Article(id=1236697125862560749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202409210, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781171527, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781171527, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781171527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781171527, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697128345587765, articleId=1236697125862560749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on heat transfer performance of heat exchange tubes of supercritical carbon dioxide boilers, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) power generation technology offers better flexibility, and its substitution for steam power generation technology in the field of thermal power generation is of significant strategic importance for constructing a new type of power system, establishing a modern energy system, and achieving the “dual carbon” goal. Through numerical simulation and experiment, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of S-CO2 boilers within the actual operating range are analyzed, and the influence of working fluid flow states and physical properties on heat transfer and resistance performance is also investigated. The results show that, the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 decreases with the thermal conductivity under the same flow conditions. This is because the thermal resistance of the fluid boundary layer increases as the thermal conductivity decreases. Under the same thermal conductivity conditions, the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 increases with the Reynolds number (Re). The reason is that the fluid boundary layer becomes thinner as Re increases, reducing the boundary layer thermal resistance. For CO2 working fluid inside the pipe with pressures ranging from 3 MPa to 30 MPa, enthalpy values of 500~1 150 kJ/kg, and Re between 1.1×105 and 2.1×106, a correlation formula for heat transfer considering boundary layer property corrections is derived. The average deviations are 3.33%, demonstrating it has high precision. The research lays a solid foundation for the design and research of subsequent S-CO2 boilers.

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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)循环发电技术具有更好的灵活性,在火力发电领域替代蒸汽发电技术对构建新型电力系统、建设现代能源体系、实现“双碳”目标具有重要战略意义。针对超临界二氧化碳锅炉(S-CO2)实际运行范围内的传热特性进行了数值模拟和实验研究,分析了工质物性参数对传热性能的影响规律。结果表明:在相同的流量条件下,CO2传热系数随导热系数的减小而降低,这是因为流体边界层热阻随导热系数降低而增大;在相同的导热系数条件下,CO2传热系数随Re的增大而增大,这是因为当Re增大时,流体边界层变薄,边界层热阻降低;在管内CO2工质压力为3~30 MPa,焓值为500~1 150 kJ/kg,工质Re为1.1×105~2.1×106条件下,拟合得出考虑边界层物性修正的传热和阻力系数关联式,其平均偏差为3.33%,表明其具有较高精度。研究结果为后续S-CO2锅炉的设计和研究奠定了基础。

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杨玉(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术,
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王生鹏(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂电气、锅炉、汽轮机技术,

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Parameters of different cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况流量/(kg·s–1)进口压力/温度(MPa/℃)工况流量/(kg·s–1)进口压力/温度(MPa/℃)
10.403/47.8150.1015/120.2
20.203/47.8160.0515/120.2
30.103/47.8170.4020/136.4
40.053/47.8180.2020/136.4
50.405/64.6190.1020/136.4
60.205/64.6200.0520/136.4
70.105/64.6210.4025/148.1
80.055/64.6220.2025/148.1
90.4010/97.3230.1025/148.1
100.2010/97.3240.0525/148.1
110.1010/97.3250.4030/156.8
120.0510/97.3260.2030/156.8
130.4015/120.2270.1030/156.8
140.2015/120.2280.0530/156.8
