Article(id=1236697124184846849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720281600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781171126, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781171126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781171126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781171126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697124491031064, articleId=1236697124184846849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Cascade utilization of heating energy from carbon based dry desulfurization and coupled regulation of steam system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize cascade utilization of energy in the heating system, in view of the problem that the heat load of industrial users does not completely match the heat consumption for activated carbon regeneration, the steam-air heater has been installed in flue gas desulpherization and denitration demonstration unit for No.2 coal-fired generation unit in a thermal power plant. Steam becomes primary heat source to realize activated carbon regeneration. Steam extracted from the turbine heats circulating hot air in the FGD unit firstly, then supplies remaining heat energy to different terminals outside the plant after desuperheating. Hereby this article thoroughly describes how to select control valve in steam supply system, so as to realize coupling control of heat energy between two different users. The rationality of this design has been verified during actual operation of the demonstration project, and it provides a reference for the selection of control valves in future engineering practices.

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为实现供热系统中能量的梯级利用,针对工业用户热负荷与活性炭再生耗热量并不完全匹配的问题,在某热电厂2号机组干式炭基催化法脱硫脱硝(FGD)技术示范工程中选用了汽气换热器,使蒸汽成为脱硫脱硝系统中再生活性炭的首要热源。利用来自同一汽源的蒸汽,先加热活性炭再生用的循环热风,再减温后对外供热;通过在蒸汽供热系统中合理设置调节阀,完全实现了上述2个热用户之间的热能耦合调节。该工艺系统已在该热电厂示范工程实际运行,这验证了该工艺系统设置的合理性。在未来工程设计中,这种工艺设置对调节阀选型也具有一定的借鉴意义。

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幺莉(1972),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂汽水相关系统的设计和优化、燃煤电站烟气治理和CCUS工程的相关工艺系统设计等,

, authorsList=幺莉)}, authors=[Author(id=1236707898575877046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wycylww@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236707898676540349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, authorId=1236707898575877046, language=EN, stringName=Li YAO, firstName=Li, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co, Ltd, Beijing 100039, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236707898777203650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, authorId=1236707898575877046, language=CN, stringName=幺莉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039, bio={"content":"

幺莉(1972),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂汽水相关系统的设计和优化、燃煤电站烟气治理和CCUS工程的相关工艺系统设计等,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

幺莉(1972),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂汽水相关系统的设计和优化、燃煤电站烟气治理和CCUS工程的相关工艺系统设计等,

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Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2006: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707903491600554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=李红艳, journalName=生物质活性炭制备及性能研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李红艳. 生物质活性炭制备及性能研究[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2019: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236707903604846772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=LI Hongyan, journalName=Research on preparation and properties of biomass activated carbon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Hongyan. 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Performance parameters of the activated carbon

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项目指标
外观黑色柱状
粒径/mm9
粒径分布/mm>11.2,≤5.0%
11.2~5.6,≥90%
5.6~1.4,≤4.7%
<1.4,≤0.3%
堆积密度/(kg·m–3)570~700
自燃点/℃≥420
侧压强度/(N·cm–1)≥380
罗加指数≥95%
碘吸附值/(mg·g–1)350~450
脱硫值/(mg·g–1)≥18
水分/%≤3
), ArticleFig(id=1236707902484967507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697124184846849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

活性炭性能参数

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项目指标
外观黑色柱状
粒径/mm9
粒径分布/mm>11.2,≤5.0%
11.2~5.6,≥90%
5.6~1.4,≤4.7%
<1.4,≤0.3%
堆积密度/(kg·m–3)570~700
自燃点/℃≥420
侧压强度/(N·cm–1)≥380
罗加指数≥95%
碘吸附值/(mg·g–1)350~450
脱硫值/(mg·g–1)≥18
水分/%≤3
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炭基干法脱硫供热能量的梯级利用和蒸汽系统的耦合调节
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(4): 158-164
炭基干法脱硫供热能量的梯级利用和蒸汽系统的耦合调节
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幺莉
作者信息
  • 国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
  • 幺莉(1972),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂汽水相关系统的设计和优化、燃煤电站烟气治理和CCUS工程的相关工艺系统设计等,

