Article(id=1236697121127199142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781170398, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781170398, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781170398, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781170398, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=117, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697122620371376, articleId=1236697121127199142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation on wall temperature characteristics of screen superheater in swirling flow boiler during wide load operation, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To understand the inner wall temperature distribution characteristics of boiler heating surfaces during fast peaking operation, this study incorporates the coupling of non-uniform heat flux distribution on the combustion side with a multi-tube flow-resistance model on the working fluid side. This corrects the resistance and mass flow distribution among the rows of tubes in the superheater, forming a comprehensive heat transfer calculation model that couples the non-uniform heat flux on the flue gas side with the actual flow rate on the working fluid side, allowing for more accurate prediction of superheater temperatures. This model is applied to the calculation and analysis of wall temperature characteristics of a 660 MW counter-flow coal-fired boiler’s screen superheater at various loads and swirl angles. The study reveals that during deep load-following, the highest tube wall temperature at 30% load (868.4 K) exceeds that at 50% load (861.9 K), approaching the maximum temperature the material can withstand. The tube wall temperature at 50% load is higher than that at 75% load (849.7 K). Additionally, changes in swirl angle significantly affect the non-uniform distribution of flue gas and the working fluid temperature on the steam side. When the swirl angle is 45°, the high-temperature zone is primarily distributed at both ends of the tube screen. When the swirl angle is 15°, it concentrates in the middle front and middle rear regions. As the swirl angle increases, spatial heterogeneity of the flue gas field in the furnace enhances, leading to greater temperature non-uniformity across the superheater width. The research results can provide technical support for the design and retrofit of boilers during rapid load-following processes.

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为掌握快速调峰过程中锅炉受热面内壁温分布特性,在燃烧侧耦合非均匀热流分布,工质侧引入多管束流量-阻抗匹配模型,修正过热器内各管排间阻力与质量流量分配,形成耦合烟气侧非均匀热流与工质侧真实流量的总传热计算模型,实现过热器温度更为准确的预测。将该模型应用于660 MW对冲燃煤锅炉屏式过热器壁温的计算分析,获得了不同负荷、不同旋流角度范围内屏式过热器内壁温变化特性。研究发现,深度调峰过程中,30%负荷下最高管壁温度(868.4 K)高于50%负荷(861.9 K),接近材料最高承受温度,50%负荷下管壁温度高于75%负荷(849.7 K)。同时,旋流角度的变化对烟气非均匀性分布和蒸汽侧工质温度影响较大。当旋流角度为45°时,高温区主要分布于管屏两端;旋流角度为15°时,高温区则集中于中间靠前和中间靠后区域。当旋流角度增加时炉膛烟气场空间不均匀性增加,导致过热器宽度方向温度分布不均匀性增加。研究结果可为快速调峰过程中锅炉的设计与改造提供技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体热质输运等,
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杨渊奥(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锅炉及受热面的数值模拟,

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Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2015, 36(10): 2178-2182., articleTitle=Investigation of the forming mechanism of flue gas side heat heat deviation amd improvement measures in the boiler furnace with a symmetrical structure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236707912983302472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, awardId=2022YFB4100500, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236707913134297423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, awardId=2022YFB4100500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236707899603473334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236707899611861943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flowchart of superheater calculation and coupling process, figureFileSmall=kqzmQTDwedqf1THh/ULNgA==, figureFileBig=r9FLejiBMxrojZxBPSSzMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707903990714495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图3, caption=过热器计算及耦合过程流程, figureFileSmall=kqzmQTDwedqf1THh/ULNgA==, figureFileBig=r9FLejiBMxrojZxBPSSzMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707904087183491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of the boiler structure and superheater