Article(id=1236697126638506991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408185, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781171711, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781171711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781171711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781171711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697127036965883, articleId=1236697126638506991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of coal gangue blending on mitigating slagging performance of biomass combustion, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biomass contains a high content of alkali metal elements, which can cause serious slagging problems during the combustion process. Coal gangue is a kind of bulk solid waste, and its resource utilization is an urgent need. In order to solve the problem of biomass combustion slagging and coal gangue utilization, coal gangue was used as an additive and mixed with sunflower straw for combustion. Physical and chemical characterization of the burned ash samples were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ash melting point tester. The effects of temperature and ratio on the combustion performance and slagging of mixed fuels were also investigated. The research results show that, during the combustion of sunflower straw, the addition of a small amount of gangue significantly increased the alkali metal content in the ash. More of these metals were converted into high-melting-point silica-aluminates, which were fixed in the ash samples, while the gaseous alkali metal content decreased. As a result, the tendency for slagging during combustion was reduced. At the same time, the sunflower straw reduced the ignition point and burnout temperature of the gangue, thereby promoting its combustion. The synergistic effect was obvious. When the proportion of coal gangue was 20%, the flammability index of the fuel reached 9.36×10–4%/(min·℃), and the comprehensive combustion characteristics index reached 42.6×10–7%/(min2·℃3). The combustion performance was optimal, with a softening temperature of 1 470 ℃, and the tendency for slagging was significantly reduced.

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生物质含有较多碱金属元素,在燃烧过程中会产生较严重的结渣问题;煤矸石是一种大宗固体废弃物,迫切需要对其进行资源化利用。为解决生物质燃烧结渣和煤矸石利用问题,使用煤矸石作为添加剂,将其与葵花秸秆混合燃烧。采用热重分析(TG-DTG)、电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP-AES)、灰熔融点测定仪等测试手段对燃烧后的灰样进行理化特性分析,考察温度、配比对混合燃料燃烧性能和结渣的影响。研究结果表明:在葵花秸秆燃烧过程中,加入少量的煤矸石,葵花秸秆灰中的碱金属含量明显升高,并更多地转化为高熔点的硅铝酸盐固定在灰样中,进入气相的碱金属含量减少,从而降低燃烧的结渣倾向;同时葵花秸秆会降低煤矸石的着火点温度和燃尽温度,从而促进煤矸石的燃烧,二者协同作用明显;当煤矸石添加质量分数为20%时,燃料的可燃性指数达到9.36×10–4%/(min·℃),综合燃烧特性指数达到42.6×10–7%/(min2·℃3),燃烧性能最佳,软化温度达到1 470 ℃,极大地降低了结渣倾向。

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贾相如(1970),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化,
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朱愉洁(1983),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力环保技术监督和技术开发,

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朱愉洁(1983),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力环保技术监督和技术开发,

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figureFileSmall=l0q3J/xqY2xi0VObskdYig==, figureFileBig=mMbgmJWdDLdZhLLSi85c0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707902661120047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CG质量分数对SS灰熔融温度影响, figureFileSmall=l0q3J/xqY2xi0VObskdYig==, figureFileBig=mMbgmJWdDLdZhLLSi85c0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707902753394738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Industrial analysis and elemental analysis of samples

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样品工业分析/%元素分析/%
MAVFCCHONS
CG0.9757.0020.9022.3519.991.8919.600.471.30
SS8.984.1660.648.2342.525.1820.580.500.09
), ArticleFig(id=1236707902866640954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样的工业分析和元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品工业分析/%元素分析/%
MAVFCCHONS
CG0.9757.0020.9022.3519.991.8919.600.471.30
SS8.984.1660.648.2342.525.1820.580.500.09
), ArticleFig(id=1236707902958915650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mass fractions of inorganic elements in the samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样MgNaKAlSiPSClCaO
CG0.3100.2300.10028.46013.9301.9800.5100.0100.05054.410
SS4.0101.2706.09000.1409.1203.8955.6405.85063.980
), ArticleFig(id=1236707903051190346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试样无机元素质量分数

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试样MgNaKAlSiPSClCaO
CG0.3100.2300.10028.46013.9301.9800.5100.0100.05054.410
SS4.0101.2706.09000.1409.1203.8955.6405.85063.980
), ArticleFig(id=1236707903156047951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Characteristic parameters of co-combustion of coal gangue and sunflower straw

