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It is a common problem that the direct air-cooled unit cannot be fully charged during the high temperature period in summer, and the widely used solution is to install a sprinkler device in the air-cooled unit for humidification and cooling. Through analysis on the air flow field in the cooling unit, it is found that the air flow field in the silo is non-uniform due to the influence of fans and bridges. The method of non-uniform arrangement of nozzles in the air flow field is used to evenly mix the air and spray water, and the high-pressure spray is used to achieve a uniform temperature drop in the overall air field to minimize the temperature of the cooling air. This method effectively solves the problem of cooling and improves the efficiency of air-cooled units in summer, and is of great significance for peak operation of thermal power units in summer.

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直接空冷机组夏季高温时段不能满发是普遍存在的问题,目前广泛采用的解决方法是在空冷机组中加装喷淋装置进行增湿降温。通过对冷却单元内的空气流场进行分析,发现由于风机和桥架等影响,仓室内空气流场呈非均匀状态。采用空气流场非均匀布置喷头方法,使空气与喷雾水均匀混合,采用高压喷雾达到整体空气场均匀降温,最大化降低冷却空气温度。该方法有效解决了空冷机组夏季降温提效的难题,对火电机组夏季顶峰运行具有重要意义。

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张涛(1977),高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂经济运行,

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张涛(1977),高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂经济运行,

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张涛(1977),高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂经济运行,

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Baoding: North China Electric Power University, 2022: 1., articleTitle=Optimization of flow field and heat transfer in cooling unit of air cooling island of direct air-cooled unit, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236707917458624954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124528772056, awardId=2023CXTD18, language=EN, fundingSource=Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2023CXTD18), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236707917525733821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124528772056, awardId=2023CXTD18, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023CXTD18), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236707902904389692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124528772056, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236707902912778301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124528772056, 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Distribution of the radiator inlet temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷淋量/(t·h–1)初始液滴直径/μm喷头布置换热器进口平均温度/℃降温幅度/℃平均停留时间/s
220均匀304.061.940.150
220非均匀303.952.050.148
420均匀303.122.880.150
420非均匀302.753.250.148
240均匀304.691.310.536
240非均匀304.581.420.531
), ArticleFig(id=1236707917269881270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124528772056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

散热器进口温度分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷淋量/(t·h–1)初始液滴直径/μm喷头布置换热器进口平均温度/℃降温幅度/℃平均停留时间/s
220均匀304.061.940.150
220非均匀303.952.050.148
420均匀303.122.880.150
420非均匀302.753.250.148
240均匀304.691.310.536
240非均匀304.581.420.531
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直接空冷机组高压非均匀喷雾冷却研究
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张涛 1 , 李魁发 1 , 高峰 2 , 张继军 1 , 邱兵 1 , 廖海帆 3 , 吴喜生 1 , 喻辉 1 , 汪坤 1 , 姬海民 4
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(4): 149-157
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(4): 149-157
直接空冷机组高压非均匀喷雾冷却研究
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张涛1 , 李魁发1, 高峰2, 张继军1, 邱兵1, 廖海帆3, 吴喜生1, 喻辉1, 汪坤1, 姬海民4
作者信息
  • 1.新疆华电米东热电公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063
  • 2.浙江诺宸环保科技有限公司,浙江 杭州 311100
  • 3.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 713599
  • 4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 张涛(1977),高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂经济运行,

Study on high pressure non uniform spray with peak cooling in direct air cooling units
Tao ZHANG1 , Kuifa LI1, Feng GAO2, Jijun ZHANG1, Bing QIU1, Haifan LIAO3, Xisheng WU1, Hui YU1, Kun WANG1, Haimin JI4
Affiliations
  • 1.Xinjiang Huadian Midong Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830063, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Nuochen Environment Protection Company, Hangzhou 311100, China
  • 3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 713599, China
  • 4.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407161
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直接空冷机组夏季高温时段不能满发是普遍存在的问题,目前广泛采用的解决方法是在空冷机组中加装喷淋装置进行增湿降温。通过对冷却单元内的空气流场进行分析,发现由于风机和桥架等影响,仓室内空气流场呈非均匀状态。采用空气流场非均匀布置喷头方法,使空气与喷雾水均匀混合,采用高压喷雾达到整体空气场均匀降温,最大化降低冷却空气温度。该方法有效解决了空冷机组夏季降温提效的难题,对火电机组夏季顶峰运行具有重要意义。

