Article(id=1236697121555018151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781170500, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781170500, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781170500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781170500, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697123400511949, articleId=1236697121555018151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Indicator analysis and localization research of lubricating oil for wind turbine gearbox, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, foreign brands almost occupy the entire fan lubrication market share, and domestic oil products lack opportunities to enter the market. To demonstrate the feasibility of domestic substitution of lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes, the testing and analysis database for domestic gearbox lubricating oil and foreign competitors is established by adopting laboratory analysis to test the physical and chemical performance indicators (including kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, moisture, acid value, demulsibility, foam characteristics, liquid phase corrosion, and copper corrosion), tribological performance indicators (sucn as maximum seizure free load, sintering load, friction coefficient, wear spot diameter, comprehensive wear), and other lubricating oil performance indicators (like antioxidant performance, ferrography, infrared spectroscopy, and PQ index). The comprehensive performance of domestic gearbox lubricating oil products is systematically evaluated, and the feasibility study of domestic substitution of wind turbine lubricating oil is completed. The results indicate that there is not much difference in the basic performance indicators between domestic brand fan gearbox lubricating oil products and imported brands, and the substitution is feasible.

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国外品牌几乎占据全部风机润滑市场份额,国产油品缺少进入市场的机会。为论证风电机组齿轮箱润滑油国产化替代的可行性,对2种国产润滑油和2种进口润滑油进行性能测试实验,参照国家标准完成包括运动黏度、黏度指数、闪点、倾点、水分、酸值、抗乳化性、泡沫特性、液相锈蚀、铜片腐蚀等理化性能指标,最大无卡咬负荷、烧结负荷、摩擦系数、磨斑直径、综合磨损等摩擦学性能指标,以及抗氧化性能、铁谱、红外光谱、PQ指数等其他润滑油性能指标测试。建立了国产齿轮箱润滑油与国外竞品测试分析数据库,对比分析了4种品牌润滑油的性能指标,系统研判国产齿轮箱润滑油产品综合性能。结果表明,国产品牌风机齿轮箱润滑油产品和进口品牌的基本性能指标差异不大,存在替代的可行性。

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杜静宇(1995),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电运维,