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Ti/℃Te/℃Vmax/(%·min–1)TDTGmax/℃Vmean/(%·min–1)C/(×104%·min–1·℃–1)S/(×107%·min–2·℃–3)
CG453.6675.66.490514.52.30.321.09
C1S9253.1718.240.400275.54.06.3035.00
C2S8261.2747.763.890273.63.49.3642.60
C3S7259.1754.132.390277.13.24.8220.50
), ArticleFig(id=1236707903244128339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CG与SS不同比例混合燃烧特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Ti/℃Te/℃Vmax/(%·min–1)TDTGmax/℃Vmean/(%·min–1)C/(×104%·min–1·℃–1)S/(×107%·min–2·℃–3)
CG453.6675.66.490514.52.30.321.09
C1S9253.1718.240.400275.54.06.3035.00
C2S8261.2747.763.890273.63.49.3642.60
C3S7259.1754.132.390277.13.24.8220.50
), ArticleFig(id=1236707903369957465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Melting characteristic temperatures of coal gangue and sunflower straw co-combustion ash with different mixing ratios

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样品灰熔融特征温度
初始变形温度DT软化温度ST半球温度HT流动温度FT
SS1 2401 2501 2701 360
C1S91 3601 3801 4201 520
C2S81 4301 4701 5001 560
C3S71 4201 4501 4801 530
), ArticleFig(id=1236707903508369508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126638506991, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同配比CG与SS混燃灰熔融特征温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品灰熔融特征温度
初始变形温度DT软化温度ST半球温度HT流动温度FT
SS1 2401 2501 2701 360
C1S91 3601 3801 4201 520
C2S81 4301 4701 5001 560
C3S71 4201 4501 4801 530
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掺烧煤矸石对减轻生物质燃烧结渣性能的影响
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朱愉洁 1 , 韩元 1 , 柳少卿 2 , 贾相如 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025,54(4): 61-67
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025, 54(4): 61-67
掺烧煤矸石对减轻生物质燃烧结渣性能的影响
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朱愉洁1 , 韩元1, 柳少卿2, 贾相如2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司内蒙古电力科学研究院分公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
  • 2.内蒙古工业大学能源与动力工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080
  • 朱愉洁(1983),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力环保技术监督和技术开发,

通讯作者:

贾相如(1970),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化,
Effect of coal gangue blending on mitigating slagging performance of biomass combustion
Yujie ZHU1 , Yuan HAN1, Shaoqing LIU2, Xiangru JIA2
Affiliations
  • 1.Inner Mongolia Power Research institute Branch, Inner Mongolia Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010020, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408185
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生物质含有较多碱金属元素,在燃烧过程中会产生较严重的结渣问题;煤矸石是一种大宗固体废弃物,迫切需要对其进行资源化利用。为解决生物质燃烧结渣和煤矸石利用问题,使用煤矸石作为添加剂,将其与葵花秸秆混合燃烧。采用热重分析(TG-DTG)、电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP-AES)、灰熔融点测定仪等测试手段对燃烧后的灰样进行理化特性分析,考察温度、配比对混合燃料燃烧性能和结渣的影响。研究结果表明:在葵花秸秆燃烧过程中,加入少量的煤矸石,葵花秸秆灰中的碱金属含量明显升高,并更多地转化为高熔点的硅铝酸盐固定在灰样中,进入气相的碱金属含量减少,从而降低燃烧的结渣倾向;同时葵花秸秆会降低煤矸石的着火点温度和燃尽温度,从而促进煤矸石的燃烧,二者协同作用明显;当煤矸石添加质量分数为20%时,燃料的可燃性指数达到9.36×10–4%/(min·℃),综合燃烧特性指数达到42.6×10–7%/(min2·℃3),燃烧性能最佳,软化温度达到1 470 ℃,极大地降低了结渣倾向。

