度场预测研究奠定理论基础。
使用燃烧数值模拟技术可以根据锅炉的不同工况建立机理模型并数值计算,获得的锅炉模型被划分为几百万个网格,其空间分辨率远大于声学法等在线监测方法获得的空间分辨率,所以建立的锅炉模型更加接近炉膛真实燃烧工况,进而得到更准确的燃烧过程细节信息[41]。目前燃烧数值模拟技术已经被广泛应用于研究炉内燃烧情况模拟,Guo等人[42]对35 MW锅炉富氧燃烧特性进行模拟数值研究,获得炉内温度分布,并进行了实验测量,证明该方法准确性。文献[43]在此基础上在200 MW锅炉进行了富氧燃烧数值模拟研究。姚杨等[44]对1 000 MW双切圆锅炉燃烧侧进行了建模及数值计算,获得炉内温度分布并将炉膛出口参数模拟值与实际测量值比较,验证了模型的准确性。经过数值模拟计算获得的炉内温度场分布的准确性高,可靠性好。但是CFD方法的机理复杂且需要大量计算资源,难以实现参数在线计算。而将其模拟计算数据作为数据集去训练机器学习模型,能够为机器学习模型提供具有高空间分辨能力的三维信息,提高模型预测炉膛温度场的泛化能力。这种方法符合锅炉信息化、智能化的发展方向,因此使用耦合机器学习与CFD的方法预测炉膛温度场将会成为一种新趋势。
目前耦合机器学习与数值模拟技术的方法已经在工程燃烧装置中得到应用。Wang等人[45]通过数值模拟建立包含回转窑温度的数据库,构建随机森林模型进行回转窑温度场的快速预测,并使用遗传算法进行超参数优化以提高预测精度。李涛等[46]在仿真计算的前提下,提出一种基于infoGAN网络预测加热炉内三维温度场的方法。Liu等人[47]首先对炼铁高炉下部进行了详细的模拟研究,获取包含煤质、运行参数和温度分布数据等数据集,然后建立基于随机森林算法的炉内温度场预测模型。Chen等人[48]利用流动力焚烧炉代码建立垃圾焚烧炉数值模拟模型,通过正交试验得到仿真结果数据库,然后建立5个虚拟温度点深度森林回归预测模型,进而获得炉温分布。研究表明了这种预测方法在工程燃烧装置中预测温度场的可行性。
而电站锅炉是工程燃烧装置中最为常用的一种,利用耦合机器学习与CFD的方法预测炉膛内部温度场的基本框架如图5所示。由图5可见:首先根据锅炉运行参数、燃烧特性参数和锅炉设计参数利用数值模拟技术建立锅炉模型;然后将运行参数等数据作为输入,经数值计算获得的温度场数据作为输出,构建数据集;接着利用数据集建立并训练机器学习模型;之后从电站锅炉DCS中提取训练时所用的输入数据,输入基于机器学习的预测模型中;最后通过预测模型计算实现在线预测炉膛内部温度场。
在电站锅炉炉膛温度场预测研究中,当建立基于机器学习的预测模型时,可以采用深度学习算法建立炉膛内部温度场预测模型。贾永会等[49]利用Fluent软件数值模拟计算获得炉膛温度场,建立基于运行参数、坐标位置和温度场数据的BP神经网络,实现炉内温度场的预测。Xue等人[50]使用数值模拟技术建立不同工况下锅炉模型,将组分含量和燃烧器倾斜度等参数和对应的温度场数值模拟结果作为数据集训练深度神经网络模型,预测了不同燃烧器倾斜角下的温度场,并与其他建模算法如ELM比较,证明模型预测能力更好,之后将该模型用于350 MW燃煤电厂的DCS中进行三维温度场在线预测,预测结果如图6[50]所示,其平均误差小于4%。
可以利用极限学习机建立炉膛温度场预测模型。陈金楷[51]利用燃烧数值模拟构建锅炉模型,将模拟得到的炉膛温度场和一次风量等参数组成数据集训练ELM模型,结合支持向量回归和高斯模型提高模型预测的温度场中不理想区域的精度,同时对炉膛20个断面进行温度场预测,总体相对误差如图7[51]所示。
Lv等人[52]采用负荷增量、总风量增量等参数和数值模拟结果作为炉温分布建模的数据集,提出使用增量深度极限学习机预测炉温分布。赵明潇等[53]利用数值模拟技术和ELM搭建温度等状态参数实时预测模型,通过现场数据校正模型后得到炉膛全工况状态参数数据库,并将状态参数放入可视化系统中进行三维显示。
