Article(id=1236697126151967726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781171596, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781171596, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781171596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781171596, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=165, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697128731463763, articleId=1236697126151967726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on pitting behavior of low pressure cylinder material in initial condensation zone of steam turbine in peak load regulation unit, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Peak regulation in thermal power plants is an inevitable trend under the development of new energy. Under this condition, the initial condensing zone of steam turbine moves forward and the corrosion of low pressure cylinder intensifies. Several methods such as electrochemical testing, sample weight loss and metal surface topography analysis (SEM, EDS, XRD, and so on) were used to study the pitting corrosion characteristics of 2Cr13 steel (the material of low pressure cylinder of the steam turbine) under the conditions of simulated initial setting zone, with different mass concentrations and different mass concentration ratios of Cl to SO42– of three anions (Cl, SO42– and CH3COO). The test results showed that, the corrosion rate of 2Cr13 steel increased with the anions’ mass concentration, and the maximum corrosion rate (0.095 23 g/(m2·h)) occurred when was 2:1. Pitting corrosion was observed in all samples, and the number of pitting corrosion increased with the anions’ mass concentration. With the change of, Cl and SO42– on the metal surface of 2Cr13 steel changed from site competitive adsorption effect to mutual synergistic effect, resulting in the intensification of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion. The chloride ions and sulfate in the initial coagulation zone of steam turbine will accelerate the corrosion rate of 2Cr13 steel and the occurrence of point corrosion. In actual operation of power plant, measures should be taken to prevent the leakage of condenser tubes and the broken particles of positive resin should be effectively removed.

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火电厂深度调峰是新能源快速发展情况下的必然趋势,由此导致汽轮机初凝区前移、低压缸腐蚀加剧。通过电化学测试、试样失重以及金属表面形貌特征分析(金相显微镜、SEM、EDS、XRD等),研究了模拟初凝区条件下,Cl、SO42–、CH3COO(乙酸根)3种阴离子在不同质量浓度、不同Cl与SO42–质量浓度比下汽轮机低压缸材料2Cr13钢的点蚀特性。试验结果表明:2Cr13钢随阴离子离子质量浓度升高而腐蚀速率相应增加,最大腐蚀速率出现在为2:1时,其值为0.095 23 g/(m2·h);各试样都观察到点蚀现象发生,点蚀数量随着阴离子离子质量浓度的升高也随之增加;随着的变化,Cl与SO42–在2Cr13钢金属表面由位点竞争吸附效应变化到相互协同效应,导致均匀腐蚀与点蚀均加剧;初凝区中氯离子和硫酸根会促进2Cr13钢的腐蚀,电厂实际运行中应当采取防止凝汽器管泄漏、有效清除阳树脂碎颗粒等措施加以防范。

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贺明鹏(1997),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学腐蚀与水处理技术,
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慕晓炜(1983),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学与环保技术,

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慕晓炜(1983),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学与环保技术,

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慕晓炜(1983),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学与环保技术,

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Chemical composition of 2Cr13 steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrMnSiNiP
0.16~0.2512.0~14.0≤1.0≤1.0≤0.6≤0.035
), ArticleFig(id=1236707908986130730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126151967726, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2Cr13钢的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrMnSiNiP
0.16~0.2512.0~14.0≤1.0≤1.0≤0.6≤0.035
), ArticleFig(id=1236707909086794032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697126151967726, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Polarization curve parameters of 2Cr13 steel at different λ s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
λβa/(mV·dev–1)βc/(mV·dev–1)Jc/(A·cm–2)Ec/V
1:16.8784.2852.509×10–70.041
1:26.6924.6922.521×10–7–0.017
1:35.8454.8742.800×10–7–0.034
2:16.0934.8222.880×10–7–0.052
3:16.9634.5282.422×10–7–0.016
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2Cr13钢在不同λ的极化曲线参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
λβa/(mV·dev–1)βc/(mV·dev–1)Jc/(A·cm–2)Ec/V
1:16.8784.2852.509×10–70.041
1:26.6924.6922.521×10–7–0.017
1:35.8454.8742.800×10–7–0.034
2:16.0934.8222.880×10–7–0.052
3:16.9634.5282.422×10–7–0.016
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Impedance parameters of 2Cr13 steel at different λ s