直接空冷  /  喷雾冷却  /  非均匀流场  /  高压雾化

It is a common problem that the direct air-cooled unit cannot be fully charged during the high temperature period in summer, and the widely used solution is to install a sprinkler device in the air-cooled unit for humidification and cooling. Through analysis on the air flow field in the cooling unit, it is found that the air flow field in the silo is non-uniform due to the influence of fans and bridges. The method of non-uniform arrangement of nozzles in the air flow field is used to evenly mix the air and spray water, and the high-pressure spray is used to achieve a uniform temperature drop in the overall air field to minimize the temperature of the cooling air. This method effectively solves the problem of cooling and improves the efficiency of air-cooled units in summer, and is of great significance for peak operation of thermal power units in summer.

direct air cooling  /  spray cooling  /  non uniform flow field  /  high-pressure atomization
张涛, 李魁发, 高峰, 张继军, 邱兵, 廖海帆, 吴喜生, 喻辉, 汪坤, 姬海民. 直接空冷机组高压非均匀喷雾冷却研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 149 -157 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407161
Tao ZHANG, Kuifa LI, Feng GAO, Jijun ZHANG, Bing QIU, Haifan LIAO, Xisheng WU, Hui YU, Kun WANG, Haimin JI. Study on high pressure non uniform spray with peak cooling in direct air cooling units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 149 -157 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407161
火力发电是中国电力的基本特征。自20世纪90年代以来,中国火力发电得到了迅猛发展,据国家能源局数据统计[1],到2022年底,火电装机总量为13亿kW,占比超过总装机容量的50%以上。由于中国自然资源特点,西部地区干旱少雨缺水而煤炭资源丰富,东部及南部地区用电负荷高。因此在“三北”(东北、华北、西北)地区多采用空冷机组以避免水资源制约,并采用西电东输来解决电力资源的发和用问题。
直接空冷(air cooled condencer,ACC)机组是广泛应用于我国西部的空冷型式,主要由屋顶式换热器及风机组成。因其运行方便、散热效果明显、机组防冻效果优于间接空冷机组等优点在我国“三北”地区大量采用。因此我国是全球占比最大的直接空冷机组市场[2-3],占比超过70%。空冷是热力发电的冷却段,且设备庞大,价值高,故其与锅炉、汽轮机、发电机及脱硫装置一起称为热力发电的五大装备[4]