还可以使用支持向量机建立炉膛温度场预测模型。高正阳等[54]将燃煤量、过量空气系数参数和数值模拟结果作为训练样本训练SVM模型,用于预测W型锅炉炉膛温度场以及炉膛出口温度等参数。彭晨峰[55]通过数值模拟获得四角切圆锅炉炉膛温度场,并与给煤量、二次风风速等运行参数组成数据集,利用最小二乘支持向量机建立炉膛温度场预测模型。此外也可使用一些其他机器学习算法如k近邻算法等实现炉膛温度场预测。郭子申等[56]对多工况下锅炉进行数值模拟并将其结果作为样本集,之后使用k近邻算法和八叉树数据结构融合预测锅炉温度场。
但是由于使用数值模拟技术构建的锅炉模型较复杂,计算时间较长,导致数据集获取较慢,因此可以采用降维方法以简化计算,提高数据集获取速度。而本征正交分解模型(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)是一种常用的数据降维技术,它可以从高维数据中提取出其主要模态并将数据分解为正交模态,因此可用于模拟结果以进行降维和模态提取。郭芳[57]基于燃烧数值模拟和POD快速重建四角切圆锅炉炉内温度场分布,重建效果较好。罗芸[58]则将CFD与POD相结合,对超超临界流化床锅炉进行了二维和三维温度场的重建。
以上研究表明基于数值模拟技术和POD可以对已知工况锅炉的炉内温度场进行快速重建,而在此基础上结合机器学习算法则可以实现在任意工况下炉膛温度场快速预测。Chen等人[59]对330 MW切向煤粉锅炉的不同工况进行了模拟计算研究,以快照矩阵形式采集数据,采用POD降维方法从矩阵中提取模态及模态系数,建立SVM模型并以工况参数及其对应的模态系数为数据集进行训练来预测模态系数,将预测得到的模态参数与前32阶模态结合计算实现温度场快速预测,温度场模拟结果和预测结果及相对误差如图8[59]所示,其预测不同工况下的温度场相对误差都小于2%。而Lee等人[60]分别采用克里金(Kriging)模型和径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)模型对模态系数进行预测,进而快速预测温度场。目前研究已经表明了CFD、POD和机器学习结合能够实现炉膛温度场的快速预测,这也为将其应用于电站锅炉进行炉膛温度场在线预测提供理论基础。
目前最常用的炉膛温度场在线监测方法有声学法、吸收光谱层析成像法以及热辐射成像法3种,但为了满足在炉膛恶劣环境中实时获得准确温度场的需求,耦合机器学习与CFD方法用于预测炉膛温度场逐渐成为研究热点。这种方法将数值模拟计算得到的具有高空间分辨能力的大量数据作为数据集,建立并训练自学习能力强大的机器学习模型,实现炉膛温度场实时准确预测。此外该方法减少了人工操作,降低了人为操作产生的误差,有助于提高电站的智能化[61]。因此在未来电站智能化进程的推进下,耦合机器学习与CFD的方法将成为炉膛温度场实时预测的主要方法之一。以下对这种预测方法和炉膛温度场在线监测方法的未来发展趋势进行分析。
目前在利用机器学习进行炉膛温度场预测研究时,大部分研究的数据集来源于使用数值模拟技术获得的模拟结果,而且这些数据集是离线获得的。为了提高耦合机器学习与CFD预测方法的泛化能力,可以对预测模型进行迭代更新,提高机器学习的自学习化,进而提高预测获得电站锅炉炉膛内部温度场分布的精度。
在对预测模型进行迭代更新时,可通过更新数据集的方式实现。首先在使用数值模拟获得的数据集建立基于机器学习的预测模型后,将预测模型应用于电站锅炉中预测炉膛内部温度场。之后将预测得到的温度场和其对应的运行参数组成一组样本数据添加到数据集,即在图5中将从DCS中获取的数据和对应的炉膛内部温度场预测结果添加到数据集中。最后让预测模型进行在线学习,以提高模型的自学习化,实现预测模型的迭代更新。由于数据集中添加了关于电站锅炉的运行参数和温度场数据,所以更新后的机器学习模型可以更准确地预测电站锅炉的炉膛温度场[62]
为了进一步提高耦合机器学习与CFD的方法预测炉膛温度场的精度,可以在该方法中结合使用实际测点的温度数据,因为结合实际测点的温度数据可以为该方法提供更多的信息和反馈。
在结合实际测点温度数据时,一方面可以将其用于校正预测模型,Xue等人[63]根据目标电厂运行工况进行数值模拟,建立结合高斯分布的深度神经网络模型,之后利用温度场的实际测量点信息与数值偏差信息对该模型的预测概率进行校正,校正后的模型在线预测获得的温度场预测误差降低,验证了在结合实际测点的温度数据后可以提高炉膛内部温度场的预测精度。