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杜静宇(1995),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电运维,

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articleId=1236697121555018151, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Testing methods and equipments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目实验方法实验设备
运动黏度GB/T 265石油产品运动黏度试验器
黏度指数GB/T 1995石油产品运动黏度试验器
酸值GB/T 7304自动电位滴定仪
倾点GB/T 3535倾点、凝点、浊点、冷滤点试验器
闪点(开口)GB/T 3536开口闪点测定仪
泡沫特性GB/T 12579润滑油泡沫特性测定仪
抗乳化性(82 ℃)GB/T 8022润滑油抗乳化性能测定器
水分GB/T 260蒸馏法水分测定装置
液相锈蚀(24 h)GB/T 11143润滑油液相锈蚀试验器
铜片腐蚀(100 ℃,3 h)GB/T 5096铜片腐蚀测定仪
旋转氧弹(150 ℃)SH/T 0193自动润滑油氧化安定性测定器
承载能力(四球法)GB/T 3142四球摩擦试验机
抗磨损性能(四球法)NB/SH/T 0189四球摩擦试验机
颗粒污染度DL/T 432颗粒计数器
元素含量GB/T 17476全谱直读等离子体发射光谱仪
表观黏度(-30 ℃)GB/T 11145布氏黏度测定仪
氧化安定性(121 ℃,312 h)SH/T 0123润滑油氧化安定性测定仪
剪切安定性(20 h)NB/SH/T 0845运动黏度测定仪
氧化诱导期(3.5 MPa,O2,180 ℃)SH/T 0719高压差式扫描量热仪
极压性能(SRV试验机法)NB/SH/T 0882SRV微动摩擦磨损试验机
橡胶相容性(NBR)GB/T 1690橡胶相容性实验装置
极压性能(梯姆肯法),OK值GB/T 11144环块摩擦磨损试验机
承载能力(FZG目测法)NB/SH/T 0306FZG齿轮试验机
FE8轴承磨损试验DIN 51819-3FE8轴承磨损测试台
抗微点蚀性能测试(90 ℃)FVA 54/I-IVFZG齿轮试验机
PQ指数ASTM D8184PQL铁谱仪
磨损颗粒分析SH/T 0573双联分析式铁谱仪
), ArticleFig(id=1236707904737300646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121555018151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验方法及仪器设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目实验方法实验设备
运动黏度GB/T 265石油产品运动黏度试验器
黏度指数GB/T 1995石油产品运动黏度试验器
酸值GB/T 7304自动电位滴定仪
倾点GB/T 3535倾点、凝点、浊点、冷滤点试验器
闪点(开口)GB/T 3536开口闪点测定仪
泡沫特性GB/T 12579润滑油泡沫特性测定仪
抗乳化性(82 ℃)GB/T 8022润滑油抗乳化性能测定器
水分GB/T 260蒸馏法水分测定装置
液相锈蚀(24 h)GB/T 11143润滑油液相锈蚀试验器
铜片腐蚀(100 ℃,3 h)GB/T 5096铜片腐蚀测定仪
旋转氧弹(150 ℃)SH/T 0193自动润滑油氧化安定性测定器
承载能力(四球法)GB/T 3142四球摩擦试验机
抗磨损性能(四球法)NB/SH/T 0189四球摩擦试验机
颗粒污染度DL/T 432颗粒计数器
元素含量GB/T 17476全谱直读等离子体发射光谱仪
表观黏度(-30 ℃)GB/T 11145布氏黏度测定仪
氧化安定性(121 ℃,312 h)SH/T 0123润滑油氧化安定性测定仪
剪切安定性(20 h)NB/SH/T 0845运动黏度测定仪
氧化诱导期(3.5 MPa,O2,180 ℃)SH/T 0719高压差式扫描量热仪
极压性能(SRV试验机法)NB/SH/T 0882SRV微动摩擦磨损试验机
橡胶相容性(NBR)GB/T 1690橡胶相容性实验装置
极压性能(梯姆肯法),OK值GB/T 11144环块摩擦磨损试验机
承载能力(FZG目测法)NB/SH/T 0306FZG齿轮试验机
FE8轴承磨损试验DIN 51819-3FE8轴承磨损测试台
抗微点蚀性能测试(90 ℃)FVA 54/I-IVFZG齿轮试验机
PQ指数ASTM D8184PQL铁谱仪
磨损颗粒分析SH/T 0573双联分析式铁谱仪
), ArticleFig(id=1236707904854741165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121555018151, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Analysis of elements in domestic and imported lubricating oil