arrangement, figureFileSmall=6M2Bov9FJg/sPUoxn2v2iQ==, figureFileBig=o38mWf3YvQLahk2/wg488g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707904225595531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图4, 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figureFileBig=Buwnu2AwLUsbOgMOaUMv5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707906788315332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图9, caption=旋流角度45°不同负荷下炉膛截面温度云图, figureFileSmall=0w9So0A1gdSXsdFr2sX3NA==, figureFileBig=Buwnu2AwLUsbOgMOaUMv5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707906922533069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Temperature contour of the screen-type superheater at a swirl angle of 15° at different loads, figureFileSmall=xEDjpfxD8/ijWrgDU4bJPg==, figureFileBig=xqB+ymg+0mm/+QbeKmCmvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707907027390674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图10, caption=旋流角度15°不同负荷下屏式过热器温度云图, figureFileSmall=xEDjpfxD8/ijWrgDU4bJPg==, figureFileBig=xqB+ymg+0mm/+QbeKmCmvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707907107082452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Temperature contour of the screen-type superheater at swirl angle of 45° at different loads, figureFileSmall=qwKs9FuCUmWij0yIwYFc6w==, figureFileBig=UODQYX95FG538uvrJl2b4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707907190968538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图11, caption=旋流角度45°不同负荷下屏式过热器温度云图, figureFileSmall=qwKs9FuCUmWij0yIwYFc6w==, figureFileBig=UODQYX95FG538uvrJl2b4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707907329380575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Vector diagram of the flow field distribution in the lower and upper furnace sections at a swirl angle of 15°, figureFileSmall=qeEf2r+dqOKSCWuhTKyeUw==, figureFileBig=gN81dQTryvqgMJn4jOsvow==, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Average and maximum outlet outer wall temperatures of the superheater at various loads at a 45° swirl angle, figureFileSmall=WbArJj9nNZvJ11RIYMB3ew==, figureFileBig=c1uqZn9X8Xkbtv+me3D5Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707908575088921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图17, caption=旋流角度45°下各负荷过热器平均出口外壁温与最高出口外壁温, figureFileSmall=WbArJj9nNZvJ11RIYMB3ew==, figureFileBig=c1uqZn9X8Xkbtv+me3D5Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707908658975001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Standard deviation of the outlet outer wall temperature for each tube screen at different loads and two swirl angles, figureFileSmall=MoLyXgopcfurKt/IvpfNcQ==, figureFileBig=iomZcPpEWwyI1i65bJwrgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707908772221214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图18, caption=2种旋流角度条件下不同负荷各管屏下出口外壁温标准差, figureFileSmall=MoLyXgopcfurKt/IvpfNcQ==, figureFileBig=iomZcPpEWwyI1i65bJwrgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707908872884513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Standard deviation of the outer wall temperature at the outlet under full load at different swirl angles, figureFileSmall=5b11ea2aSI72r6jpKA1djA==, figureFileBig=Qqhplei4oWyN+AdJPnORuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707908948381991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=图19, caption=满负荷不同旋流角度出口外壁温标准差, figureFileSmall=5b11ea2aSI72r6jpKA1djA==, figureFileBig=Qqhplei4oWyN+AdJPnORuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236707909023879468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main operating data of the boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目30%负荷50%负荷75%负荷100%负荷
总煤流量/(t·h–1)69.12115.20164.67268.42
过量空气系数1.431.241.201.15
总空气流量/( t·h–1)834.961 206.711 669.262 607.60
一次风风率/%21.5621.5622.3623.17
二次风风率/%62.4362.4362.1661.89
SOFA风风率/%16.0116.0115.4815.03
一次风温度/K545570579605
二次风温度/K549576589621
), ArticleFig(id=1236707909120348466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉主要运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目30%负荷50%负荷75%负荷100%负荷
总煤流量/(t·h–1)69.12115.20164.67268.42
过量空气系数1.431.241.201.15
总空气流量/( t·h–1)834.961 206.711 669.262 607.60
一次风风率/%21.5621.5622.3623.17
二次风风率/%62.4362.4362.1661.89
SOFA风风率/%16.0116.0115.4815.03
一次风温度/K545570579605
二次风温度/K549576589621
), ArticleFig(id=1236707909183263032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the feedwater and steam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目30%负荷50%负荷75%负荷100%负荷