), ArticleFig(id=1236707915701219819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697125862560749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况流量/(kg·s–1)进口压力/温度(MPa/℃)工况流量/(kg·s–1)进口压力/温度(MPa/℃)
10.403/47.8150.1015/120.2
20.203/47.8160.0515/120.2
30.103/47.8170.4020/136.4
40.053/47.8180.2020/136.4
50.405/64.6190.1020/136.4
60.205/64.6200.0520/136.4
70.105/64.6210.4025/148.1
80.055/64.6220.2025/148.1
90.4010/97.3230.1025/148.1
100.2010/97.3240.0525/148.1
110.1010/97.3250.4030/156.8
120.0510/97.3260.2030/156.8
130.4015/120.2270.1030/156.8
140.2015/120.2280.0530/156.8
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超临界二氧化碳锅炉传热管传热性能分析
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王生鹏 1, 2 , 杨玉 2 , 倪依柯 2 , 吴家荣 2 , 乔永强 2 , 张一帆 2 , 李红智 1, 2 , 严俊杰 1
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025,54(4): 95-103
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025, 54(4): 95-103
超临界二氧化碳锅炉传热管传热性能分析
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王生鹏1, 2 , 杨玉2 , 倪依柯2, 吴家荣2, 乔永强2, 张一帆2, 李红智1, 2, 严俊杰1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 王生鹏(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂电气、锅炉、汽轮机技术,

通讯作者:

杨玉(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术,
Study on heat transfer performance of heat exchange tubes of supercritical carbon dioxide boilers
Shengpeng WANG1, 2 , Yu YANG2 , Yike NI2, Jiarong WU2, Yongqiang QIAO2, Yifan ZHANG2, Hongzhi LI1, 2, Junjie YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409210
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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)循环发电技术具有更好的灵活性,在火力发电领域替代蒸汽发电技术对构建新型电力系统、建设现代能源体系、实现“双碳”目标具有重要战略意义。针对超临界二氧化碳锅炉(S-CO2)实际运行范围内的传热特性进行了数值模拟和实验研究,分析了工质物性参数对传热性能的影响规律。结果表明:在相同的流量条件下,CO2传热系数随导热系数的减小而降低,这是因为流体边界层热阻随导热系数降低而增大;在相同的导热系数条件下,CO2传热系数随Re的增大而增大,这是因为当Re增大时,流体边界层变薄,边界层热阻降低;在管内CO2工质压力为3~30 MPa,焓值为500~1 150 kJ/kg,工质Re为1.1×105~2.1×106条件下,拟合得出考虑边界层物性修正的传热和阻力系数关联式,其平均偏差为3.33%,表明其具有较高精度。研究结果为后续S-CO2锅炉的设计和研究奠定了基础。

超临界二氧化碳锅炉  /  传热  /  实验测量  /  数值模拟

Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) power generation technology offers better flexibility, and its substitution for steam power generation technology in the field of thermal power generation is of significant strategic importance for constructing a new type of power system, establishing a modern energy system, and achieving the “dual carbon” goal. Through numerical simulation and experiment, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of S-CO2 boilers within the actual operating range are analyzed, and the influence of working fluid flow states and physical properties on heat transfer and resistance performance is also investigated. The results show that, the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 decreases with the thermal conductivity under the same flow conditions. This is because the thermal resistance of the fluid boundary layer increases as the thermal conductivity decreases. Under the same thermal conductivity conditions, the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 increases with the Reynolds number (Re). The reason is that the fluid boundary layer becomes thinner as Re increases, reducing the boundary layer thermal resistance. For CO2 working fluid inside the pipe with pressures ranging from 3 MPa to 30 MPa, enthalpy values of 500~1 150 kJ/kg, and Re between 1.1×105 and 2.1×106, a correlation formula for heat transfer considering boundary layer property corrections is derived. The average deviations are 3.33%, demonstrating it has high precision. The research lays a solid foundation for the design and research of subsequent S-CO2 boilers.