另一方面还可将其作为预测模型的输入,曹永杰[64]将燃烧器测点温度数据作为输入数据之一,建立转置卷积神经网络模型,预测燃烧器附近平面温度场,并且随着测点数量增加,其预测结果误差逐渐减小,但是该研究的数据集较小且主要研究对象是下层燃烧器附近平面温度场,具有一定局限性。
为了在结合实际测点温度数据后可以预测炉内任意平面温度场,首先根据锅炉运行工况建立锅炉模型获得炉膛温度场,同时利用辐射传递正问题计算炉膛边界辐射温度。之后以运行参数和计算的边界辐射温度为输入、炉膛温度场为输出训练机器学习模型,建立融合实际测点数据的预测模型。最后将从DCS中获得的运行参数和由高温计或烟温探针获取的少量边界温度数据输入模型,即可预测出炉膛任意平面的温度场分布。
由于机器学习具有优秀的非线性处理能力和学习能力,它不仅可以用于炉膛内部温度场的预测,而且能够应用于温度场在线监测方法中重建炉膛温度场,文献[65-66]分别使用机器学习中的MLP神经网络和核极限学习机对温度场在线监测方法获得的结果进行处理,重建的炉膛温度场精度较高,因此机器学习的应用提供了一种新的炉膛温度场重建方法。
更重要的是,将温度场在线监测方法重建获得的炉膛温度场与耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法获得的炉膛温度场进行对照,有助于提高预测方法获得的炉膛温度场精度。虽然监测方法重建得到的温度场的空间分辨率低于预测方法获得的温度场的空间分辨率,但是基于监测方法获得的空间分辨率中的信息,可以对预测获得的温度场进行特征提取,将提取获得的温度数据与重建温度数据一一对比,以验证预测温度场的精度。在对比过程中,当一些从预测温度场提取的温度数据与对应的重建温度数据存在显著差异时,说明这些预测温度数据可能存在较大误差,所以可将这些预测温度数据替代为相对应的重建温度数据,然后把替换后的预测温度场与对应的运行参数添入数据集,对基于机器学习的预测模型进行矫正,以降低预测误差。
在火电机组参与深度调峰时,炉膛温度场的实时获取对保障锅炉的安全性和经济性具有重要意义。目前常用的炉膛温度场在线监测技术有声学法、吸收光谱层析成像法以及热辐射成像法,本文评述了这3种方法的研究现状,然后详细分析了耦合机器学习与CFD的预测方法的原理及应用研究,研究结果表明了该方法预测炉膛温度场时准确性较高,并且符合智能发电需求。最后对炉膛温度场在线监测及预测方法的未来发展趋势进行展望,为将来实现炉膛温度场快速准确预测提供思路。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100703)
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2025年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408174
  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100703)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100703)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
    3.兰州铝业有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
    4.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
    5.武汉立为工程技术有限公司,湖北 武汉 430223

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娄春(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测量与诊断,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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