主蒸汽质量/( t·h–1)554.39881.261 339.662 150.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa10.1616.3323.8324.30
主蒸汽温度/K882.000838.850844.000841.425
给水压力/MPa13.420.327.528.3
给水温度/K481.15514.42553.00533.70
屏式过热器进口压力/MPa12.417.424.325.4
屏式过热器进口温度/K700700710705
), ArticleFig(id=1236707909283926328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

炉给水和蒸汽参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目30%负荷50%负荷75%负荷100%负荷
主蒸汽质量/( t·h–1)554.39881.261 339.662 150.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa10.1616.3323.8324.30
主蒸汽温度/K882.000838.850844.000841.425
给水压力/MPa13.420.327.528.3
给水温度/K481.15514.42553.00533.70
屏式过热器进口压力/MPa12.417.424.325.4
屏式过热器进口温度/K700700710705
), ArticleFig(id=1236707912660341055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Proximate analysis of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析/%元素分析/%Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)
war(FC)war(V)war(M)war(A)war(C)war(H)war(N)war(O)war(S)
47.4134.737.7019.6658.863.760.568.431.0322.83
), ArticleFig(id=1236707912744227135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697121127199142, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

煤质分析

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工业分析/%元素分析/%Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)
war(FC)war(V)war(M)war(A)war(C)war(H)war(N)war(O)war(S)
47.4134.737.7019.6658.863.760.568.431.0322.83
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旋流锅炉宽负荷运行屏式过热器壁温特性数值模拟研究
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杨渊奥 , 刘润泽 , 方寅 , 雷贤良
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(4): 117-128
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(4): 117-128
旋流锅炉宽负荷运行屏式过热器壁温特性数值模拟研究
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杨渊奥 , 刘润泽, 方寅, 雷贤良
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 杨渊奥(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锅炉及受热面的数值模拟,

通讯作者:

雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体热质输运等,
Numerical simulation on wall temperature characteristics of screen superheater in swirling flow boiler during wide load operation
Yuanao YANG , Runze LIU, Yin FANG, Xianliang LEI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407170
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为掌握快速调峰过程中锅炉受热面内壁温分布特性,在燃烧侧耦合非均匀热流分布,工质侧引入多管束流量-阻抗匹配模型,修正过热器内各管排间阻力与质量流量分配,形成耦合烟气侧非均匀热流与工质侧真实流量的总传热计算模型,实现过热器温度更为准确的预测。将该模型应用于660 MW对冲燃煤锅炉屏式过热器壁温的计算分析,获得了不同负荷、不同旋流角度范围内屏式过热器内壁温变化特性。研究发现,深度调峰过程中,30%负荷下最高管壁温度(868.4 K)高于50%负荷(861.9 K),接近材料最高承受温度,50%负荷下管壁温度高于75%负荷(849.7 K)。同时,旋流角度的变化对烟气非均匀性分布和蒸汽侧工质温度影响较大。当旋流角度为45°时,高温区主要分布于管屏两端;旋流角度为15°时,高温区则集中于中间靠前和中间靠后区域。当旋流角度增加时炉膛烟气场空间不均匀性增加,导致过热器宽度方向温度分布不均匀性增加。研究结果可为快速调峰过程中锅炉的设计与改造提供技术支撑。

过热器模拟  /  质量流量修正  /  烟气-蒸汽耦合  /  煤粉锅炉

To understand the inner wall temperature distribution characteristics of boiler heating surfaces during fast peaking operation, this study incorporates the coupling of non-uniform heat flux distribution on the combustion side with a multi-tube flow-resistance model on the working fluid side. This corrects the resistance and mass flow distribution among the rows of tubes in the superheater, forming a comprehensive heat transfer calculation model that couples the non-uniform heat flux on the flue gas side with the actual flow rate on the working fluid side, allowing for more accurate prediction of superheater temperatures. This model is applied to the calculation and analysis of wall temperature characteristics of a 660 MW counter-flow coal-fired boiler’s screen superheater at various loads and swirl angles. The study reveals that during deep load-following, the highest tube wall temperature at 30% load (868.4 K) exceeds that at 50% load (861.9 K), approaching the maximum temperature the material can withstand. The tube wall temperature at 50% load is higher than that at 75% load (849.7 K). Additionally, changes in swirl angle significantly affect the non-uniform distribution of flue gas and the working fluid temperature on the steam side. When the swirl angle is 45°, the high-temperature zone is primarily distributed at both ends of the tube screen. When the swirl angle is 15°, it concentrates in the middle front and middle rear regions. As the swirl angle increases, spatial heterogeneity of the flue gas field in the furnace enhances, leading to greater temperature non-uniformity across the superheater width. The research results can provide technical support for the design and retrofit of boilers during rapid load-following processes.