supercritical carbon dioxide boiler  /  heat transfer  /  experiment measurement  /  numerical simulation
王生鹏, 杨玉, 倪依柯, 吴家荣, 乔永强, 张一帆, 李红智, 严俊杰. 超临界二氧化碳锅炉传热管传热性能分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409210
Shengpeng WANG, Yu YANG, Yike NI, Jiarong WU, Yongqiang QIAO, Yifan ZHANG, Hongzhi LI, Junjie YAN. Study on heat transfer performance of heat exchange tubes of supercritical carbon dioxide boilers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409210
随着我国构建新型电力系统行动的推进,稳定可控的热力发电技术将由主力电源向调节性和保障性电源转变[1]。常规蒸汽发电技术由于存在气液相变、干湿态转换,工艺流程长等特点,在调峰深度、爬坡速度、低负荷能耗等方面面临严峻挑战[2-4],难以满足当前能源体系变革的新要求,迫切需要发展更加灵活高效的新型动力循环发电技术,支撑构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统。
超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)循环发电是以CO2为工质的真实气体闭式布雷顿循环发电技术,具有全过程无相变、工艺流程短、调节范围宽、爬坡速度快和低负荷能耗小等独特优势[5-7],其在火力发电领域替代蒸汽发电技术对构建新型电力系统,建设现代能源体系,实现“双碳”目标具有重要战略意义。美国Sandia国家实验室最早开展S-CO2循环发电试验研究,于2010年建成了250 kW试验台,完成对关键设备和系统的性能测试[8]。2012年,日本东京工业大学完成了对一台额定功率为10 kW的S-CO2循环试验机组的测试[9]。美国西南研究院联合GE等公司于2023年完成10 MW S-CO2循环发电试验台的机械建设工作[10]。国内西安热工研究院有限公司于2022年完成了一台5 MW S-CO2循环发电系统的性能测试,升、降负荷速率分别达到8.59%Pe/min和11.13%Pe/min,体现了S-CO2循环发电的灵活性[11]。中国科学院工程热物理研究所[12]、欧盟CO2OHeat项目[13]也开展了S-CO2循环关键核心部件或系统的试验研究。总的来说,目前S-CO2循环发电系统正处于从试验室走向工程应用的关键时期,但是S-CO2循环发电在实现成功商业化应用之前,仍有若干关键科学技术问题需要解决。
S-CO2锅炉是S-CO2循环发电技术采用燃煤热源的关键核心设备。S-CO2锅炉具有受热面整体温度水平高和工质流量大的特点[14-15],因此受热面内工质强化传热成为S-CO2锅炉的关键核心问题之一[16]。目前,学术界和工业界对管内S-CO2流动传热的研究多集中于临界点附近,而对于高温高压状态下的CO2流动传热研究较少,这是因为临界点附近工质的物性变化最剧烈,会引发传热异常现象,更易吸引研究者的注意[17-21]。例如,Kim等人[22]实验测量了S-CO2在竖直圆管内的传热性能,实验中工质压力约为8.5 MPa,温度为29~115 ℃,该实验捕捉到了传热恶化现象,并给出了相应工况下的传热关联式。Bae等人[23]采用直接数值模拟方法对圆管内的S-CO2传热性能进行了研究,揭示了低Re下近临界点CO2的传热恶化机理。Liu等人[24]实验研究了S-CO2在水平圆管内的流动和阻力特性,实验中CO2压力为7.5~8.5 MPa,温度为25~67 ℃,最终给出了传热关联式模型,误差为±15%。然而,在额定工况下,S-CO2锅炉中工质温度和压力都较高,距离临界点较远,工质物性接近常物性。在启、停和低负荷运行过程中,锅炉中工质状态会向临界点接近,但距离临界点仍较远,此时物性变为非线性,但其非线性程度相对临界点附近较弱。现有的常物性传热关联式模型难以准确计算靠近临界点的CO2传热,同时考虑近临界点CO2非线性物性的传热关联式模型在高温高压的近常物性区域缺乏实验数据验证,可能存在较大偏差。针对上述问题的研究还十分匮乏,缺少能够涵盖整个S-CO2锅炉运行范围的传热关联式模型。