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元素国产
原厂1
国产
原厂2
国产
市售1
国产
市售2
进口
品牌1
进口
品牌2
<1<1<1<1<2<2
2<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
2<1<1<127<5
<1.0<1.0<1.0<1.0<0.5<0.5
<1<1<1<1<1<1
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<11<1<5<5
<1.0<1.0<1.0<1.0<0.5<0.5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<1<1
<1<1<1<1<5<5
427437448438479507
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<2<2
32333333<4<4
), ArticleFig(id=1236707904951210163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121555018151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国产与进口润滑油元素分析

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元素国产
原厂1
国产
原厂2
国产
市售1
国产
市售2
进口
品牌1
进口
品牌2
<1<1<1<1<2<2
2<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
2<1<1<127<5
<1.0<1.0<1.0<1.0<0.5<0.5
<1<1<1<1<1<1
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<11<1<5<5
<1.0<1.0<1.0<1.0<0.5<0.5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<1<1
<1<1<1<1<5<5
427437448438479507
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<5<5
<1<1<1<1<2<2
32333333<4<4
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风电机组齿轮箱润滑油指标分析及国产化研究
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杜静宇 1 , 曹治 2 , 任鑫 1 , 刘吉辰 2 , 王青天 1 , 王芸靖 1
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025,54(4): 42-50
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025, 54(4): 42-50
风电机组齿轮箱润滑油指标分析及国产化研究
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杜静宇1 , 曹治2, 任鑫1, 刘吉辰2, 王青天1, 王芸靖1
作者信息
  • 1.中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
  • 杜静宇(1995),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电运维,

Indicator analysis and localization research of lubricating oil for wind turbine gearbox
Jingyu DU1 , Zhi CAO2, Xin REN1, Jichen LIU2, Qingtian WANG1, Yunjing WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
  • 2.China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407181
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国外品牌几乎占据全部风机润滑市场份额,国产油品缺少进入市场的机会。为论证风电机组齿轮箱润滑油国产化替代的可行性,对2种国产润滑油和2种进口润滑油进行性能测试实验,参照国家标准完成包括运动黏度、黏度指数、闪点、倾点、水分、酸值、抗乳化性、泡沫特性、液相锈蚀、铜片腐蚀等理化性能指标,最大无卡咬负荷、烧结负荷、摩擦系数、磨斑直径、综合磨损等摩擦学性能指标,以及抗氧化性能、铁谱、红外光谱、PQ指数等其他润滑油性能指标测试。建立了国产齿轮箱润滑油与国外竞品测试分析数据库,对比分析了4种品牌润滑油的性能指标,系统研判国产齿轮箱润滑油产品综合性能。结果表明,国产品牌风机齿轮箱润滑油产品和进口品牌的基本性能指标差异不大,存在替代的可行性。