Cascade utilization of heating energy from carbon based dry desulfurization and coupled regulation of steam system
Li YAO
Affiliations
  • China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co, Ltd, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407207
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为实现供热系统中能量的梯级利用,针对工业用户热负荷与活性炭再生耗热量并不完全匹配的问题,在某热电厂2号机组干式炭基催化法脱硫脱硝(FGD)技术示范工程中选用了汽气换热器,使蒸汽成为脱硫脱硝系统中再生活性炭的首要热源。利用来自同一汽源的蒸汽,先加热活性炭再生用的循环热风,再减温后对外供热;通过在蒸汽供热系统中合理设置调节阀,完全实现了上述2个热用户之间的热能耦合调节。该工艺系统已在该热电厂示范工程实际运行,这验证了该工艺系统设置的合理性。在未来工程设计中,这种工艺设置对调节阀选型也具有一定的借鉴意义。

热能梯级利用  /  耦合调节  /  调节阀选型

In order to realize cascade utilization of energy in the heating system, in view of the problem that the heat load of industrial users does not completely match the heat consumption for activated carbon regeneration, the steam-air heater has been installed in flue gas desulpherization and denitration demonstration unit for No.2 coal-fired generation unit in a thermal power plant. Steam becomes primary heat source to realize activated carbon regeneration. Steam extracted from the turbine heats circulating hot air in the FGD unit firstly, then supplies remaining heat energy to different terminals outside the plant after desuperheating. Hereby this article thoroughly describes how to select control valve in steam supply system, so as to realize coupling control of heat energy between two different users. The rationality of this design has been verified during actual operation of the demonstration project, and it provides a reference for the selection of control valves in future engineering practices.