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λRs/(kΩ·cm2)CP/(F·cm2)RP/(kΩ·cm2)
1:15.2164.365×10–1068.50
1:24.0746.921×10–1052.87
1:33.0446.375×10–1048.91
2:12.8725.121×10–1045.54
3:13.1593.138×10–1053.74
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2Cr13钢在不同λ时的阻抗参数

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λRs/(kΩ·cm2)CP/(F·cm2)RP/(kΩ·cm2)
1:15.2164.365×10–1068.50
1:24.0746.921×10–1052.87
1:33.0446.375×10–1048.91
2:12.8725.121×10–1045.54
3:13.1593.138×10–1053.74
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调峰机组汽轮机初凝区低压缸材料的点蚀行为研究
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慕晓炜 1 , 闪志刚 2 , 李大才 3 , 陈皓 1 , 刘德胜 2 , 匡磊 3 , 崔晓峰 2 , 张达光 4 , 贺明鹏 5
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(4): 165-171
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(4): 165-171
调峰机组汽轮机初凝区低压缸材料的点蚀行为研究
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慕晓炜1 , 闪志刚2, 李大才3, 陈皓1, 刘德胜2, 匡磊3, 崔晓峰2, 张达光4, 贺明鹏5
作者信息
  • 1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 2.广东大唐国际潮州发电有限责任公司,广东 潮州 521021
  • 3.广东大唐国际雷州发电有限责任公司,广东 湛江 524255
  • 4.大唐锅炉压力容器检验中心有限公司,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 5.大唐三亚未来能源研究所有限公司,海南 三亚 572024
  • 慕晓炜(1983),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学与环保技术,

通讯作者:

贺明鹏(1997),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学腐蚀与水处理技术,
Study on pitting behavior of low pressure cylinder material in initial condensation zone of steam turbine in peak load regulation unit
Xiaowei MU1 , Zhigang SHAN2, Dacai LI3, Hao CHEN1, Desheng LIU2, Lei KUANG3, Xiaofeng CUI2, Daguang ZHANG4, Mingpeng HE5
Affiliations
  • 1.East China Electric Power Test and Research Institute, China Datang Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
  • 2.Guangdong Datang International Chaozhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., Chaozhou 521021, China
  • 3.Guangdong Datang International Leizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524255, China
  • 4.Datang Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Center Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
  • 5.Datang Sanya Future Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Sanya 572024, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408191
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火电厂深度调峰是新能源快速发展情况下的必然趋势,由此导致汽轮机初凝区前移、低压缸腐蚀加剧。通过电化学测试、试样失重以及金属表面形貌特征分析(金相显微镜、SEM、EDS、XRD等),研究了模拟初凝区条件下,Cl、SO42–、CH3COO(乙酸根)3种阴离子在不同质量浓度、不同Cl与SO42–质量浓度比下汽轮机低压缸材料2Cr13钢的点蚀特性。试验结果表明:2Cr13钢随阴离子离子质量浓度升高而腐蚀速率相应增加,最大腐蚀速率出现在为2:1时,其值为0.095 23 g/(m2·h);各试样都观察到点蚀现象发生,点蚀数量随着阴离子离子质量浓度的升高也随之增加;随着的变化,Cl与SO42–在2Cr13钢金属表面由位点竞争吸附效应变化到相互协同效应,导致均匀腐蚀与点蚀均加剧;初凝区中氯离子和硫酸根会促进2Cr13钢的腐蚀,电厂实际运行中应当采取防止凝汽器管泄漏、有效清除阳树脂碎颗粒等措施加以防范。