葵花秸秆  /  煤矸石  /  混合燃烧  /  结渣  /  熔融特性

Biomass contains a high content of alkali metal elements, which can cause serious slagging problems during the combustion process. Coal gangue is a kind of bulk solid waste, and its resource utilization is an urgent need. In order to solve the problem of biomass combustion slagging and coal gangue utilization, coal gangue was used as an additive and mixed with sunflower straw for combustion. Physical and chemical characterization of the burned ash samples were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ash melting point tester. The effects of temperature and ratio on the combustion performance and slagging of mixed fuels were also investigated. The research results show that, during the combustion of sunflower straw, the addition of a small amount of gangue significantly increased the alkali metal content in the ash. More of these metals were converted into high-melting-point silica-aluminates, which were fixed in the ash samples, while the gaseous alkali metal content decreased. As a result, the tendency for slagging during combustion was reduced. At the same time, the sunflower straw reduced the ignition point and burnout temperature of the gangue, thereby promoting its combustion. The synergistic effect was obvious. When the proportion of coal gangue was 20%, the flammability index of the fuel reached 9.36×10–4%/(min·℃), and the comprehensive combustion characteristics index reached 42.6×10–7%/(min2·℃3). The combustion performance was optimal, with a softening temperature of 1 470 ℃, and the tendency for slagging was significantly reduced.