cascade utilization of heat energy  /  coupling control  /  selection of control valve
幺莉. 炭基干法脱硫供热能量的梯级利用和蒸汽系统的耦合调节. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407207
Li YAO. Cascade utilization of heating energy from carbon based dry desulfurization and coupled regulation of steam system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407207
某热电厂安装了2台超临界350 MW汽轮发电机组,为了完成国家重点研发计划的项目课题,该热电厂建设了1套干式炭基催化法多污染物协同控制与资源化示范工程(以下简称示范工程)。该工程从2号机组B侧引风机出口抽取200 000 m3/h(标准状况)的烟气,经炭基催化法脱硫脱硝装置净化[1]后,接入2号机组现有的湿法脱硫装置前,与机组现有的湿法脱硫装置串联运行。该工艺首次应用于国内燃煤电站中,并且已经连续安全、稳定运行2 000 h,各项运行指标均达到设定目标。2022年3月顺利通过验收试验,额定烟气负荷下脱硫、脱硝效率分别为99.72%、84.76%(保证值分别为98.25%、83.00%)。
干式炭基催化法脱硫脱硝技术[2]是利用活性炭做催化剂,在一套装置内将多种污染物(二氧化硫、氮氧化物、重金属、二噁英、粉尘和氟化物)同时脱除的一种技术。干式炭基催化法脱硫脱硝技术在钢铁、水泥、玻璃、有色金属冶炼等行业的工业炉窑上已有诸多应用[3],本项目将其应用于大型燃煤电厂,工艺流程如图1所示。
活性炭(图2)孔隙发达[4],其独特的微晶结构使其具有很大的内表面,表现出很强的催化活性[5],可以在卤化反应、脱卤反应、脱硫反应、氧化反应等各种化学反应中呈现良好的吸附性,如废水和废气中的金属离子、有害气体、有机污染物等。由于其机械强度大、耐磨性能好、结构稳定和吸附所需能量小,具可再生的特点。
本示范项目中采用活性炭的主要性能指标[6]表1
用于活性炭脱硫的活性炭价格因多种因素而异,满足脱硫需求的柱状脱硫普通品质活性炭价格一般在2 000~3 000元/t。
本示范项目净化部分是指从2号机组B侧引风机出口抽取原烟气,经炭基催化法脱硫脱硝(FGD)装置净化后,接入原有湿法脱硫装置前。干式炭基催化法脱除污染物的反应机理如下[7-8]
1)脱硫反应机理
SO2→SO2(SO2吸附在活性炭微细孔中)
SO2+O2→SO3
SO3+nH2O→H2SO4+(n-1)H2O
H2SO4+NH3→NH4HSO4
NH4HSO4+NH3→(NH4)2SO4
2)脱硝反应原理
2NO+C→N2+CO2
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O
2NO2+4NH3+O2→3N2+6H2O
3)除尘的反应机理
利用活性炭床层的过滤作用和吸附能力,除去颗粒。
4)除重金属机理
Hg0→Hg0*
HgO→HgO*
HgO+H2SO4→HgSO4+H2O
其他重金属随灰尘一起除去。
5)除二噁英机理
吸附了二噁英的活性炭在再生反应器解吸过程中,通过活性炭的催化作用,将二噁英的氧基破坏,从结构上转化为无毒物质,从而达到彻底去除的目的。二噁英的分子结构如图3所示。
6)除氟化物机理
氟化物被活性炭吸附后,在再生过程中解吸,随酸性气体进入制酸净化工序被洗涤脱除,通过加入水玻璃等物质,将氟离子固定成无害的氟硅酸盐。
活性炭在净化反应器中吸附烟气中的污染物后,通过链式输送机送至再生反应器,在高温环境中使活性炭再生,再生后的活性炭可循环使用。在活性炭的再生过程,不会释放其他有害物质,造成二次污染[5]。再生系统的DCS界面如图4所示。
1)循环风加热系统
为了营造再生器的高温环境,循环风经过汽气换热器被加热,换热的能量守恒方程[9]为:
ma(haohai)=ms(hsihso)
式中:ma为循环风质量流量,kg/s;hao为出口空气比焓,J/kg;hai为进口空气比焓,J/kg;ms为放热蒸汽质量流量kg/s;hsi进口蒸汽比焓,J/kg;hso为出口蒸汽比焓,J/kg。
2)活性炭再生机理[10]