国产润滑油  /  进口润滑油  /  指标分析

At present, foreign brands almost occupy the entire fan lubrication market share, and domestic oil products lack opportunities to enter the market. To demonstrate the feasibility of domestic substitution of lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes, the testing and analysis database for domestic gearbox lubricating oil and foreign competitors is established by adopting laboratory analysis to test the physical and chemical performance indicators (including kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, moisture, acid value, demulsibility, foam characteristics, liquid phase corrosion, and copper corrosion), tribological performance indicators (sucn as maximum seizure free load, sintering load, friction coefficient, wear spot diameter, comprehensive wear), and other lubricating oil performance indicators (like antioxidant performance, ferrography, infrared spectroscopy, and PQ index). The comprehensive performance of domestic gearbox lubricating oil products is systematically evaluated, and the feasibility study of domestic substitution of wind turbine lubricating oil is completed. The results indicate that there is not much difference in the basic performance indicators between domestic brand fan gearbox lubricating oil products and imported brands, and the substitution is feasible.

domestic lubricating oil  /  imported lubricating oil  /  indicator analysis
杜静宇, 曹治, 任鑫, 刘吉辰, 王青天, 王芸靖. 风电机组齿轮箱润滑油指标分析及国产化研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407181
Jingyu DU, Zhi CAO, Xin REN, Jichen LIU, Qingtian WANG, Yunjing WANG. Indicator analysis and localization research of lubricating oil for wind turbine gearbox[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407181
风电机组通过机械传动系统将风能转化为电能,需要传递风机叶片的巨大扭矩并承担重载,传动系统的齿轮轴承等部件在变工况风速下处于高负荷且启停频繁的运行状态。使用润滑油可在风机各类传动齿轮和轴承的机械接触处表面形成润滑油膜,保护润滑表面防止摩擦磨损,延长传动机械设备的使用期限,还兼具轴承接触间隙密封、冷却、进而起到防锈、防腐蚀和清洁等功能。
风电机组齿轮箱是风机的重要部件,在长时间高负荷运转过程中易发生点蚀、齿面磨损等现象,而齿轮箱故障停机时间较长且维修成本高,因此齿轮箱是风电机组非常关键的润滑部位。现在风机润滑市场份额几乎被美孚、壳牌、嘉实多、福斯等国外品牌垄断,国产油品缺少进入市场的机会,而部分进口产品质量良莠不齐,较之国产同类产品并无性能优势,却存在采购成本高、价格变动大、供货周期长、付款条件苛刻等问题[1]。为此,国内部分机构开展了润滑油国产化可行性研究的尝试。樊立云等[1]以北京京能新能源有限公司科右中风电场为试点单位,经过2年多国产齿轮箱润滑油和进口润滑油的使用对比,结果表明国产齿轮油的润滑性能与进口齿轮油水平相当,甚至个别指标优于进口齿轮油。郭振华等[2-4]开展了国产和进口风电机组齿轮油的指标对比和运行对比试验,指出国产风力发电机齿轮油在理化指标和润滑性能等指标与进口齿轮油相近,满足国标要求。周康等[5]采用国产风电FD3000N 320齿轮油在6台1.5 MW风机上进行持续跟踪,结果表明在完整的风电齿轮油换油周期内风电齿轮油尚未发生明显劣化,达到了兆瓦级风电机组的润滑要求。中国华电集团[6]开展了风机齿轮箱润滑油国产化的科技项目,2年内监测了初装进口润滑油和3种国产润滑油的指标变化,证明国产润滑油性能稳定。虽已开展部分润滑油国产化研究,但未见润滑油大批量推广使用的相关报道,且润滑油检测结果的详细分析较少,润滑油国产化仍有待进一步论证。