由于设计条件与现在运行状况的不同,直接空冷的度夏满发是目前各个电厂一大难题。普遍的情况是,大型直接空冷机组的环境温度大于30 ℃时,机组的背压往往达到36 kPa以上,或者根本就不能满发,而电厂往往要求在高温季节满发且机组背压能适应这种工况,这与设计条件有较大差异。降低散热器之前的进口气温度,增加换热温差,是提高直接空冷出力能力的重要措施,也是在夏季高温季节达到满发的重要方法之一[5-6]
许多电厂先后对空冷凝汽器加装水喷雾系统来降低汽轮机背压,实际运行情况表明,机组运行背压可降低5~10 kPa。该系统的类型和机理一般可分增湿降温和蒸发冷却2种[7]:第1种是利用干湿球温差原理,通过向空气喷水雾,降低空气的干球温度,增加与散热片的温差来达到降低空冷背压;第2种是将水喷到空冷凝汽器表面,水在有限的空冷换热表面蒸发,从而增大换热量来降低空冷背压。由于喷淋用水水质含盐,第2种方法易导致散热面脏污、结垢,对散热性能造成了不可逆的影响。
空冷轴流风机吹出的风是螺旋上升的,加之风机桥架的遮挡效应,空冷单元内的空气流场分布也不均匀,因此气流在屋顶式散热管的区域内极其不均匀,斜屋顶式管束不同区域的散热均匀性也差异较大。因此,加装水喷雾系统不仅要考虑如何在空冷单元控制喷水量以得到最好的降温效果,同时也要考虑在旋转流场下喷雾的行程是否足够在到达换热面之前完全蒸发,使空气加湿到接近饱和,从而降低空气温度,增加传热温差。
付万兵[8]采用数值模拟的方法,对空冷单元内流场进行分析,通过对空气螺的运动轨迹及换热片的温度流场分布计算,验证了采用MRF模型的可靠性,使得风机模拟的流场结果更接近真实工况。李文海等[9]分析了某电厂装设空冷机组和不装设喷淋装置各个工况,指出在环境温度为27 ℃以上时,投运空冷喷淋装置后,机组负荷可增长15~20 MW,表明装设喷淋装置具有较大经济性。赵文升等[10-12]采用集总参数法,对直接空冷喷雾增湿的可行性和经济性进行了阐述,并采用数值模拟方法对喷雾增湿进行了试验研究,通过计算表明,喷雾增湿系统可降低进入散热器的温度达5 ℃以上。周兰欣等[13]对喷淋水系统的结构进行了研究,指出喷嘴的布置位置、喷雾的方向及喷嘴性能都对喷淋效果有较大的影响。并重点关注喷淋结构对喷雾效果的影响。马庆中等[14-15]分析了喷雾效果与当地气候湿度的关系,发现喷雾方式的效果与当地湿度呈紧密影响关系,该研究表明,当夏季高温季节,在湿度较低的西部地区,由于空气湿度较小,增湿降温潜力较大,可以达到较好降低空冷进气温度的效果。张新海[16]概括了国内采用喷雾增湿降温的空冷机组效果,通过对喷雾增湿后空气湿度的分析,指出空冷增湿量的范围,一旦超出增湿用水量范围,这些水将无法增加空气湿度,造成水的浪费。喷嘴的选型也至关重要,可以影响喷雾的效果和节水特性。许多研究者对夏季直接空冷系统的喷雾冷却进行了研究,但由于除盐水中的杂质极易导致散热面结垢,对散热性能造成了不可逆的影响,在这种条件下分析旋转流场下喷雾情况,使其在到达散热器面之前能够完全蒸发的相关文献还较少。
综上所述,选择设置喷雾与空气形成一定的逆流状态,增加喷雾的行程,能更好地保证喷雾有足够的行程在接触换热翅片之前就已完成蒸发过程。图1为空冷单元以及喷雾情况示意。
直接空冷单元中的环境空气流动以及经过空冷散热器受热空气流动可以认为是不可压缩定常流动,其运动方程为N-S方程控制。
流体控制方程包括连续性方程(质量方程)、动量方程、能量方程[17-18]
连续性方程:
ρt+xi(ρui)=0
动量方程:
(ρui)t+xj(ρuiuj)=Pxi+xi[(μ+μi)(ukxj+ujxk)]+ρgi
能量方程:
ρEt+xi[ρvi(ρE+ρ)]=ρq+xi(kTxi+τijυj)
在实际条件下,空冷流场处于湍流状态,而直接求解方程所需的计算量巨大,因此在工程实际中,控制方程采用k-ε模型简化求解:
ρKt+ρujKxj=xj[(μ+μtσk)Kxj]+μiuixj(uixj+ujxiρε)
ρεt+ρukεxk=xk[(μ+μtστ)εxk]+c1εKμτuixj(uixj+ujxi)c2ρε2K
式中:ρ为空气密度,kg/m3ui为空气在xi方向上的速度,i=1、2、3,分别代表xyz方向,m/s;p为空气压力,Pa;T为温度,K;k为流脉动动能,m2/s2ε为湍流耗散率,kg/(m·s);μt为湍流黏度,kg/(m·s);μt=cμρk2ε–1;模型常量cμ=0.09,c1=1.44,c2=1.92,σk=1.0,στ=1.3。
本文主要研究内容是空气流场以及水喷淋系统的降温效果,因此将翅片管散热器模型区域简化为多孔介质模型处理,通过改变动量控制方程中动量源项,将流过该多孔介质区域的阻力包含在源项中,包括黏性损失项和惯性损失项,可表示为[19]