鉴于此,本文针对S-CO2锅炉实际运行范围内传热管的传热特性进行研究,分析工质流动状态和物性参数对传热和阻力性能的影响规律,拟合新的传热关联式,以期为后续S-CO2锅炉的准确设计奠定基础。
额定运行工况下,S-CO2锅炉中工质的状态远离临界点,不大可能发生因物性变化而产生的传热恶化。同时为了降低流动阻力,S-CO2锅炉传热管可采用光管结构。图1所示为本文传热管结构示意,该光滑圆管内径为14.6 mm,管长为500 mm。为了研究S-CO2在管内的传热特性,给管壁施加了均匀的200 kW/m2的热流密度。管道进口为质量入口边界条件,出口为压力出口边界条件。
图2为西安热工研究院有限公司20 MW S-CO2锅炉在一次完整的启停过程中锅炉中工质状态的分布情况。从图2可以看出,锅炉传热管中工质压力在5~20 MPa,工质焓值在500~1 100 kJ/kg。该锅炉的受热面包括一次气受热面、二次气受热面和分流省煤器。分流省煤器加热部分从低温回热器出口引出的高压工质、分流省煤器出口工质与高温回热器的高压侧出口工质汇合,然后进入一次气加热流程。一次气受热面包括炉膛气冷壁和过热器,二次气受热面为再热器。一次气受热面出口的工质进入高压透平做功,高压透平排气进入二次气受热面升温,然后进入低压透平做功。从图2可以看出,一次气和二次气的温度范围相当,但一次气压力高于二次气压力。
根据上述20 MW S-CO2锅炉中工质状态分布范围,考虑其他S-CO2锅炉参数波动情况,将研究的CO2工质状态扩展到压力参数3~30 MPa、焓值参数为500~1 150 kJ/kg的范围。图3为该范围内S-CO2密度、比热容、黏度和导热系数的分布情况。从图3可以看出,S-CO2工质热物性随压力和焓值的变化是非线性的。当CO2焓值为500 kJ/kg时,随着压力升高,CO2状态逐渐接近其压力所对应的拟临界点,因此CO2的密度、比热容、黏度和导热系数都逐渐升高。如图3a)所示,CO2的密度从左上角向右下角逐渐降低,最大值为450 kg/m3,最小值约为25 kg/m3。如图3b)所示,CO2的比热容为左上角存在一个高值区域,最大值约为1.75 kJ/(kg·K–1),左下角存在一个低值区域,最小值约为1.03 kJ/(kg·K–1)。如图3c)图3d)所示,黏度和导热系数在左下角存在一个低值区域,最小值分别为1.12×10–5 Pa·s和0.022 W/(m·K),然后以一个类似环形的结构向外围逐渐增大,最大值分别为3.90×10–5Pa·s和0.055 W/(m·K)。
综上所述,运行过程中锅炉中CO2的状态参数分布较宽,物性变化显著,对锅炉中CO2的传热会产生显著影响。
为了系统研究S-CO2锅炉中工质的流动传热特性,设计了能够涵盖整个运行参数变化范围的模拟工况,如表1所示。本文拟研究单管中CO2的流动传热情况,CO2进口参数范围3~30 MPa、47.8~156.8 ℃,进口温度对应进口压力下焓值为500 kJ/kg时的温度。每个进口状态参数下,模拟了4个CO2流量工况(0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40 kg/s),对应Re范围为1.1×105~2.1×106。由于模拟的光管长度为500 mm,为了让管子出口的工质焓值最终达到1 100 kJ/kg,以前一根管子的出口参数作为下一根管子的入口条件进行了连续多次模拟计算。
采用流体力学模拟软件ANSYS Fluent对CO2在圆管内的流动传热情况进行数值模拟。通过求解连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程获得流体区域的流动传热结果。采用SST k-ω湍流模型封闭方程组,因为该模型兼具k-ω模型在近壁面的精确性和k-ε模型在主流核心区的独立性和鲁棒性,前期已有很多学者采用SST k-ω湍流模型模拟S-CO2的流动传热特性[25-26],验证了该模型的可靠性。