superheater simulation  /  mass flow correction  /  flue gas-steam coupling  /  pulverized coal boiler
杨渊奥, 刘润泽, 方寅, 雷贤良. 旋流锅炉宽负荷运行屏式过热器壁温特性数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 117 -128 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407170
Yuanao YANG, Runze LIU, Yin FANG, Xianliang LEI. Numerical simulation on wall temperature characteristics of screen superheater in swirling flow boiler during wide load operation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 117 -128 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407170
“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标下[1],可再生能源的使用比例大幅提升,由于风能和太阳能等可再生能源具有间歇性和波动性特点,大规模并网对电力系统的稳定性带来挑战。火力发电机组将承担调峰和基础负荷供应的任务,机组的安全运行至关重要,特别是高温部件,如屏式过热器、再热器等高温设备,其性能直接影响到整个系统的安全性和可靠性。因此,对过热器壁温的精确预测对于保障机组的安全具有重要意义。
燃煤锅炉受热面的壁温分布与热偏差受烟气侧和工质侧的流动与传热特性共同影响。然而,早期研究中,为简化计算过程,研究者常假设锅炉受热面为均匀壁温[2]、均匀工质温度[3]、均匀热流密度[4],或将受热面简化为多孔介质[5]。这些简化假设忽略了烟气侧非均匀温度分布和工质侧之间的耦合作用,忽略了非均匀热流边界以及不同受热条件下工质在管屏间内的流量分配,对预测结果准确性产生显著影响。
近年来,部分学者尝试精细化建模高温受热面。如Park等人[6]结合三维CFD和一维蒸汽-水动力模型,分析锅炉炉内更为全面的燃烧传热状况。Schuhbauer等人[7]提出了一种耦合分析方法,结合Fluent与APROS开展了锅炉烟气侧与过热器管内蒸汽侧耦合模拟。Yang等人[8]将300 MW超临界CO2锅炉燃烧与流体加热耦合换热过程进行了数值模拟,结合超临界CO2的一维解析模型与烟气燃烧传热的三维CFD模型,但在处理过热器平行管内质量流量时取为恒定值方式进行处理。Qi等人[9]采用三维CFD模拟和一维解析模型相结合的方法研究了某600 MW锅炉过热器管的换热特性,结合管内工质温度和烟气温度分析了过热器管道上不同氧化层厚度下的管壁温度。王涛等[10]将烟气侧与工质侧的流动与传热过程耦合,并对过热器换热特性进行数值分析,获得旋流角度对过热器壁温的影响。采用三维燃烧模型与一维受热面模型耦合的模拟方法可用于受热面超温问题[11-15]预测。
现有方法中多将管屏内各支管的流量取为定值,而由流量分配的基本原理可知,当不同平行管道内受热状况存在较大差异时,各支管内流量将呈非均匀分配,工质侧流量的差异将对壁温分布的预测带来较大影响。因而本研究针对并联多管内的流量分配进行细致建模,提出阻抗-流量的并联管束流量修正方法,根据各管受热状况匹配管道内的流量大小,得出更为真实的过热器壁温分布,提升过热器温度的预测精度。
本研究结合燃烧侧的非均匀热流分布特征,在工质侧引入多管束流量-阻抗匹配模型,建立耦合烟气侧非均匀热流与工质侧真实流量的总传热计算模型,将该模型计算分析660 MW对冲燃煤锅炉屏式过热器壁温特性,对比验证了本模型计算的过热器温度与实测结果;开展了对冲燃煤锅炉在不同旋流角度、宽负荷范围内锅炉燃烧模拟[16-18],将得到的三维非均匀烟气流场与温场分布施加至过热器表面,计算过热器各支管内过热蒸汽温度、压降等参数,依据阻抗与流量的匹配关系校正过热器内各支管内的蒸汽流量,并重新耦合烟温、烟气流量等参数迭代更新管屏内烟气侧参数,多次修正过热器壁温,实现更加准确的壁温预测。研究成果对于燃煤机组灵活性建设和运行策略提供具有重要意义。