本文通过采用实验室分析测试润滑油理化性能指标、摩擦学性能指标和其他性能指标,建立国产齿轮箱润滑油与国外竞品测试分析数据库,系统研判国产齿轮箱润滑油产品综合性能,并进行了风机润滑油国产化替代可行性研究。
风电机组传动系统作为风轮和发电机之间的连接,主要功能是将风轮的动能转化为电能,齿轮箱则是风电机组传动系统重要的机械部件。一般来说,风机叶片转速较低,而发电机的转速较高,两者之间则是通过齿轮箱的齿轮副来进行增速,图1为风电机组系统示意。
风电齿轮箱与普通齿轮箱相比,具有特定的工况特点,对润滑油性能提出了较高要求。首先,风电齿轮箱增速比大,传递功率高[7],更高的传递功率意味着更大的传动载荷,高载荷对润滑油黏度和流动性提出了更高要求[8];其次,风电机组传动轴与齿轮箱相连,启动负荷大且启停频繁。长时间高速重载运转工况下,风电齿轮油不仅要有优良的极压、承载能力,而且还要具有抗点蚀、抗磨损等润滑特性;再者,风电机组的工作环境恶劣。陆上风电机组大多安装在高山平原等地区,环境温度变化较大,风电齿轮油要有极好的黏温特性及低温流动性。海上风电机组则因潮湿、盐雾等特殊的海洋环境,要求风电齿轮油具有良好的防腐、防锈特性;最后,风电机组齿轮油一般运行5年之后考虑更换,颗粒污染物进入润滑系统可能会造成磨粒磨损、切削磨损、严重的滑动磨损以及疲劳磨损等,对于颗粒污染度的控制会延长润滑油使用寿命[9-11],风电齿轮油应具有良好的清洁度、抗氧化性、抗磨耐久性等。
保证风电机组润滑油运行状态对于机组长周期运转具有重要意义,开展风电机组润滑油性能评价并加强润滑油使用过程中的设备润滑管理是延长润滑油生命周期的有效方法[12-19]
风电机组齿轮油要承载机组高负荷、启停频繁以及高温寒冷等环境。齿轮油一般采用聚α-烯烃全合成油作为基础油,用高性能复合添加剂调制而成,性能上对承载能力、耐磨性、抗微点蚀能力要求较高,同时兼具良好的抗氧化性、抗乳化性、抗泡性和高低温适用性等[20-22]
为确保风力发电设备的润滑系统处于良好状态,以保证设备的可靠运行和寿命,2017年我国发布了风力发电机组专用润滑剂国家标准[23],对风电润滑油液的物理性质、化学成分、污染物含量等指标给出了规范要求,并设定相应的合格标准。
本文对2种国产润滑油、2种进口润滑油进行性能对比测试实验,同时为了确保本次实验采用国产润滑油(由国产润滑油厂商提供)和市场销售渠道购买的同种品牌国产润滑油一致,增加2种市场购买的同种国产润滑油样品购买和理化性能检测。参照国家标准(表1),完成包括运动黏度、黏度指数、闪点、倾点、水分、酸值、抗乳化性、泡沫特性、液相锈蚀、铜片腐蚀等理化指标测试,以及最大无卡咬负荷、烧结负荷、摩擦系数、磨斑直径、综合磨损等摩擦学性能指标测试,另外还有抗氧化性能、铁谱、红外光谱、PQ指数等其他润滑油性能指标测试。为保证测试准确性,每项指标采用可重复性实验进行校准。综合理化性能指标、摩擦学性能指标及其他性能指标,对比分析国产、进口润滑油新油性能。
润滑油的黏度表征两相对运动表面的内摩擦力。黏度越大则代表运动阻力越大,表面之间的油膜越厚,利于承受重载,但流动阻力太大会导致润滑不良;黏度越小则形成油膜越薄,2个接触表面间加大磨损,从而降低使用寿命。因此,需要选用黏度适当的润滑油,保证设备工作稳定可靠,进而延长使用寿命。一般工业用油按照运动黏度(40 ℃)确定级别,车用油、船用油按照运动黏度(100 ℃)确定级别。
图2为进口与国产样品的运动黏度对比分析。6种新油运动黏度(40 ℃)的检测结果最小值301.6 mm2/s,最大值339.2 mm2/s,均在质量指标的范围(288~352 mm2/s)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
黏度指数是黏度随温度的变化程度。黏度指数越高,油品受温度变化的影响越小,高温或低温环境下油品依然能形成油膜保证设备润滑。图3为进口与国产样品的黏度指数对比分析。6种新油黏度指数的检测结果最小值159,最大值185,均在质量指标的范围(不小于150)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。检测结果表明,由原厂提供的国产品牌油品的黏度指数比2个进口品牌油品更优秀。
倾点反映了油品的低温流动性,指在规定冷却条件下油品可以流动的最低温度,其值越低则低温流动性越好。图4为进口与国产样品的倾点对比分析。6种新油倾点的检测结果最低值–43 ℃,最高值-36 ℃,均在质量指标范围(不高于–33 ℃)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。检测结果表明,国产品牌油品的倾点与2个进口品牌油品差异不大。