控制方程如下[27]
(ρ¯u˜i)xi=0
(ρ¯u˜iu˜j)xj=ρ¯xi+xj[μ(uixj+ujxi23δijukxk)ρui'uj'¯]
(ρ¯ui˜h˜)xi=xi[λeffcph˜xi]
湍动能方程为:
(ρu˜ik)xi=xj[(μ+μtσk)kxj]+GkYk
比耗散率方程为:
(ρu˜iω)xi=xj[(μ+μtσω)ωxj]+GωYω+Dω
式中:ρ为密度;u为速度;p为压力;λ为导热系数;h为焓;k为湍动能;ω为比耗散率;μ为黏度;cp为比热容;x为坐标;Gk为湍动能生成项;Gω为特定耗散率生成项;Yk为湍动能k的耗散项;Yω为比耗散率ω的耗散项;Dω为交差扩散项。
CO2的物性采用Fluent软件自带的NIST数据。由于本研究中CO2物性距离临界点较远,不满足发生传热恶化的条件,因此不考虑重力的影响。
为验证数学模拟,在西安热工研究院有限公司阎良实验基地搭建的S-CO2热工实验平台上开展CO2传热实验。图4为实验系统示意,包括主循环回路系统、电加热系统、密封冷却结构测试系统、冷却水系统、工质组分分析系统、抽真空系统、工质充装系统、仪表和PLC控制系统、电力供应系统以及监控系统。
实验系统的流量由EMERSON科氏力质量流量计测量,精度为±0.5%;压力通过智能式压力变送器测量,精度为0.075级;流体温度采用分别布置在实验段进出口的2支3.0 mm的NiCr-NiSi铠装热电偶测量,误差为±1.5℃。为衡量实验过程中物理量测量精度,采用不确定度表征测量质量。根据不确定度计算公式[28],本文测量的温度、压力和流量的不确定度分别为0.10%、0.25%和0.15%。
δRR=in(RXi×δXiXi)2
实验段的外壁面温度采用焊接在10个截面上的20支0.5 mm的NiCr-NiSi热电偶测量;测量壁温热电偶引线采用耐高温聚四氟补偿导线,镀锡屏蔽编织。实验段上的测点布置如图5所示。
根据S-CO2锅炉气冷壁参数的实际运行范围,实验段选用T91管,内、外径分别为23、45 mm,总长度5 100 mm。如图6所示,圆管水平布置于支架上,为减少进出口的影响,设置500 mm长的入口段与出口段,有效加热段长度4 100 mm。加热段采用三点加热方式,3个铜极板分别位于加热段的中间和两端,中间铜极板接大电流发生器正极,两侧铜极板接负极,形成闭合回路以减少电流损失。
实验系统中CO2储液罐内压力为2.4 MPa、温度为-40 ℃的液态CO2工质经CO2增压泵加压,随后经过加热段达到超临界状态,并经过充装闸阀、止回阀进入主循环回路。
主循环回路CO2工质流经CO2循环泵和孔板流量计后分为2路:一路作为CO2流量调节旁路,直接进入预冷器后回到CO2循环泵入口;另一路依次经过质量流量计、调节阀、止回阀、低温套管式回热器、高温套管式回热器和预热段到达单管实验段入口,单管实验段和预热段均采用2台48 kW的大电流发生器提供交流电加热。从单管实验段流出的CO2又回到高温、低温回热器,最后经过预冷器将余热传递给冷却水,与主循环回路的气源汇合,构成一个完整循环。
图7为本文所用模型与实验测试的圆管内工质平均温度沿流动方向的对比情况。从图7可以看出,数值模拟结果与实验结果符合得很好,最大偏差小于0.1%。
图8为圆管内S-CO2在不同压力下的传热系数随流量和物性的变化规律。在相同压力条件下,CO2的传热系数随流量的增大而增大。如图8a)所示,随着工质流量从0.05 kg/s增大到0.40 kg/s时,圆管内传热系数从350~800 W/(m2·K)增大到3 000~4 500 W/(m2·K)。在相同流量条件下,CO2的传热系数随导热系数的减小而降低;在相同导热系数条件下,CO2的传热系数随Re的增大而增大。这是因为对于导热系数比较低的流体而言,流体边界层的热阻是换热热阻的主要组成部分,当流体导热系数减小时,流体边界层的热阻变大,因此传热系数会降低;当Re增大时,流体边界层变薄,边界层热阻降低,传热系数增大。如图8a)所示,当流量为0.40 kg/s,CO2导热系数从60 mW/(m·K)降低到20 mW/(m·K)时,管内传热系数从4 500 W/(m2·K)降低到3 000 W/(m2·K),降低了约33.3%,对应的工质Re从1.0×106增大到2.1×106,表明导热系数降低的不利影响大于Re增加的有益影响。当流量为0.20、0.10、0.05 kg/s时,传热系数最小值相对最大值的降低程度分别为36.4%、46.7%、66.7%。