sunflower straw  /  coal gangue  /  co-combustion  /  slagging  /  melting characteristics
朱愉洁, 韩元, 柳少卿, 贾相如. 掺烧煤矸石对减轻生物质燃烧结渣性能的影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408185
Yujie ZHU, Yuan HAN, Shaoqing LIU, Xiangru JIA. Effect of coal gangue blending on mitigating slagging performance of biomass combustion[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408185
能源供应始终是人类社会发展的重要课题,人类社会的运行离不开能源利用,每次能源革命都会给人类的生活方式带来巨大变化[1]。目前,许多国家宣布减少温室气体排放,并预计在2050— 2060年实现“零碳排放”或“碳中和排放”[2]。生物质作为一种清洁能源,具有极大的开发潜力,然而生物质直接作为燃料燃烧将排放大量的污染气体,且会导致严重的炉内积灰和结渣问题[3]。中国是世界上最大的煤炭开采国,在煤炭的开采过程中会产生大量煤矸石(CG)废弃物。煤矸石的堆积造成了地下水污染、土壤污染、空气污染等一系列环境问题,同时产生极大的资源浪费[4]。基于上述原因,煤矸石和生物质如何高效利用已成为学者们重视和研究的问题,如能将煤矸石和生物质制备成混合燃料,不仅能极大缓解我国能源紧缺问题,在节能环保的同时还具有很高的经济效益。郝松涛等[5]进行生物质与煤矸石不同混合配比的燃烧实验,在所有混合试样中,煤矸石掺混比为20%时,混合燃料的质量变化速率、可燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数最大。Zhou等人[6]研究煤矸石和生物质混烧过程中的热特性和微量元素特征,随着生物质含量的增加,混合物的着火性能、热反应性和气体污染物排放表现出不同的特征。赵亚斌等[7]使用葵花秸秆、玉米秸秆、煤矸石进行不同比例的混合燃烧试验,随着生物质比例的增加,失重率增加,混合样的质量变化速率增加,当煤矸石掺混比为20%时,活化能降低明显。王新华[8]研究煤矸石掺混木屑的燃烧特性,木屑掺混的越多,样品挥发分和固定碳含量越高,燃料着火延迟越短,燃烧性能越好。Liu等人[9]使用煤矸石和稻草混烧,研究不同质量比混合下K的迁移、灰结渣特性和SO2排放特性,发现燃烧释放的SO2和煤矸石固有的莫来石与石英对K迁移有协同作用,协同效应与CG和稻草的配比有关。通过研究煤矸石和生物质的混合燃烧特性发现,煤矸石和生物质存在协同效应,不仅可以降低气体污染物排放,还可以提高燃料的燃烧性能[10]
目前,煤矸石与生物质混合燃烧的研究大多关注燃烧性能的提高,较少关注煤矸石对生物质结渣的影响。本文进行了葵花秸秆与煤矸石混合燃烧实验,探究煤矸石和生物质混合燃烧特性,并通过分析燃料的灰熔融特性研究不同配比、燃烧温度下煤矸石对抑制生物质结渣效果的影响,并明确其抑制结渣机理。
实验选用的葵花秸秆(SS)是华北平原地区的主要经济农作物,在农业废弃物中具有较高碱金属含量和氯元素含量,有一定的代表性。实验用煤矸石(CG)来自内蒙古鄂尔多斯某煤矿。SS与CG的工业分析和元素分析见表1
对实验所用的SS和CG燃烧后的灰样进行无机元素质量分数分析测定,结果见表2。SS中碱金属元素和Cl元素含量较高,这些是造成生物质在燃烧过程中结渣的主要元素。CG中含有较多的Al、Si元素,这些是CG可以减轻生物质燃烧结渣倾向的关键元素。
CG与SS混合燃烧实验在管式炉燃烧系统上进行。基于实验设计的合理性,选取CG添加量低、中、高3个范围,有助于观察CG添加量对生物质燃烧性能的影响。按照不同添加比例(质量分数10%、20%、30%)称取生物质粉末与CG粉末,采用机械搅拌器搅拌均匀,得到混合样品。用电子天平称量混合均匀的样品10 g,均匀地平铺于瓷舟中,送入管式炉中。实验先将炉温以40 ℃/min升温速率升至250 ℃,保温30 min后,继续升温至设定温度(600、700、800、900 ℃),恒温灼烧2 h。不同方法制备的灰样可以用CXSY-Z表示,例如添加20%的CG在800 ℃燃烧制备的灰样可以表示为C2S8-800。
根据中国国家标准《固体生物质燃料灰熔融性测定方法》(GB/T 30726—2014),将灰样制备成标准灰锥并在智能灰熔点测定仪中测定灰样的特征熔融温度:初始变形温度(DT)、软化温度(ST)、半球温度(HT)和流动温度(FT)[11]。将灰样研磨至粒径小于0.106 mm,取1~2 g灰样放在玻璃板上,将灰样铲入灰锥模中挤压成型,于60 ℃下干燥,将干燥之后的灰锥放置于灰锥托板上,最后放入刚玉舟中[12]。在刚玉舟中央放置5~6 g石墨粉,将刚玉管缓慢推入智能灰熔点测定仪的刚玉管中心,启动测定仪,开始加热。当炉温低于700 ℃时,升温速率为15~20 ℃/min;超过700 ℃时,升温速率为4~6 ℃/min,通气速度为800~1 000 mL/min。每隔1 min进行1次摄像,随时观察灰锥的形态变化,记录灰锥的4个熔融特征温度。
采用TG-DTG方法描述混合样燃烧特性的参数,具体各项参数有着火温度Ti、最大失重速率DTGmax、燃尽温度Th、平均燃烧速率Vmean、可燃性指数C、综合燃烧特性指数S[13-14]