过热器是由多管束组成的屏式结构,为简化计算,常将屏式过热器按一体结构处理并将烟气侧的热流密度取为常数。该处理方法无法反映过热器烟气侧热流密度沿管屏宽度方向的非均匀分布特征。
为获得管屏宽度方向合理的非均匀分布规律,本研究对整个三维锅炉进行建模,获得实际构型下炉膛与烟道内烟气非均匀流场与温场,得到锅炉炉膛内燃烧充分后的烟气分布参数。在此基础上,求解过热器表面对流换热系数以及辐射换热系数,得出烟气侧的总热流密度。
烟气侧过热蒸汽侧间热传递及计算区域划分示意如图1所示。通过耦合求解屏式过热器内蒸汽温度场和流动特性,分析过热器内蒸汽参数分布,得到蒸汽的吸热特性分布及过热器外壁的温度分布。通过优化炉膛内部烟气的温度、速度等热力参数,利用调整后的烟气参数对过热器内的蒸汽热力参数进行更新计算,完成炉膛烟气与过热器耦合分析。通过对炉膛内烟气场和过热器内蒸汽场进行多轮迭代优化,可更准确地预测过热器蒸汽温度及外壁温度。
过热器管束沿宽度方向计算区域较多,因而取单个计算区域沿着流体流动方向先划分为多个计算管段,每段计算管段长度为0.1 m。为保证数据顺利传递,单个管束计算区域均沿流动方向的入口处逐段计算。计算过程中,上一计算段蒸汽的出口温度将赋值给下一计算段蒸汽的入口温度(图1)。
各管段计算过程中,蒸汽的入口温度以及附近烟气的温度、流速、密度、黏性系数、比热容及导热系数等参数均已知,可计算得出烟气侧的雷诺数和普朗特数,并据此确定烟气侧的对流传热系数hy,结合烟气侧的温度变化量和热量吸收比,可得出烟气侧的辐射传热系数ha,继而得到总表面换热系数。
鉴于每个计算段的长度相对于整体管道长度较小,每个计算段内蒸汽进出口的温差相对较小。对单个计算区域段进行计算时,将蒸汽入口温度视为该段内的节点温度。在此假设下,计算出蒸汽对应的密度、比热容、导热系数及黏性系数,进一步得出蒸汽侧雷诺数和普朗特数,以及蒸汽侧的对流传热系数hf、以管外侧为基准的传热系数k[19-21]
hy=0.268Rey0.63Pry0.36λyD
ha=εσ(Ty+TW)(Ty2+TW2)
hf=0.023Ref0.8Prf0.4λfd
k=11hy+ha+D2λlnDd+1hfDd+R
根据式(5)、式(6)可计算管内流动阻力FW为:
Fw=ξdρu|u|2
ξ=14(log3.7dRa)2
式中:Ref为蒸汽的雷诺数;Prf为蒸汽的普朗特数;λf为蒸汽的导热系数;Rey为烟气的雷诺数;Pry为烟气的普朗特数;λy为烟气的导热系数;D为过热器管道外径;d为过热器管道内径;λ为管道材料对应的导热系数;R为管道氧化层外阻;ε为吸收比,本研究中取0.7;σ为黑体辐射常数;x为摩擦系数;Ra为粗糙度,取0.006 mm;u为蒸汽速度。
获得总传热系数后,通过烟气与管内蒸汽的温度差计算出计算区域的总传热量,得出该段计算区域蒸汽出口温度以及管外壁温为[10]
tf,out=tf,in+kAout(tytf,in)qmcp,f
tW=tyk(tytf,in)hf+λ/δ
式中:t为蒸汽出口温度;tf,in为蒸汽入口温度;Aout为烟气侧热交换面积;ty为烟气温度;qm为蒸汽质量流量;cp,f为蒸汽定压比热容;tW为管外壁温;δ为管壁厚度。
传统分析方法中,为简化计算过程,过热器各支管内的蒸汽流量常假设为恒定值。然而,实际运行条件下,由于烟气的温度、流速等参数空间分布不均匀,过热器各管道内受热状况存在显著差异,导致各管道实际流量偏离均匀分配状态。在非均匀烟气热流的作用下,并联支管中的阻力将发生改变。本研究基于过热器单一计算域内获得的温度场和阻力损失,计算分析各管束内压降特性,修正管束内流量大小,进而迭代更新管壁面温度分布[22]
具体方法如下:首先根据屏式过热器总质量流量计算出每组管束内平均流量,初始状态时假设各管束内流量相等;然后计算出各管束内的压降及其平均压降,计算两者的偏差,进而采用式(9)反向修正各管道内流量;最后采用修正前后的相对偏差比,评估是否需要多次修正,若该偏差比大于0.1%,则需多次迭代修正该值至小于0.1%。第k次修正管屏示意如图2所示。