闪点表征了油品的防火安全性,指在规定条件下,油样受热蒸发,与火焰接触发生闪火燃烧的最低温度。闪点越低,越容易被明火引燃,发生火灾的危险性就越大。图5为进口与国产样品的开口闪点对比分析。6种新油开口闪点的检测结果最低值244 ℃,最高值280 ℃,均在质量指标范围(不小于220 ℃)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。进口品牌油品1的闪点最高,其余品牌油品的闪点无明显差异。
泡沫特性指在特定试验条件下,向油品中通入空气,测量油品表面泡沫的体积以及泡沫的稳定程度,分别代表泡沫倾向性与泡沫稳定性。随着风机的运转,工作状态下空气易混入润滑油中形成泡沫,进而造成虚假液位,甚至会从系统中溢出[24-25]。因此,润滑油中会添加抗泡沫剂,以保证油品具有优异的抗泡特性。实验测得,6种油样的泡沫特性(泡沫倾向/泡沫稳定性)均为0 mL/0 mL,结果均在质量指标范围(不大于50 mL/0 mL)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
抗乳化性指油水混合后未能乳化,且能迅速分离的性质。根据GB/T 8022润滑油抗乳化性能测定法可检测抗乳化性。破乳化时间指在一定条件下油和水的分离速度。1 h内水和油完全分离,以分离时间作为抗乳化的数据;超过1 h仍不能完全分离,记录其分离的体积作为抗乳化的数据。破乳化时间越短,表明水进入润滑油中分离的越快,对润滑油的性能影响越小。齿轮油在使用过程中易受水污染,若其抗乳化性不佳,流动中易产生油包水型乳化液,从而降低润滑性能,腐蚀齿轮箱零件,造成不可逆的损害。抗乳化性主要取决于基础油的精制程度,能反映新油质量。
图6为进口与国产样品的抗乳化性对比分析。6种新油的抗乳化性(82 ℃)结果均在质量指标范围(油中水不大于2.0%体积比,乳化液不大于1.0 mL,总分离水不小于80.0 mL)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
液相锈蚀指油品在水存在条件下的防锈性能。润滑油中有过多水分存在是铁质部件生锈的主要原因之一。在生产应用过程中,适量加入锈蚀抑制剂,可有效防止和改善锈蚀问题。实验测定,6种新油液相锈蚀(24 h)结果均为“无锈”,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
在一定的油品试样中浸没磨光的铜片,给试样加热到规定的温度,铜片浸没一段时间后开始变色,根据变色情况确定铜片腐蚀等级。实验主要测定油品有无腐蚀金属的元素硫和活性硫化物,评估油品产生铜腐蚀的相对程度。实验测定,6种新油的铜片腐蚀(100 ℃,3 h)结果均为“1a”,都在质量指标范围(不大于1级)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
润滑油酸值可通过碱性滴定测量得到,单位为mgKOH/g。油品中的酸性组分主要来源于氧化产物等降解产物或者油品的添加剂成分。新油的酸值表示润滑油配方中酸性添加剂的量,反映了基础油的精制程度。在用油的酸值则反映了油品在使用过程中氧化变质发生降解的程度。风机齿轮油挂机后,最初由于油品添加剂逐渐损耗,酸值在使用初期会有所下降,之后随着使用时间变长油品逐渐发生氧化变质,酸值会逐步上升。图7为进口与国产样品的酸值对比分析。6种新油酸值最小值0.89 mgKOH/g,最大值0.99 mgKOH/g,符合齿轮箱润滑油的常规理化特征。
由于设备伴随着摩擦和磨损,润滑油的抗磨特性至关重要。根据国家标准,四球承载能力、FZG承载能力、FE8轴承磨损试验和抗微点蚀性能等指标反映了油品的抗磨损性能。四球试验机可以测试得到烧结负荷、最大无卡咬负荷、磨斑直径及综合磨损值;FZG承载能力则是模拟实际齿轮的承载能力,比四球更接近实际齿轮的工作工况;FE8轴承磨损试验主要用来测试滚子轴承的摩擦系统来模拟风电轴承的抗磨损性能;抗微点蚀性能是疲劳磨损的微观表象,这种微小的点蚀会随着时间的推移逐渐扩大,最终导致齿面损坏。由于抗磨性能对齿轮油在长时间的润滑至关重要,因此以上各项抗磨损性能实验也是风电齿轮油性能测试的必要指标。
在一定转速、温度下,润滑状态下的钢球不发生卡咬的最大负荷定义为最大无卡咬负荷PB,该值越高,代表油品润滑性能越好。图8为进口与国产样品最大无卡咬负荷PB对比分析。6种新油最大无卡咬负荷最小值1 401 N,最大1 970 N,进口品牌2的性能表现较为优异,其余样品指标性能相当。
在一定转速、温度下逐级增大负荷,上方和下方钢球之间负荷越来越重,直至发生高温烧结,导致设备停止运转的负荷即烧结负荷,该值越高代表润滑脂的极压润滑性能越好。图9为进口与国产样品的烧结负荷PD对比分析。6种新油的承载能力(四球法)结果均在质量指标范围(烧结负荷PD值不小于2 450 N)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
在一定温度、转速、负荷和运转时间下,承重钢球表面因摩擦导致磨损斑痕直径的大小即磨斑直径,该值越小表示润滑脂的抗磨损能力越好。图10为进口与国产样品的磨斑直径对比分析。6种新油磨斑直径最小值0.27 mm,最大值0.34 mm,均在质量指标范围(磨斑直径不大于0.35 mm)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。进口品牌1的抗磨损性能较优异,其余样品指标性能相当。
