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Article(id=1236697119919231929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781170109, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781170109, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781170109, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781170109, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236697118983909778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='185', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781169887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781423241, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236698181698900008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236697118983909778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236697120237999035, articleId=1236697119919231929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental study on micro-mixing combustion technology of hydrogen-doped gas, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of flashback and high NOx emissions in hydrogen-enriched gas combustion, a swirl-stabilized burner was designed using mild premixed combustion technology, and a feasibility study was conducted for its application in industrial boilers. Using a combination of experimental and numerical simulation methods, the study explored the equivalence ratio adjustment range of the mild premixed burner and the influence of hydrogen blending ratio on flame shape and pollutant emission characteristics. The experimental results showed that the mild premixed burner can achieve a wide hydrogen blending heat ratio adjustment range of 0~100%. The addition of hydrogen promoted a more uniform flame distribution, and the flame height decreased with the increasing hydrogen blending ratio. Additionally, the NOx mass concentration experienced a rapid increase (for hydrogen blending ratios less than 30%) followed by fluctuations around 60 mg/m3. As the hydrogen blending ratio increased, the critical equivalence ratio for local flashback decreased, narrowing the stable combustion range between the blowout limit and the partial flashback limit. The widest equivalence ratio stable combustion range was achieved at a hydrogen blending ratio of 40%, which was 0.54~1.06.

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为了改善掺氢燃气回火和NOx排放量高的问题，对微预混燃烧技术设计了一款旋切燃烧器，并开展工业锅炉应用的可行性研究。使用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法探索了微预混燃烧器的当量比调节范围以及掺氢比等对火焰形态及污染物排放特性的影响规律。实验结果表明，微预混燃烧器可实现0~100%宽掺氢热值比调节，氢气的加入有利于火焰分布更加均匀，火焰高度随掺氢比的增大而降低，并且NOx质量浓度经历急剧增加（掺氢比小于30%）而后在60 mg/m3附近波动的过程。随着掺氢比的增大，火焰局部回火的临界当量比减小，使得吹熄极限和部分回火极限之间的稳燃范围变窄，掺氢比为40%时，当量比稳燃范围最宽，为0.54~1.06。

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卓建坤（1975），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为氢氨燃烧及多能互补等，。
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张晓倩（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为富氢燃烧等，。

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张晓倩（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为富氢燃烧等，。

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张晓倩（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为富氢燃烧等，。

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ArticleFig(id=1236707915608936823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697119919231929, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of combustion conditions between gas turbines and industrial boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较对象燃烧器压力/MPa燃烧器能量密度/(kW·m-2)烟气氧体积分数/%空气进气温度/K
燃气轮机0.1~3.03.9~6.512~16560
工业锅炉0.10.6~1.42~6298~600
), ArticleFig(id=1236707915713794425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697119919231929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃气轮机与工业锅炉燃烧工况对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较对象燃烧器压力/MPa燃烧器能量密度/(kW·m-2)烟气氧体积分数/%空气进气温度/K
燃气轮机0.1~3.03.9~6.512~16560
工业锅炉0.10.6~1.42~6298~600
), ArticleFig(id=1236707915789291900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697119919231929, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the measuring instruments

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设备名称厂家型号精度量程
烟气分析仪德图330-2±1%0~3 000×10–6
质量流量控制器ALICAT2.0±1%150 m3/h
旋进漩涡流量计安徽天维LUXZ-050/A/1/2/1/0/1±1%130 m3/h
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测量仪表参数

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设备名称厂家型号精度量程
烟气分析仪德图330-2±1%0~3 000×10–6
质量流量控制器ALICAT2.0±1%150 m3/h
旋进漩涡流量计安徽天维LUXZ-050/A/1/2/1/0/1±1%130 m3/h
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Experimental conditions for hydrogen blending ratio

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工况甲烷流量QCH4/(m3·h–1)氢气流量QH2/(m3·h–1)掺氢比EH2/%空气流量Qair/(m3·h–1)功率P/kW
11.960.701028.5320
21.751.412027.9720
31.532.113027.4120
41.312.824026.8520
51.093.525026.2920
60.874.236025.7320
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掺氢比实验工况

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工况甲烷流量QCH4/(m3·h–1)氢气流量QH2/(m3·h–1)掺氢比EH2/%空气流量Qair/(m3·h–1)功率P/kW
11.960.701028.5320
21.751.412027.9720
31.532.113027.4120
41.312.824026.8520
51.093.525026.2920
60.874.236025.7320
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Experimental conditions for equivalence ratio

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工况甲烷流量QCH4/ (m3·h–1)氢气流量QH2/ (m3·h–1)掺氢比EH2/%空气流量Qair/(m3·h–1)功率P/kW
11.312.824018.0320
21.312.824019.3720
31.312.824023.0120
41.312.824029.5320
51.312.824035.4820
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当量比实验工况