根据压降与流量的二次方成正比,得到修正质量流量公式为:
Gm1,i=Gm0,i×p¯pi
式中:Gm1,i为第i根管道修正后的蒸汽质量流量;Gm0,i为第i根管道修正前蒸汽质量流量;p¯为所有管道平均压降;pi为第i根管道压降。
修正过程中需保证过热器内总质量流量不变,因而需采用下式进行维持:
Gm2,i=Gm1,i×Gm1,allGqm,all
式中:Gm2,i为第i根管道第N+1次修正后的蒸汽质量流量;Gm1,all为所有管道经过第N次修正后的蒸汽总质量流量;Gqm,all为对应负荷下的蒸汽总质量流量。
锅炉烟气侧-工质侧传热与阻力耦合计算过程中,常通过在换热区域施加源项的方法来求解烟气侧与工质侧间的热质交换。耦合过程的流程如图3所示,具体步骤如下。
1)确立炉膛燃烧的模型,采用用户自定义函数(user defined function,UDF)定义指定区域内水冷壁热流密度,迭代燃烧模拟直至收敛。
2)基于燃烧模拟结果,提取烟气的流动与传热信息计算过热器内过热蒸汽的温度场和压力场。依据过热器各管束内压降确定各管束内流量。当修正前后各管束内压降的相对偏差比低于0.1%时,流量修正停止,求得该条件下过热器内温度分布和热源大小。
3)在求解器中通过源项UDF在过热器的简化固体域内施加热源,对过热器固体域重新赋值,实现炉膛燃烧与过热器的耦合。
4)迭代执行步骤2和步骤3,直至整体模拟收敛。
在本研究中,过热器的中间结果储存在用户自定义内存(UDMI)中,便于随时存储更新与调用。
为验证上述预测模型的准确性,将该模型应用于660 MW对冲燃煤锅炉屏式过热器壁温特性的计算分析。选取某660 MW DG2150/25.4-Ⅱ6型前后墙对冲锅炉作为研究对象。
锅炉炉膛的几何尺寸为22.16 m(宽度)×15.46 m(深度)×62.00 m(高度)。炉膛前后墙均匀对称地布置燃烧器、燃尽风喷口以及侧燃尽风口,每个墙面平均分布3层燃烧器,每层设有6个旋流燃烧器,总共36个;燃尽风喷口设置在燃烧器之上,共12个;侧燃尽风口则安置在燃烧器与燃尽风喷口之间,共计4个。锅炉炉膛的结构设计如图4所示。
锅炉主要运行参数见表1,锅炉的给水与蒸汽特性的数据见表2,炉膛的煤质分析见表3
过热器布置在锅炉炉膛的折焰区上方,由30个管屏组成。为方便数值分析,每个管屏进一步细分为包含5根并联支管连接的计算单元,整个屏式过热器划分为4个独立计算区域。在设计上,过热器管采用统一规格,内径设定为0.35 m,外径设定为0.5 m。
对锅炉进行非结构性网格划分,设置炉膛烟气域网格大小为0.6 m;对临近燃烧器区域的网格大小调整为0.3 m;为便于后续烟气参数的提取,过热器区域采用正六面体网格,网格大小为0.1 m[23-24]。炉膛与过热器区域网格划分结果如图5所示。
为实现锅炉炉膛内燃烧过程模拟,采用的流体力学模型及其对应的参数如下。
1)湍流模型选择带旋流修正的Realizable k-ε模型,以更好地捕捉炉膛内湍流的旋流特性。该模型在考虑旋流效应的基础上,通过求解kε2个方程,能够较准确地预测湍流运动的各项统计特性。
2)燃烧模型采用非预混模型中pdf模型,该模型假设燃料和氧气在燃烧区域内部分混合,而非完全混合。通过求解火焰中心温度、燃料质量分数等方程,可有效地模拟燃料的燃烧过程,同时可考虑燃烧区域内温度和浓度分布的非均匀性。
3)辐射传热模型采用P1模型。P1模型是一种简化的辐射传热模型,通过求解辐射通量方程,可较为准确地描述辐射传热过程。虽然P1模型相对更复杂的辐射模型精度有所降低,但在保证计算效率的同时,也能较好地捕捉辐射传热的主要特征。
合理设置上述模型可较为准确地捕捉到锅炉炉膛内湍流、多组分燃烧过程和辐射传热。为确保压力场与速度场间的有效耦合,选用Coupled算法进行压力-速度耦合计算。在空间离散化方程的求解策略上,初始采用一阶精度方案获得稳定的数值解。当计算残差达到稳态时,提升至高阶精度方案,优化解的精度[25-28]