平均燃烧速率Vmean、可燃性指数C、综合燃烧特性指数S可用公式表示为:
Vmean=(w1w2)t
C=(da/dt)maxTi2
S=(dW/dt)max(dW/dt)mean(Ti2Te)
式中:w1为样品着火前的质量,mg;w2为样品在燃尽温度时对应的质量,mg;t为样品从着火到燃尽温度时所用的时间,min;(da/dt)max为样品的最大失重速率,%/min;(dw/dt)max为样品最大燃烧速率,%/min;(dw/dt)mean为样品平均燃烧速率,%/min;Ti为样品着火点温度,℃;Te为样品燃尽温度,℃。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对灰样的微观形貌进行分析测试;使用电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP-AES)对灰样进行消解处理测定灰样中碱金属元素的含量;使用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)对灰样的物相进行检索,从分子层面解释引起生物质积灰结渣和腐蚀问题的原因;采用5E-AF4000型智能灰分熔融测定仪对样品进行灰熔融温度测试[14]
在升温速率为20 ℃/min条件下,煤矸石CG以0、10%、20%、30%比例与葵花秸秆SS混合掺烧,混合物记为SS、C1S9、C2S8、C3S7,实验的TG和DTG曲线如图1所示。根据燃烧实验法,在炉内直接点燃样品,通过观察燃烧现象,发现生物质可以改善燃烧稳定性,减少结渣现象。通常情况下,固体燃料的燃烧过程可以分为3个阶段,按照发生顺序依次为水分蒸发、挥发释放以及焦炭燃烧[15]
图1可见:随着CG配比的增加,混合试样燃烧后剩余质量比也呈现依次降低趋势;在DTG曲线上,不同配比的混合试样均在约96.5、299.0、422.0 ℃出现3个较明显失重峰点,其中第2个失重峰值点较大。DTG曲线上第1个失重峰为脱水失重阶段,温度范围在0~171 ℃,此时,混合试样内部水吸热蒸发导致失重[16];第2个失重峰为挥发分析出燃烧阶段,温度范围在171~335 ℃,在此阶段混合试样中生物质成分内的纤维素、半纤维素以及部分木质素受热分解释放挥发分和CG内受热析出的挥发分发生燃烧,此处燃烧反应为混合样整个燃烧阶段最主要的过程[17];第3个失重峰为固定碳燃烧阶段,温度范围在335~900 ℃,此阶段混合试样中剩余木质素和固定碳发生着火及燃烧,由于此混合试样中SS半纤维素和纤维素分解温度略有差异且半纤维含量较低等特殊性质,导致此混合实验DTG燃烧曲线的高温阶段未出现较为明显的侧峰出现,这也是第3阶段失重峰并不明显的主要原因[18]
对CG与SS混合试样燃烧过程中燃烧特性进行计算,结果见表3。将不同配比的混合试样燃烧参数与图1进行对比分析可知,CG中加入生物质后着火点温度明显降低,燃尽温度有所升高。这是由于生物质中含有大量纤维素、半纤维素以及木质素,纤维素和半纤维素在低温区的挥发分燃烧阶段失重速率较大,木质素则在高温区的焦炭燃烧阶段失重速率较大,而半纤维素与纤维素热解析出较多的挥发分燃烧,提供给着火温度较高的CG中挥发析出着火需要的热量[19]。与CG单独燃烧相比,添加SS后,混合试样综合燃烧特性指数得到了很大提高,SS质量分数为80%时,混合样综合燃烧特性指数最高。综上,将CG与SS混合燃烧后,能够有效提高CG综合燃烧性能,CG质量分数为20%时效果最明显。
SS添加0、10%、20%、30%质量分数的CG后在燃烧温度为600、700、800、900 ℃时制得的生物质灰样,采用ICP-AES测定其K、Na质量分数,结果如图2所示。由图2可知,不同温度下SS灰样中K、Na的质量分数随CG添加比例增加的变化趋势大致相近。随着燃烧温度的升高,灰样中K、Na质量分数随之减少,这是因为温度的升高,会促进碱金属元素的气相释放。尤其在800 ℃以后,灰样中K、Na元素的气相释放速率增加,灰中固定的碱金属元素质量分数减少[20]。随着CG添加比例的增大,灰样中K、Na质量分数随之增大,这是由于CG的加入与SS中K、Na碱金属元素反应生成碱金属硅铝酸盐,从而富集在灰中,达到提高灰样固K、Na的效果,并在CG添加比为20%时,固定效果最好。CG添加比为30%时,固定效果下降,可能是由于CG质量分数的增加,碱土金属元素会优先与Si、Al组分结合,抑制了碱金属的固定,从而以气相的形式释放[21]
取添加不同比例CG的SS在燃烧温度为600、700、800、900 ℃时制得的生物质灰样,采用XRD测定其物相如图3所示。
图3a)可见,当温度为600 ℃时,SS燃烧灰样中存在较强的KCl等碱金属氯化物衍射峰。当添加CG后,灰样中碱金属氯化物衍射峰强度相对降低,反观灰中出现了碱金属硅铝酸盐衍射峰,并且其强度随CG添加比例的增加而升高,说明CG的加入与SS中碱金属反应生成了性质更为稳定,熔点更高的碱金属硅铝酸盐[22]。当温度为700 ℃时(图3b)),SS燃烧灰样中出现了碱金属硅酸盐的较强衍射峰,碱金属氯化物衍射峰强度继续下降;当添加10%~30%CG后,可以发现灰样中碱金属硅酸盐衍射峰强度逐渐下降,而碱金属硅铝酸盐衍射峰强度急剧上升,说明加入CG后碱金属元素被大量富集在灰中并以更稳定、更高熔点的硅铝酸盐形式存在。当温度达到800 ℃、900 ℃时(图3c)、图3d)),SS灰样中均未表现出碱金属氯化物衍射峰,仅呈现碱金属硅酸盐、碱金属硫酸盐以及SiO2等衍射峰,这表明碱金属氯化物一部分受热释放进入气相,另外一部分转变为其他物质形式存在于灰中[9];当添加20%CG后灰样中碱金属硅铝酸盐衍射峰强度最高;当CG添加比例达到30%时,KAlSi2O6的峰强度降低,碱金属硅铝酸盐的含量降低。这是因为过量的CG导致碱土金属元素优先与Al、Si元素反应生成碱土金属硅铝酸盐,抑制了碱金属硅铝酸盐的形成。随着CG添加比例的增加,不同温度下碱金属硅酸盐衍射峰的强度均表现出逐渐下降的趋势直至完全消失。因此,掺烧CG可以改善SS灰熔融特性,从而达到减轻结渣、烧结趋势的效果。