物理解吸的反应为:
SO2→SO2
硫酸分解反应为:
H2SO4·H2O+1/2C→SO2+2H2O+1/2CO2
酸性硫铵分解反应为:
NH4HSO4→SO2+2H2O+1/3N2+1/3NH3
碱性化合物的生成为:
C...O+NH3=C...NH+H2O
3)控制活性炭的再生寿命的途径
首先,可以控制进气质量,去除杂质。在活性炭吸附系统的前端设置预处理装置[7],尽量避免杂质堵塞活性炭的孔隙。其次,可以控制进气温度和湿度。过低的温度可能使某些物质在活性炭上的吸附变得更加牢固,增加再生难度[4];降低进气的相对湿度,防止活性炭因吸附过多水分而影响对目标污染物的吸附,湿度降低到50%以下,以提高活性炭的吸附效率和再生寿命。
本示范项目前,该热电厂是该地区的主要热源点,常年承担对外供热的任务,2号机组利用再热热段和再热冷段2处汽源对外工业供汽,其热负荷随季节变化波动较大(在15~115 t/h变化)。但是,上述2路汽源并不同时对外供热,系统不具备2路蒸汽混合后供热的功能。
为了提高示范项目的节能效果,采用梯级利用蒸汽作为活性炭再生装置的热源,取代传统的电加热热风炉工艺。
在示范工程中,考虑到管壳式换热器热侧和冷测端差[11]等因素后,采用再热热段蒸汽作为再生塔循环风的加热汽源,取汽点位于再热热段蒸汽至对外工业供汽的高温段管道上。将再热热段的蒸汽先进行喷水减温(一级减温)后进入汽气换热器,在此与循环热风进行热交换后进行第2次减温(二级减温),再接入现有的对外工业供汽管网。这样就能实现对同一热源蒸汽携带热能的梯级利用,最大程度上有效利用能源。
根据示范工程的物料平衡计算结果,整套脱硫脱硝(FGD)装置在额定工况下运行时,汽气换热器的热负荷为30 t/h的蒸汽量。在工业用汽高峰期,仅以蒸汽作为汽汽换热器的热源即可满足再生塔热负荷的需求;但当工业用汽量减少到不足以满足FGD装置再生工艺所需的蒸汽量时,则需要利用电加热器作为补充热源。所以,炭基干法FGD装置再生热源系统采用“以蒸汽为主,电加热为辅”的加热方式,汽汽换热器和电加热器在循环热风系统中,采用串联布置。
在设计过程中,首先优先考虑工业热用户的供热需求,同时兼顾汽气换热器用汽量和工业热负荷之间热能的耦合调节。以下详细阐述蒸汽系统配置的设计思路,蒸汽系统控制逻辑[12]图5所示。
当工艺系统运行方式变化时,调节阀的设置和信号的选取尤为重要,调节阀并非设置得越多越好。如果本蒸汽系统在2个并联管路上各设置1只调节阀,2只调节阀的信号重叠作用并相互干扰,无法在短时间内使工艺系统达到稳态运行,即出现调节不足或调节过度的现象。如果管路1和管路2上均不设调节阀,并假定工业用汽量为115 t/h的工况对蒸汽管路进行压降计算。计算结果为:分配到管路1的蒸汽流量约为103 t/h,而分配到管路2的蒸汽流量仅为12 t/h。对上述计算结果进行定性分析,由于管路2上介质的流动阻力太大,分配在管路2上的蒸汽流量较小,无法满足汽气换热器的负荷要求(额定工况下为30 t/h的蒸汽量)。只有在管路1上安装1个电动调节阀,增加管路1的介质流动总阻力,才能使分配在管路2上的蒸汽流量增加。并且,通过合理设置这个电动调节阀的本体压降[13],使2条并联蒸汽管路上的蒸汽流量分配达到预期效果,有效地实现了多工况下对同一热源能量的梯级利用和耦合调节。
对于本示范工程而言,在工业用汽量充足的前提下,蒸汽流量分配要优先满足汽气换热器的换热量要求。那么,位于管路1上的电动调节阀要设计为流量型调节阀,其控制信号为汽气换热器出口的热风温度信号。当汽气换热器出口处的热风温度偏低时,电动调节阀关小,调节阀自身的阻力增加[14]。此时,势必导致通过管路1的蒸汽流量减少,而通过管路2的蒸汽流量增加,使热风的温度升高,直至达到设定值,调节阀开度不再变化。
从整个供热系统来看,工业用汽的蒸汽流量控制依靠安装在2个管道汇合后管道上的减压阀来实现。减压阀的控制信号为减压阀出口管道上的蒸汽压力,对外供热管道上的蒸汽压力设定为热用户要求的0.8 MPa。当工业用汽量增加时,减压阀出口管道上的蒸汽压力降低,偏离了设定值。此时减压阀的开度会增大,直到出口管道的蒸汽压力达到设定值,调节阀的调节作用结束。此时,供汽系统达到新的平衡。反之亦然。
炭基干法FGD装置物料平衡结果显示,随着装置负荷率的变化,解吸SO2所需的热能折算到汽气换热器流经的蒸汽流量在22~30 t/h波动。现就整套装置可能出现的运行工况加以分析。