针对实际运行条件下(旋流角度45°、满负荷)屏式过热器的壁温分布特性[14]展开了分析与对比。同时,对比分析了流量为恒定值与流量-阻抗变化2种不同模型的计算结果,过热器管道的压降特性和蒸汽出口温度特性如图6图7所示。
图6的结果显示:数值模拟得到的屏式过热器各管屏蒸汽出口温度分布与实测结果吻合良好,其中数值模拟结果与实测结果的最大温差为19.92 K,相对误差为2.46%;计算的平均温度与实测数据的平均值间的偏差为2.08 K,相对误差仅为0.26%。对比结果表明,本文提出的耦合计算模型在预测屏式过热器的壁温特性方面具有更好的准确性。
图7的对比分析表明:流量为定值时,管道间压降偏差被忽略,管间相对压降平均偏差达到2.18%,最大偏差则为5.64%;而采用本文提出的压降与流量匹配模型后,计算的平均压降偏差低于0.07%,最大压降偏差亦降至0.189%。
同时可以发现,采用2种不同模型时蒸汽出口温度也存在明显变化。采用定流量模型,蒸汽出口的最高温度为821.34 K,最低温度为779.50 K;而采用压降与流量匹配模型,最高和最低出口温度分别为828.16、776.59 K,温差变大。这是因为非均匀热流作用时,受热较弱的管道中蒸汽温度较低,蒸汽平均密度较高,流速偏慢,同一流量时对应的压降较小。在相同压降下,管内流量增大,传热系数较高,抑制了蒸汽温度上升。而受热较强的管道,蒸汽温度较高,流量较小,工质温度提高较多,加剧了管道间壁温偏差。显然,考虑流量重新分配后,蒸汽出口温度与实测值吻合程度更优。
为全面了解过热器在不同负荷条件下的壁温变化规律,分别对旋流角度为15°和45°不同负荷下锅炉及过热器的运行情况进行了数值分析,得到不同负荷下过热器内壁温分布结果。图8图9分别为旋流角度为15°和45°、30%负荷到100%负荷时炉膛内截面温度云图。
图10图11分别为旋流角度15°和45°、30%负荷到100%负荷时屏式过热器温度云图。
比较炉膛截面温度分布与屏式过热器的温度分布,发现过热器的温度分布与炉膛内烟气的温度分布密切相关,烟气温度场的非均匀分布是过热器温度分布显著差异的重要原因。
随着燃烧的进行,更高的给煤量和燃烧空气注入,炉膛下部气体温度迅速升高,在SOFA风口附近达到最高温度。旋流燃烧器的旋流二次风在下部炉膛产生显著的流动不均匀性,导致上部炉膛的烟气温度分布与流速分布极其不均匀,即上部炉膛的烟气热流密度分布极其不均匀,造成过热器壁温分布不均匀。旋流角度15°、45°的下部炉膛与上部炉膛的截面流场分布如图12图13所示,其中流速比为该截面各处速度标量与该截面最大速度的比值。
旋流角度15°、45°时不同负荷下各管屏第12排管道的蒸汽出口外壁温如图14图15所示。
通过对比不同旋流角度下各负荷过热器外壁温,发现炉膛内的烟气温度分布与旋流角度有关,相同旋流角度下不同负荷的温度分布具有一定的相似性[29],不同旋流角度下烟气场流速和温度分布差异较大导致各负荷过热器外壁温分布差异较大。旋流角度15°下,过热器的高温区主要位于管屏两端,要特别注意管屏编号4—8与26—28的管屏壁温,此外负荷变化会对烟气场产生一定波动,在满负荷下要注意管屏编号16—18的管屏壁温;45°旋流角度下,高温区主要集中于中间靠前和中间靠后的管屏区,要特别注意管屏编号6—8与20—24的管屏壁温。
比较2种旋流角下过热器壁温分布,发现不同旋流角度下随着负荷的变化过热器壁温分布存在相似的变化规律,2种旋流角度下不同负荷下过热器平均出口外壁温及最高出口外壁温如图16图17所示。
2种旋流角度条件下,通过对比不同负荷下的最高出口外壁温和平均出口外壁温,发现壁温均呈现先下降后上升的趋势。在旋流角度45°下,满负荷运行时过热器最高壁温(874.8 K)最高,与30%负荷时的过热器最高壁温(868.4 K)较为接近,30%负荷的过热器最高壁温高于50%负荷下的最高壁温(861.9 K),50%负荷时的过热器最高壁温高于75%负荷下的最高壁温(849.7 K)。相对于75%负荷,50%负荷下蒸汽出口温度相对较高,质量流量较小,流速减缓,减弱了蒸汽侧的冷却效果,造成了50%负荷下管壁的最高温度高于75%负荷状态。同理,由于30%负荷时蒸汽侧对管壁冷却效果较弱,造成了30%负荷下管壁的最高温度高于50%负荷状态。因此,在低负荷时需特别关注过热器的管壁温度。