综合磨损值反映了油品的综合磨损性能,首先确定油样的最大无卡咬负荷点,以此为基准线,逐级加大负荷直到发生烧结,查补偿线上校正负荷的总和,即可得到综合磨损值。图11为进口与国产样品的综合磨损值对比分析。6种新油综合磨损值均在质量指标范围(综合磨损值ZMZ不小于441 N)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。进口品牌2的综合磨损性能较优异,其余样品指标性能相当。
微点蚀是齿面金属直接接触、摩擦,由于循环接触应力出现微小裂纹并伴有少量材料转移的过程,从而出现细微的滚动接触疲劳和磨损[20]。微点蚀具有破坏性,随着磨损加剧,微小裂纹或凹坑会进一步扩展,进而破坏齿面,因此要求润滑油有一定的抗微点蚀性能。实验测得,2个国产品牌和2个进口品牌新油的抗微点蚀性能测试(90 ℃)结果均在质量指标范围(实效等级不小于10级,耐久试验高级)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
FE8轴承磨损实验主要以滚动轴承的形式,在较低的接触压力下,选择大小不同的实验力,用于评定金属的磨损性能,以及油品的高温抗磨损性能。图12为进口与国产样品的FE8轴承磨损对比分析。6种新油FE8轴承磨损实验的滚柱磨损最小值2.0 mg,最大值5.0 mg;保持架磨损最小值19.5 mg,最大值28.5 mg,均在质量指标范围(滚柱磨损不大于30 mg)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
润滑油氧化安定性代表油品抵抗氧化变质的能力,润滑油氧化安定性越好,油品性能保持越好,使用期限越长。反之,若润滑油氧化安定性较差,短时间内可能氧化变质,进而导致油品的酸值、黏度增大,颜色加深,大幅缩短油品的使用期限,不利于风电机组齿轮箱润滑。图13为进口与国产样品的100 ℃运动黏度增长值对比分析。实验测得,沉淀值增加值均小于0.1 mL。6种新油的氧化安定性(121 ℃,312 h)结果均在质量指标范围(100 ℃运动黏度增长值不大于4%,沉淀值增加值不大于0.1 mL)内,符合320黏度等级风机齿轮箱润滑油的标准要求。
元素分析是基于GB/T17476润滑油标准采用电感合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,检测在用油中添加剂元素、磨损金属及污染元素的质量分数。基于磨损金属元素分析,评估对应金属部位的磨损情况;根据污染元素分析,判断油品污染程度及来源;根据添加剂元素分析,判定润滑油添加剂损耗程度。一般测定铁元素、钙元素、硼元素、磷元素和锌元素等主要元素。其中,铁元素主要来源于润滑油中的铁屑,随着时间的变化,润滑油中的铁元素多呈现上升的趋势。另外,润滑油中含有多种添加剂使得润滑油具有不同的性能,可以通过对元素的分析大致判断润滑油中所含的添加剂种类,并判断润滑油中的添加剂消耗程度。例如,润滑油添加剂包括抗磨添加剂,通常是在锌盐、硫和磷酸盐中提取,常见添加剂如二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)。表2为国产与进口润滑油元素分析。6种新油的元素分析结果,反映了不同齿轮油尤其是国产产品和进口产品的添加剂类型及含量差异。该结果可辅助用于了解齿轮油添加剂信息,但不作为油品质量与性能的评价因素。
本文选用了4种国产润滑油产品(国产1和国产22种品牌,分别由原厂提供与市场采购同型号产品)与2种进口润滑油产品(进口1与进口22种品牌,均由主机厂商提供)进行质量检测,所检项目共26类。依据标准《风力发电机组专用润滑剂第3部分:变速箱齿轮油》(GB/T 33540.3—2017),6种样品的运动黏度(40 ℃)、运动黏度(100 ℃)、黏度指数、表观黏度(-30 ℃)、酸值、倾点、闪点(开口)、泡沫特性(泡沫倾向/泡沫稳定性)、抗乳化性(82 ℃)、油中水(体积分数)、乳化液、总分离水、水分、液相锈蚀(24 h)、铜片腐蚀(100 ℃,3 h)、承载能力(四球法)、润滑油抗磨损性(四球机法)、氧化安定性均表现良好,符合相应质量指标要求。另外需要注意的是,由原厂提供以及市场采购的国产润滑油品性能略有差异,鉴于市场油品质量参差不齐,建议润滑油在加入设备之前做好水分、清洁度及质量检测控制。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H11)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407181
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-H11)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H11)
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    1.中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
    2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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