2Cr13钢  /  调峰  /  点蚀  /  汽轮机  /  初凝区  /  电化学测试

Peak regulation in thermal power plants is an inevitable trend under the development of new energy. Under this condition, the initial condensing zone of steam turbine moves forward and the corrosion of low pressure cylinder intensifies. Several methods such as electrochemical testing, sample weight loss and metal surface topography analysis (SEM, EDS, XRD, and so on) were used to study the pitting corrosion characteristics of 2Cr13 steel (the material of low pressure cylinder of the steam turbine) under the conditions of simulated initial setting zone, with different mass concentrations and different mass concentration ratios of Cl to SO42– of three anions (Cl, SO42– and CH3COO). The test results showed that, the corrosion rate of 2Cr13 steel increased with the anions’ mass concentration, and the maximum corrosion rate (0.095 23 g/(m2·h)) occurred when was 2:1. Pitting corrosion was observed in all samples, and the number of pitting corrosion increased with the anions’ mass concentration. With the change of, Cl and SO42– on the metal surface of 2Cr13 steel changed from site competitive adsorption effect to mutual synergistic effect, resulting in the intensification of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion. The chloride ions and sulfate in the initial coagulation zone of steam turbine will accelerate the corrosion rate of 2Cr13 steel and the occurrence of point corrosion. In actual operation of power plant, measures should be taken to prevent the leakage of condenser tubes and the broken particles of positive resin should be effectively removed.