当整套示范工程的装置处于冷态启动时,从环境温度逐渐升温,大约经过9~10 h达到稳定运行工况。在启动过程中,整套装置的升温速度要求小于50 ℃/h。在此过程中,管路2始终关闭,完全依靠电加热器对循环风进行加热,有效控制示范工程整套装置的升温速度,完成整个启动过程。
1)工况1 工业用汽热负荷为15~22 t/h时,汽气换热器需要的蒸汽量一定大于对外供汽的蒸汽流量。通过DCS发出指令,关闭管路1上的进出口电动阀门。全部蒸汽通过管路2。此时,管路2上的蒸汽流量完全等于工业用汽要求的蒸汽量。通过调节2路并联蒸汽管道汇合后管道上的减压阀控制蒸汽流量,通过改变减压阀开度匹配厂外热用户负荷量的波动。
如果此时蒸汽在汽气换热器释放的热量不足,使得出口的热空气温度达不到设定值,那么,电加热器将会自动启动,进行热量补给,最终使进入再生塔的风温达到设定值。
2)工况2 当热负荷为22~30 t/h,且再生塔前的热风温度没有超过设定值(490 ℃)时,通过DCS发出指令,切断管路1,全部蒸汽通过管路2。
如果热负荷要求的蒸汽流量仍无法满足再生塔需要的热量,系统自动启动电加热器进行热量补给,热风最终达到再生塔要求的温度。
如果出现再生塔前的热风温度超过设定值(490 ℃),通过DCS发出指令[15],开通管路1,同时切断管路2,循环风完全由电加热器进行加热。
当DCS检测到吸收塔的负荷率恢复到100%时,再次发出指令,切换到管路1关闭,全部蒸汽通过管路2的运行方式。
3)工况3 当热负荷为30~115 t/h时,汽气换热器需要的蒸汽量小于对外供汽的蒸汽流量时,将电动调节阀的开度维持在有效调节的范围内,管路1和管路2均通入蒸汽。此时如果汽气换热器的出口热风温度达不到490 ℃,电加热器会自动启动并投入运行。
当管路2上出现异常工况时,会连锁关闭管路2上的进、出口电动阀门。此时,管路1上安装的电动调节阀也会连锁处于全开的状态,不参与任何蒸汽流量的调节。供热蒸汽管路上的流量调节,仅通过系统中设置的减压阀来实现。
如果再热热段蒸汽压力发生突变(如由1.5 MPa升高到3.0 MPa时),可由减压阀进行调节(减压阀本体的压差增大1.5 MPa),来满足对外供汽压力的要求。而处于上游的管路1和管路2的蒸汽运行压力会同步升高。但是,各自管路上的压降均保持不变,从而管路1和管路2上的流量分配也维持不变。此时,安装在管路1上的电动调节阀并不动作(即主路调节阀的开度保持不变)。
图4为运行期间一个瞬态的DCS画面。图4中:再生塔需要的蒸汽量为15.28 t/h;去界区处的工业蒸汽量为26.10 t/h;经一级减温后的蒸汽(进入汽气换热器)的温度为535.9 ℃;经二级减温后的蒸汽(汇入工业蒸汽母管)的温度为304.9 ℃;热空气风机入口处的空气温度为314.8 ℃;经过汽气换热器后的空气温度为430 ℃;电加热器没有投运,经过电加热器后的空气温度为427.1 ℃。
此时,蒸汽可以完全提供活性炭再生所需的热量。该示范工程在调试阶段和稳定运行期间,整套蒸汽系统的运行效果,与设计阶段的分析数据相吻合。这说明蒸汽系统的拟定合理,完全达到了预期的效果。
1)干式炭基催化法多污染物协同控制与资源化示范工程在某热电厂成功投运,是该技术在大型燃煤电厂的首次尝试。该技术是火电厂常规脱硫脱硝技术的一种有效补充,但运行成本相对较高,且对原烟气中二氧化硫浓度有一定要求。
2)梯级利用蒸汽作为活性炭再生的热源,实现了蒸汽的最大程度节能利用。通过定性分析和详细的管道压降计算后,优化设计了热力系统,并制定合理的运行策略,有效实现了多工况下对同一热源能量的梯级利用和耦合调节,保证了项目投产后的长期安全稳定运行。
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2025年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407207
  • 接收时间:2024-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-07
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    国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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