Si=(j=13Dijμνj+j=13Cij1/2ρνmagνj)
式中:Si为第ix, y, z)个动量方程的源项;DC为系数矩阵;μ为动力黏度,kg/(m·s);ρ为流体密度,kg/m3vjj方向的速度,m/s。
假设多孔介质区域各项同性,动量源项方程(8)可以简化为:
Si=(μνi/α+C2ρνmagνi/2)
式中:α为渗透率;C2为惯性阻力系数。
空冷机组中翅片管束结构通常忽略黏性损失,以达到简化方程的目的,仅考虑惯性损失,因此冷却空气流过空冷凝汽器的压降可表示为:
p=j=13C2i,j(ρνjνmag/2)
式中:∇p为冷却空气流过空冷散热器的压降,Pa;vmag为速度的模,vmag=v12+v22+v32
根据文献[20]数据显示,在环境温度为30 ℃时,黏性阻力系数为3 281 779 m–2,惯性阻力系数为23.612,推荐其余方向的阻力系数设置为前者的5~10倍,本文设置为10倍。
在CFD中,不仅能采用欧拉方法求解连续相N-S方程组,也能在拉格朗日坐标系下模拟流场中的离散相。其中CFD中的离散相模型是解决两相流动问题的关键,因此连续相使用欧拉方法进行求解,而离散相则通过拉格朗日方法进行计算。在这项研究中,将雾滴颗粒作为第二相存在于连续相中。CFD既能够模拟这些雾滴颗粒的运动轨迹,也可以分析它们引起的热量和质量传递。同时,该模型还计算了相间耦合效应及其对离散相和流动特性的影响[21]
当计算雾滴轨迹时,CFD根据N-S方程解析跟踪雾滴的热量、质量和动量变化。这样不仅体现了连续相对离散相的影响,同时也考虑了离散相对连续相的反馈作用。通过交替求解离散相和连续相的控制方程,直到两者达到稳定状态(即计算结果不再显著变化),从而实现了双向耦合计算[22]图2)。
这些变化的物理量作为源项出现在空气相的守恒方程中。
能量源项:
Q=[Mp,avMp,0cp,pΔTp+ΔMpMp,0(hfg+TrefTpcp,vdT)]mp,0
质量源项:
M=ΔMpMp.0mp.0
动量源项:
F=(3μCDRe4ρPDP2(νPν)+Fother)mP.0Δt
式中:cp,p为水的比热容,kJ/(kg⋅K);cp,v为水蒸气比热容,kJ/(kg⋅K);hfg为蒸发潜热,kJ/kg;Mp,av为控制单元内水滴的平均质量,kg;Mp,0为水滴的初始质量,kg;ΔTp为控制单元内水滴的温度变化,K;ΔMp为控制单元内水滴的质量变化,kg;mp,0为水滴的初始质量流率,kg/s;Re为雷诺数;CD为阻力系数;Dp为粒子直径,m;vp为粒子速度,m/s;v为流体速度,m/s。
在CFD的离散过程中,需要给定离散相的初始条件,通过初始条件确定每组离散相投入的位置、初速度等参数。通过初始条件来描述离散相粒子的瞬时状态。主要包括离散相投入的位置(x,y,z)、离散相粒子的初始注入方向(通过x,y,z坐标矢量定义)、粒子的初始直径、粒子的初始温度、沿每个粒子迹线的粒子流的质量流率(用于耦合计算)以及雾化模型选择。
在CFD中提供了5种雾化模型:1)平口喷嘴雾化;2)压力-旋流雾化;3)靶式雾化;4)气体辅助雾化;5)气泡雾化。在这几种喷嘴雾化模型中,有研究表明压力-旋流雾化的雾滴更加均匀,并且该类型雾化喷嘴常见于各种工业应用,其雾化过程如图3所示,因此本文采用压力-旋流雾化模型。
单独的空冷换热单元物理模型如图4所示,完整的直接空冷机组包含多个结构相同的并列空冷单元[23],由于完整建模空冷机组工作量巨大,因此选取其中的一个独立的空冷单元作为研究对象,并研究不同喷雾系统布置对换热和流动的影响。
在旋转流场下喷嘴的非均匀布置的现有研究较少。惠雪松[24]通过数值模拟的方法证明在旋转流畅下喷嘴采用交错布置的效率大于均匀布置,并通过数值模拟分析了喷嘴错位布置时,不同喷嘴位置下的喷雾增湿效果。王昌欣[25]针对夏季高温工况下的空冷单元换热优化,提出与常规喷嘴均匀布置的方案不同的喷嘴非均匀布置方案。发现喷雾冷却装置可以明显提高夏季高温工况下的换热量,并能一定程度上缓解过热区域的影响范围。并且采取喷嘴非均匀布置方案,相较于喷嘴均匀布置的方案可以明显提高换热量。
换热器每侧49个喷头,总计98个喷头,分别采用均匀与非均匀布置形式(图5),对比研究喷头非均匀布置方式对换热的影响。
对喷淋过程进行分析,由于相对于空气而言,水的焓值可以忽略,并且喷水前后增加的含湿量很小,因此可以将由于喷水所带入环境中的焓值忽略不计。整个空气经过喷雾增湿冷却过程可认为是等焓降温过程,在此过程中空气的湿球温度近似不变。图6为焓湿图等焓变化线,在焓湿图上可以认为沿着等焓线变化,环境空气由未饱和状态趋向于饱和状态。