2Cr13 steel  /  peak regulation  /  pitting corrosion  /  steam turbine  /  initial condensation zone  /  electrochemical detection
慕晓炜, 闪志刚, 李大才, 陈皓, 刘德胜, 匡磊, 崔晓峰, 张达光, 贺明鹏. 调峰机组汽轮机初凝区低压缸材料的点蚀行为研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 165 -171 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408191
Xiaowei MU, Zhigang SHAN, Dacai LI, Hao CHEN, Desheng LIU, Lei KUANG, Xiaofeng CUI, Daguang ZHANG, Mingpeng HE. Study on pitting behavior of low pressure cylinder material in initial condensation zone of steam turbine in peak load regulation unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 165 -171 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408191
2023年我国全年发电量为89 091亿kW·h,其中火电占比63.2%、核电占比4.5%,可见热力发电仍然占据着主导地位[1]。目前新能源发电量与装机容量越来越高,2024年6月底,全国并网的风电和太阳能装机容量11.8亿kW,超过了煤电装机容量(11.7亿kW),且新能源具有优先上网政策优势,因此火电机组调峰运行是大势所趋。在调峰运行时,汽轮机初凝区发生前移[2-5],初凝区前移后改变了材料原来的腐蚀环境,加剧低压缸腐蚀;同时前移后的低压叶片都将处于两相流环境,扩大了腐蚀范围[6-11]
汽轮机低压缸初凝区的腐蚀不仅会降低其运行效率、增加能源消耗和运营成本,还可能损害设备结构,进而导致设备故障停机。美国电力研究院(EPRI)发布的报告强调,汽轮机低压缸的初凝区所发生的腐蚀现象,已被列为导致汽轮机强制停机的重要原因之一[2]
汽轮机低压缸初凝区属于腐蚀性环境(其pH值一般小于4),这个区域特别容易发生腐蚀[12-15]。在火电厂水汽系统中,由于锅炉水处理不当或凝汽器管发生泄漏等情况,氯离子[16](Cl)、硫酸根(SO42–)、低分子有机酸(HAc)等典型腐蚀性阴离子也会进入炉水中,并且随着蒸汽携带而进入到汽轮机中,引起汽轮机腐蚀[17-25]。而腐蚀性杂质在初凝水与蒸汽中的浓度分布,主要受其分配系数的影响[26]。分配系数,作为衡量杂质在汽液两相间重新分配倾向的一个参数,具体表现为杂质在汽相中的浓度与其在液相中浓度的比值[27]。腐蚀性杂质大多更倾向于被携带至初凝水中,如氯离子的分配系数小于1,所以在相变区初凝水中会携带大量腐蚀性杂质。NH3常被用作汽水系统中的一种碱化剂,能够有效提升系统的pH值,从而一定程度上预防热力设备遭受腐蚀的损害[28]。尽管NH3作为碱化剂在提升汽水系统pH值方面表现优异,但其较高的分配系数(超过10)使得其在低压缸的初凝区域,更倾向于被蒸汽携带。这一特性导致初凝水中的pH值发生明显下降,甚至可能降至酸性范围。在酸性条件下,更有利于腐蚀性杂质的腐蚀性,加剧了其对汽轮机的侵蚀,可能引发酸性腐蚀及点腐蚀等多种形式的损害[29]。而点腐蚀的产生会使汽轮机叶片存在开裂甚至断裂的风险[30]
为延长汽轮机服役年限,研究腐蚀性Cl、SO42–、HAc等在初凝区的腐蚀作用机理至关重要。虽然深度调峰会导致初凝区前移,但初凝区本身的腐蚀环境变化不大,因此本工作配制了一系列的模拟初凝水溶液,包含了不同量的侵蚀性阴离子及乙酸。通过汽轮机低压缸叶片用2Cr13钢在模拟初凝水溶液中的电化学腐蚀试验和150 ℃高温反应釜腐蚀挂片试验,研究了深度调峰下2种腐蚀性杂质离子共同作用的腐蚀机理,以期为调峰机组汽轮机的安全运行提供理论依据。
试验材料为汽轮机低压缸2Cr13钢,是一种马氏体不锈钢,其化学成分见表1。本试验所用试片:电化学试样为10 mm×10 mm的2Cr13正方形试片,非工作面焊接铜导线并封装,作为工作电极;挂片试验试样为有悬挂小孔的50 mm×25 mm×2 mm规格的标准腐蚀试片。
试验中模拟初凝水溶液均采用高纯水配制,乙酸固定为0.5 mg/L,溶液中Cl、SO42–质量浓度也约为0.5 mg/L,即Cl与SO42–质量浓度比λ为1:1时,其余以此类推,按λ为1:1、1:2、1:3、2:1、3:1配制5组溶液。
共5组溶液,分别为0.5 mg/L HAc与5个λ比例的溶液。试验时所有溶液均进行通氮除氧,直至氧质量浓度小于30 μg/L。