将添加不同配比CG的SS燃烧温度为800 ℃下制得的生物质灰样研磨后,利用SEM将其放大到5 000倍,其微观形貌如图4所示。由图4可见:800 ℃时SS单独燃烧结渣程度较为严重,灰样颗粒间已经出现明显的熔融团聚现象,当添加不同比例CG后,SS燃烧结渣现象整体得到改善;当CG添加剂比例为10%时,灰样呈云状结构分布,部分灰颗粒表面多细孔,但此时依旧有较多光滑熔融颗粒附着于灰样中,表明此添加比例下,SS燃烧结渣被抑制效果较小;当CG添加比例增加到20%时,灰样呈现无定形态蜂窝状结构,并且其表面附着了部分絮状颗粒,这是由于高温下,CG中高岭石受热转变为偏高岭石,偏高岭石是一种有效的碱金属捕获成分[23],能够更好地捕集SS中的碱金属,减轻结渣;当CG添加剂比例达到30%时,SS灰样呈现四散分布的大小不均颗粒状,颗粒间也未熔融粘连,此时SS燃烧结渣问题已得到明显改善。
由XRD图可知,当温度达到800 ℃后,碱金属氯化物由于受热开始转变为气相,灰分中碱金属含量会随着温度的升高而减小[24]。为了降低由此造成的生物质灰熔融特征温度的测定误差,选择800 ℃成灰制成灰锥,测得SS灰以及CG与SS混烧灰熔融特征温度,结果见表4图5。参照煤结渣判断标准,当煤的软化温度ST低于1 260 ℃时,判定煤灰在锅炉受热面会发生严重结渣倾向。根据表4数据显示,本文选用的SS属于严重结渣范围。SS中K元素含量较高,并且熔融温度较低。
适量添加质量分数为10%~30%的CG后,对SS灰中的特征温度有较为明显的影响。当CG质量分数从0~10%时,熔融温度上升速率相对最快,这是因为在添加CG后,低熔点的碱金属硅酸盐在氧化铝的作用下会转变为高熔点的碱金属硅铝酸盐,灰熔融温度得到提高[25]。当CG质量分数从10%增加到20%时,灰熔融温度上升速率降低,并在质量分数20%时达到最高温度,DT为1 430 ℃、ST为1 470 ℃、HT为1 500 ℃、FT为1 560 ℃。当CG质量分数从20%增加到30%时,SS灰熔融温度开始呈缓慢下降趋势,这是因为无机元素增加,会优先与Si、Al组分结合,降低碱金属硅铝酸盐的含量,从而导致灰熔融温度降低。综上,加入CG后灰熔融温度明显大幅提升,尤其以20%比例加入CG对灰熔融温度提升最大,这说明CG掺烧对SS燃烧结渣具有很好的抑制效果,并且以20%掺烧比例抑制结渣效果最优。
1)CG加入SS中混合燃烧,能够有效降低CG燃料着火点温度,同时复合燃料的可燃性指数和综合燃烧性能有一定提高。
2)随着CG添加比例的增加,碱金属元素以高熔点碱金属硅铝酸盐的形式被固定在灰样中,灰样中K、Na元素质量分数明显增加,灰样的熔融面逐渐减少,灰样熔融结渣程度得到有效缓解和抑制。
3)随着温度升高,灰样中K、Na元素质量分数逐渐降低,这是因为温度升高,会促进气相碱金属元素释放。通过XRD可以得出,灰样中K、Na元素在800 ℃以后开始以气相的形式释放。
  • 内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司内蒙古电力科学研究院分公司2023年院自筹(一批)科技项目(2023-ZC-11)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408185
  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
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Inner Mongolia Power (Group) Co., Ltd. Inner Mongolia Power Research Institute Branch 2023 Self-raised (Batch) Science and Technology Project(2023-ZC-11)
内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司内蒙古电力科学研究院分公司2023年院自筹(一批)科技项目(2023-ZC-11)
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    1.内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司内蒙古电力科学研究院分公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
    2.内蒙古工业大学能源与动力工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080

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贾相如(1970),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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