随着工质压力从3 MPa增大到30 MPa,各模拟工况中Re降低,但工质导热系数变大,导致传热系数增大。如图8b)所示,工质流量为0.40 kg/s时的管内传热系数为4 300~5 100 W/(m2·K),流体导热系数为38~60 mW/(m·K),对应的工质Re为0.95×106~1.3×106
图8c)所示,工质流量为0.40 kg/s时的管内传热系数为4 800~5 400 W/(m2·K),流体导热系数为51~66 mW/(m·K),对应的工质Re为0.88×106~1.1×106。同时,随着压力增加,导热系数变化范围变窄,其对传热系数的影响程度逐渐变小。
由于非线性物性对锅炉传热管内的CO2传热特性均具有显著影响,常规定物性关联式难以反映锅炉宽运行工况范围内的传热性能。为此,本文在考虑物性变化影响的Jackson关联式的基础上,采用遗传算法对锅炉传热管内的CO2传热和阻力系数关联式进行拟合,具体流程如图9所示。传热关联式的初代种群数量取2 000,基因的交差和变异率分别设置为0.9和0.1,迭代次数设置为50。
图10为遗传算法的拟合过程,传热关联式的平均误差在3代之后降低到3.33%,具有较高的精度。拟合获得的传热关联式为:
Nu=0.03314Re0.7819Pr0.9304×(CpwCpb)0.4311(μwμb)0.2604(ρwρb)0.7626(λwλb)0.0095
图11Nu关联式计算值与数值模拟值对比。从图11可以看出,新拟合的关联式计算值与数值模拟值之间符合得很好,大部分数据的偏差均在±15%以内,表明新的传热关联式具有较高精度。
图12为传热关联式(7)与几种常见传热关联式在计算本文圆管内S-CO2传热实验数据的对比。从图12可以看出,本文提出的传热关联式与实验数据相符性更好,尤其是在低Nu范围。Dittus Boelter公式和Gnielinski公式计算结果总体偏高,Petukhov Popov公式在Nu为800~1 100范围内计算结果偏低,在Nu为300~800范围内具有较高的计算精度。本文传热关联式在Nu为100~1 100范围内均具有较高的计算精度,该公式计算结果与实验值的偏差大部分都在±25%以内。当Nu小于200时,Dittus Boelter公式、Gnielinski公式和Petukhov Popov公式与实验结果的偏差均较大。
针对S-CO2锅炉的实际运行工况研究了圆管内S-CO2的流动传热特性,分析了物性、流量等参数对管内CO2的流动传热性能的影响规律,拟合了能够涵盖整个运行区间的圆管内CO2传热和阻力系数关联式,主要结论如下。
1)在相同流量条件下,CO2传热系数随导热系数的减小而降低,这是因为流体边界层热阻随导热系数降低而增大;在相同导热系数条件下,CO2传热系数随Re的增大而增大,这是因为当Re增大时,流体边界层变薄,边界层热阻降低。
2)在管内CO2工质压力为3~30 MPa,焓值为500~1 050 kJ/kg,工质Re为1.0×105~2.0×106时,拟合出了考虑边界层物性修正的传热和阻力系数关联式,其平均偏差分别为3.33%,具有较高的精度,为后续S-CO2锅炉的设计和研究奠定了基础。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409210
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
基金
Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2023-CX-TD-18)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2023-CX-TD-18)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

杨玉(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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