电化学试验采用三电极体系,在电化学工作站中完成,电化学工作站型号为CHI600E型。电极配置如下:辅助电极采用铂片电极,参比电极则选用饱和甘汞电极,工作电极是制备的。测试温度为常温,电位扫描速度为0.01 V/s,极化电压扫描范围为测得的开路电位E0±250 mV,EIS测试结果在ZSimpWin软件上拟合。
高压釜挂片试验所用的溶液与电化学试验时一致。试验温度设置为150 ℃,试验时间为24 h。试验过程:试片打磨后用蒸馏水冲洗,然后再用无水乙醇、丙酮清洗,冲洗干净后干燥24 h备用,最后记录每片试片的质量m0。在高压釜试验结束后,取出的挂片先用蒸馏水处理,并用湿棉花擦拭表面,之后按照国标《金属和合金的腐蚀 腐蚀试样上腐蚀产物的清除》(GB/T 16545—2015)对挂片表面的腐蚀产物进行去除。去除完腐蚀产物的试片,再一次用蒸馏水、无水乙醇清洗,并干燥24 h后,称取其质量m1,采用式(1)计算其腐蚀速率。
V=m0m1S×t
式中:S为试片表面积;t为试片反应时间;V为计算后的腐蚀速率。
挂片试验结束后,对其进行SEM、EDS、XRD等分析,得到其表面腐蚀产物的微观形貌、主要化学成分及物相组成。
图1给出了2Cr13钢试片在不同λ初凝水溶液中的高压釜挂片试验结果,试验温度为150 ℃、时间为24 h。从图1中可以看出:2Cr13钢在不同λ溶液中的腐蚀速率都处于同一个数量级,但随着Cl或SO42–离子比例的增加,腐蚀速率也随之增加;但在λ为2:1时,挂片失重法测得的腐蚀速率反而比λ为3:1时更大,腐蚀速率为0.095 23 g/(m2·h)。
图2给出了2Cr13钢在不同λ比的极化曲线,表2给出了极化曲线参数拟合结果(βa为阳极斜率、βc为阴极斜率、Jc为腐蚀电流密度、Ec为腐蚀电位)。
图2表2可以看到,随着SO42–的增加,其整体变化表现为自腐蚀电位负移,自腐蚀电流密度增大,斜率变化不明显,这表明SO42–的增加并不会单独改变某一种活化反应。SO42–更容易在金属表面的缺陷处发生吸附,主要是应力集中、位点密集处。从而促使金属表面的保护膜发生反应生成可溶解的腐蚀产物,随着SO42–的增加,试样的腐蚀速度也会随之增加。Cl的作用机理和腐蚀影响与SO42–类似,但随着Cl增加,试验的自腐蚀电位也随之负移动,但在λ为2:1后发生负移,继续增加Cl,使λ至3:1后,反而出现正移至与λ为1:2相当。
图3给出了2Cr13钢在不同λ的阻抗Nyquist图、图4给出了阻抗等效模拟电路,表3给出了阻抗参数拟合(Rs为溶液电阻、Rp为极化电阻、Cp为双电层电容)。由图3表3结果表明:溶液中电解质增加,阻抗图的半圆直径也随之减小,而半圆直径的变化则间接反映了电极电荷极化电阻的变化。且溶液电阻展现出递减的情况,这表明阴离子含量的增加导致了试样的腐蚀速率加快。但是与极化曲线出现了同样的趋势,当λ为2:1时的极化阻抗反而最小,继续增加氯离子反而极化阻抗增加。这可能是由于这2种腐蚀性杂质在金属表面会存在对金属表面位点竞争吸附的情况,而通常情况下Cl的吸附位点能力没有SO42–强,在λ为2:1时SO42–仍能占据一定位点,与Cl发生了协同作用,而当增加氯离子的比例后,硫酸根在对位点的竞争吸附中处于下风,金属表面的位点主要由氯离子占据,而氯离子虽然同样能够破坏表面保护膜,并对基体造成损伤,但是其破坏保护膜的速度没硫酸根与氯离子共同作用快,因此会出现低于λ为2:1的情况,该结果与图1的失重试验结果相符合,存在对应关系。
图5为2Cr13钢在不同λ初凝水中挂片24 h后的宏观腐蚀形貌。图中试样表面均可明显观察到红棕色腐蚀产物层,这主要是由于模拟初凝水配制中加入了乙酸,从而发生了酸性腐蚀的均匀腐蚀现象。同时,虽然试样表面并没有出现大面积的点腐蚀现象,但是在试样表面局部区域仍然能够观察到一些不明显的点腐蚀形貌,主要是腐蚀性离子Cl和SO42–在试样表面占据位点,沉积积累的结果。
图6给出了图5中4个腐蚀试样的显微形貌观察。图6的结果表明:4个试样中均观察到点腐蚀现象发生,其中图6a)中的点腐蚀坑尺寸最小,密度最小,图中区域的点腐蚀坑数量总共60个左右;图6b)中的点腐蚀坑尺寸与图6a)近似,但点腐蚀坑的密度比图6a)更大,区域中的点腐蚀坑数量有几百个左右,相较于图6a)区域中的点腐蚀坑数量多了近一个数量级,但点腐蚀坑都比较浅。按照《金属和合金的腐蚀点蚀评定方法》(GB/T 18590—2001)测得图6b)最大点蚀坑深度为10 μm,比图6a)的最大点蚀坑深度30 μm小些。这主要是因为硫酸根半径较大,对试样表面的钝化膜破坏较慢,且从图6a)与图6b)的比较中可以看到,图6b)中的打磨痕迹被腐蚀产物层覆盖在SEM中呈现黑色条状,相较于图6a)更多的被腐蚀产物层覆盖,这说明硫酸根的增加不仅会增加点腐蚀坑的数量,还对酸性条件下的均匀腐蚀有一定促进作用。图6c)与图6d)的比较中,虽然氯离子的质量浓度有所增加,图6c)的点蚀坑大小没有图6d)的大,但是图6c)的点蚀坑密度反而比图6d)大,点蚀坑的数量约为400个,这与失重试验中测得的腐蚀速率也互相对应。由于图6c)中点蚀坑的数量与SO42–增加的图6b)中点蚀坑的数量类似,所以考虑出现这一现象的原因可能是SO42–在与Cl的共同腐蚀中发挥了一定的作用。