2种旋流角度条件下不同负荷各管屏下出口外壁温标准差图如图18所示,满负荷下不同旋流角度(15°、30°、45°、60°)出口外壁温标准差如图19所示。
通过对比不同负荷下各管屏出口外壁温标准差,发现旋流角度为45°时的各管屏出口外壁温标准差明显大于旋流角度为15°。通过对比满负荷下不同旋流角度出口外壁温标准差,发现旋流角度越小出口外壁温标准差越小。这是因为随着旋流角度的增加,烟气场空间不均匀性增加造成过热器宽度方向温度分布不均匀性较大,故在大旋流角度下易造成由于过热器宽度方向温度分布不均引发的过热器热疲劳现象。旋流角度为45°时,由于烟气场空间不均匀性较大,随着负荷的增加烟气场的温度会进一步增加,烟气侧热流密度空间不均匀性会进一步被放大,造成各管屏出口外壁温标准差随负荷增加呈现增加的趋势;旋流角为15°时,由于烟气场空间不均匀性较小,随着负荷的变化烟气场会发生波动,波动对烟气场整体的均匀性影响较大,故当旋流角度较小时,各管屏下出口外壁温标准差较小且无明显变化趋势。
针对快速调峰过程中锅炉过热器内壁温分布特性,本研究结合燃烧侧的非均匀热流分布,工质侧引入多管束流量-阻抗匹配模型,建立了耦合烟气侧非均匀热流与工质侧真实流量的总传热计算模型。该模型应用于660 MW对冲燃煤锅炉,研究了不同旋流角度、宽负荷(30%负荷到100%负荷)下过热器壁温特性,主要结论如下。
1)本文提出的耦合方法对过热器内温度进行了模拟计算,过热器出口蒸汽温度的计算结果与实际测量值吻合更好,误差0.26%,远低于定流量模型,能更精确地模拟出因烟气温度场不均导致的过热器壁温差异。与实际对比验证了模型的准确性,针对锅炉中过热器宽度方向温度分布不均匀的问题,常通过安装过热器出口节流孔圈解决。研究中引入的多管束流量-阻抗匹配模型,可为过热器出口节流孔圈节流系数的选择提供参考。
2)不同负荷条件下壁温差异显著。满负荷条件下,过热器管壁温度最高(874.8 K),30%负荷时,由于蒸汽侧的吸热能力下降,30%负荷下过热器管壁的最高温度(868.4 K)超过了50%负荷条件下的最高温度(861.9 K)。因此,相对50%负荷,在30%负荷下过热器发生超温的风险更大,在低负荷时发生超温的风险增加。
3)旋流角度改变时,由于烟气侧高温区域分布特点变化,过热器高温区域分布发生偏移。旋流角度45°时,过热器的高温区域主要集中在管屏两端;旋流角度15°时,高温区域主要分布在管屏的中间偏前区域和中间偏后区域。旋流角度越大,炉膛烟气场空间不均匀性越大,造成过热器宽度方向温度分布不均匀性较大,更易引发过热器热疲劳现象。故在保证安全运行的前提下,应尽量选择小旋流角度。
4)大旋流角度下烟气场空间不均匀性较大,随着负荷增加,烟气场温度与过热器之间的温差加大,造成炉膛热流密度空间不均匀性变大导致过热器管壁温差的升高,不利于系统的安全运行;小旋流角度时烟气场空间不均匀性较小,随着负荷的变化烟气场会发生波动,烟气场产生的波动对流场整体空间均匀性影响较大,各管屏下出口外壁温标准差较小且无明显变化趋势。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100500)
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2025年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407170
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100500)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100500)
作者信息
    西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体热质输运等,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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