本文条件下,空气干球温度33 ℃,空气相对湿度40%,空气流量479 m3/s,计算得到的理论喷水量与降温幅度的曲线如图7所示。
采用Fluent软件模拟分析,设置为流量入口,入口流量为479 m3/s;出口设置为压力出口;散热器区域设置为多孔介质模型。选取截面1、2、3、4作为观察空冷单元内部不同高度处流场情况的截面(图8)。
采用ICEM进行网格划分,网格无关性验证如图9所示,最终选用397.9万网格进行模拟。
空冷单元内不同截面位置的速度云图以及流线图如图10所示,由图10可见,在空冷单元内部确实存在非常大的旋流,这种旋流的存在可能导致均匀布置的喷头降温增湿效果弱于考虑流场情况的非均匀喷头布置。
通过设计均匀喷头布置以及考虑2.2节中流场的非均匀特点,在流场速度更大的区域布置更加密集的喷头(图11),研究非均匀布置情况下是否能够增强降温增湿效果。表1为散热器进口温度分布。
表1所示:通过对比经过喷淋之后气流在达到散热器表面的平均温度,可以看出非均匀布置的降温幅度相较于均匀布置有一定提升;并且喷淋量越大,这种提升越大;初始液滴直径为20 μm时的降温效果远大于40 μm。
为了保证液滴能够在接触换热器表面之前就能够全部蒸发以降低空气温度,增加空气湿度,采用DPM模型输出了液滴颗粒的分布情况(图12)。
图12可见,对于2种布置方式来说,大部分20 μm的液滴能够在到达换热器之前蒸发,只有对于上部,喷头距散热器过于接近的地方,会有液滴穿过了散热器,因此实际过程中,可以考虑将上部喷头往下布置一些。
考虑增加液滴直径从20 μm到40 μm,验证其是否能够在接触换热器表面前全部蒸发。图13为直径40 μm液滴分布和存在时间。
图13以及表1可以看出,液滴直径增加1倍,液滴的存留时间增加2倍以上,并且从均匀喷头布置来看,使用40 μm液滴会导致大量液滴不能在接触换热翅片之前蒸发,而非均匀喷头布置则有利于改善这个情况。
图12中发现在上部区域,喷头距离散热器位置过于接近,导致部分液滴无法在接触散热器之前就完全蒸发,因此考虑将喷头位置向下移动(最上端喷头距离顶部由500 mm增加至3 000 mm),新的喷头布置位置如图14所示,图15为调整后液滴分布与存在时间。
图15可以看出,将喷头位置向下调整后,可以保证20 μm的喷淋液滴能在接触换热器之前全部蒸发,并且减少4 0μm液滴颗粒触碰到换热器,因此,调整喷头距离后的布置更加合理。
本文通过对直接空冷机组中的空冷单元进行模拟研究,阐述了在夏季高温时段,空冷空气的逆流式喷淋冷却水完全蒸发的条件,确保喷淋水完全蒸发,达到降低空冷ITD温度的目标。
1)根据空冷单元空气流场非均匀特性,研究了在逆流喷淋冷却情况,喷头的非均匀布置能使温度场具有更好的均匀性,同时也能够保证绝大多数液滴能够在不接触换热器表面的情况下完全蒸发,并发现空冷单元上部的液滴更容易接触散热器,应尽量远离散热器布置喷雾喷头。
2)将喷出液滴直径增加到40 μm后,无论是均匀布置和非均匀布置都无法保证使液滴能够在不接触换热器表面的情况下完全蒸发。
3)调整喷头位置,使喷头向下移动,可以保证20 μm的喷淋液滴能在接触换热器之前全部蒸发,并且减少40 μm液滴颗粒触碰到换热器,因此调整喷头位置后的布置更加合理。
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2025年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407161
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
基金
Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2023CXTD18)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023CXTD18)
作者信息
    1.新疆华电米东热电公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063
    2.浙江诺宸环保科技有限公司,浙江 杭州 311100
    3.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 713599
    4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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