图7为2Cr13钢在λ为2:1时腐蚀后点蚀坑内部的形貌,点蚀坑内崎岖不平,可能存在着厚度不一的腐蚀产物层,点蚀坑的中心呈锥形深入状,并表现出持续深入的趋势,这也是该条件下,点蚀坑内可能出现对于基体损伤的表现。
图8为2Cr13钢在λ为2:1时腐蚀后点蚀坑内部的EDS能谱。结果表明:点蚀坑中除了试片本身的元素外,还含有模拟初凝水中的阴离子元素S和O,且存在大量Fe元素,说明有铁氧化合物的生成。通常反应初期,诱导点蚀坑形成的主要原因是SO42–的优先吸附。由于模拟初凝水是一个有乙酸存在的弱酸性环境,SO42–造成的腐蚀产物更容易生成水性FeSO4。而FeSO4在点蚀坑内进一步水解,则会产生更强的酸性物质,导致酸性腐蚀加剧;这种腐蚀过程产生的腐蚀产物会粘附在试片表面,形成锈蚀层;表面锈蚀层与内部之间的氧质量浓度差异,从而进一步加剧了局部腐蚀现象。
图9为2Cr13钢在λ为2:1腐蚀后的XRD(虚线标注为标准卡片峰与图中的峰的对应)。结果表明,试样表面的腐蚀产物,锈蚀层主要是FeO化合物,同时还检测出Ni-Cr-Fe等2Cr13钢的基体元素,可能是由于点蚀坑的产生,使得基体暴露在锈蚀层外。但从形貌可以看到,整体腐蚀挂片都呈现棕黄色,SEM图也能看出覆盖较为全面,并且图7的点蚀坑内形貌也能看出,点蚀坑内出现了对于基体损伤的表现,所以推测出现基体元素峰是因为点蚀坑的形成所致。而SO42–虽然对点蚀坑的产生有一定的诱导作用,但其对不锈钢保护膜层的穿透并没有这么强大[20,22,29],这一推断也可以在λ为1:3时看出来,所以该现象是由SO42–与Cl的共同作用引起。
综上,本文对Cl与SO42–作用机理的解释为:腐蚀初期,Cl与SO42–之间的相互作用主要是竞争吸附,由于SO42–的竞争吸附能力较强,在λ为2:1时仍然能够占据吸附位点,诱导形成了点蚀坑[31],并生成相应的腐蚀产物粘合在试片表面形成锈层,而Cl由于半径较小,部分会留存在腐蚀产物层中;在腐蚀中期,随着点蚀坑的加深,点蚀坑的周围多出了很多的空的位点,未占据吸附位点的Cl则趁机占据点蚀坑附近的空位点,且弱酸性环境中易生成水性FeSO4,FeSO4在点蚀坑内进一步水解,形成更强的酸介质,导致酸性腐蚀加剧;局部腐蚀加剧又促进了Cl的腐蚀,Cl与SO42–的相互协同作用,导致λ为2:1时的腐蚀最严重;腐蚀后期,点蚀坑的发展可以深入到2Cr13钢基体。
1)试验结果表明:汽轮机低压缸用2Cr13钢随阴离子质量浓度升高而腐蚀速率增加,最大腐蚀速率出现在λ为2:1时,其值为0.095 23 g/(m2·h)。
2)Cl与SO42–主要表现为竞争吸附关系,通常是SO42–优先占据据材料表面的吸附位点,诱导产生点蚀坑;而Cl表现为相互协同作用,不仅导致均匀腐蚀加剧和点蚀数量增多,还会对点蚀坑的深度起着促进作用。
3)针对Cl与SO42–促进初凝区2Cr13钢腐蚀的问题,电厂实际运行中应当采取防止凝汽器管泄漏、有效清除阳树脂碎颗粒等措施加以防范。
  • 中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司科技项目(20220030785)
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2025年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408191
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
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Science and Technology Project of China Datang Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.(20220030785)
中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司科技项目(20220030785)
作者信息
    1.中国大唐集团科学技术研究总院有限公司华东电力试验研究院,安徽 合肥 230088
    2.广东大唐国际潮州发电有限责任公司,广东 潮州 521021
    3.广东大唐国际雷州发电有限责任公司,广东 湛江 524255
    4.大唐锅炉压力容器检验中心有限公司,安徽 合肥 230088
    5.大唐三亚未来能源研究所有限公司,海南 三亚 572024

通讯作者:

贺明鹏(1997),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学腐蚀与水处理技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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