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工况甲烷流量QCH4/ (m3·h–1)氢气流量QH2/ (m3·h–1)掺氢比EH2/%空气流量Qair/(m3·h–1)功率P/kW
11.312.824018.0320
21.312.824019.3720
31.312.824023.0120
41.312.824029.5320
51.312.824035.4820
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Verification of CFD results

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工况NOx测量值FGM模型EDC模型
114.5015.3742.41
224.8025.1837.96
354.7058.0262.73
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数值模拟结果验证

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工况NOx测量值FGM模型EDC模型
114.5015.3742.41
224.8025.1837.96
354.7058.0262.73
), ArticleFig(id=1236707916644929949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697119919231929, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Uniformity of fuel and air blending in each nozzle

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喷管序号掺氢比
10%40%60%80%90%100%
10.3660.5750.6240.7710.8010.893
20.3540.5020.6610.7450.8550.930
30.3550.5670.6300.7800.8360.951
40.3580.5450.6480.7690.8490.964
50.3820.5510.6550.7650.8400.960
60.3710.5090.6430.7520.8620.957
70.3660.5090.6430.7440.8550.947
80.3670.5610.6520.7600.8610.985
90.2570.5240.6290.7200.7330.831
100.3560.4310.6260.7230.8400.931
110.2580.5440.6250.7210.8350.834
120.3720.5000.5280.6230.7020.933
130.3600.5710.6230.7010.7300.944
140.3690.5480.6400.7460.8530.950
150.3700.5200.6370.7450.8400.946
160.3620.5700.6570.7710.8570.977
170.3600.5680.6500.6680.7500.972
180.2630.5460.6250.7230.7360.833
), ArticleFig(id=1236707916737204642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236697119919231929, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各喷嘴燃料和空气掺混均匀性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷管序号掺氢比
10%40%60%80%90%100%
10.3660.5750.6240.7710.8010.893
20.3540.5020.6610.7450.8550.930
30.3550.5670.6300.7800.8360.951
40.3580.5450.6480.7690.8490.964
50.3820.5510.6550.7650.8400.960
60.3710.5090.6430.7520.8620.957
70.3660.5090.6430.7440.8550.947
80.3670.5610.6520.7600.8610.985
90.2570.5240.6290.7200.7330.831
100.3560.4310.6260.7230.8400.931
110.2580.5440.6250.7210.8350.834
120.3720.5000.5280.6230.7020.933
130.3600.5710.6230.7010.7300.944
140.3690.5480.6400.7460.8530.950
150.3700.5200.6370.7450.8400.946
160.3620.5700.6570.7710.8570.977
170.3600.5680.6500.6680.7500.972
180.2630.5460.6250.7230.7360.833
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掺氢燃气微混燃烧技术实验研究
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张晓倩 1 , 卓建坤 2 , 唐勇 3 , 陈柏松 2 , 陈湘男 3 , 姚强 1, 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025,54(4): 24-32
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2025, 54(4): 24-32
掺氢燃气微混燃烧技术实验研究
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张晓倩1 , 卓建坤2 , 唐勇3, 陈柏松2, 陈湘男3, 姚强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学电气工程学院，新疆　乌鲁木齐　830046
  • 2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室，北京　100084
  • 3.北京理工大学宇航学院，北京　100008

    • 张晓倩（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为富氢燃烧等，。

通讯作者:

卓建坤（1975），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为氢氨燃烧及多能互补等，。
Experimental study on micro-mixing combustion technology of hydrogen-doped gas
Xiaoqian ZHANG1 , Jiankun ZHUO2 , Yong TANG3, Baisong CHEN2, Xiangnan CHEN3, Qiang YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.The College of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100008, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406159
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摘要
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为了改善掺氢燃气回火和NOx排放量高的问题，对微预混燃烧技术设计了一款旋切燃烧器，并开展工业锅炉应用的可行性研究。使用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法探索了微预混燃烧器的当量比调节范围以及掺氢比等对火焰形态及污染物排放特性的影响规律。实验结果表明，微预混燃烧器可实现0~100%宽掺氢热值比调节，氢气的加入有利于火焰分布更加均匀，火焰高度随掺氢比的增大而降低，并且NOx质量浓度经历急剧增加（掺氢比小于30%）而后在60 mg/m3附近波动的过程。随着掺氢比的增大，火焰局部回火的临界当量比减小，使得吹熄极限和部分回火极限之间的稳燃范围变窄，掺氢比为40%时，当量比稳燃范围最宽，为0.54~1.06。

掺氢燃气  /  微混燃烧  /  火焰结构  /  NOx排放

To address the issues of flashback and high NOx emissions in hydrogen-enriched gas combustion, a swirl-stabilized burner was designed using mild premixed combustion technology, and a feasibility study was conducted for its application in industrial boilers. Using a combination of experimental and numerical simulation methods, the study explored the equivalence ratio adjustment range of the mild premixed burner and the influence of hydrogen blending ratio on flame shape and pollutant emission characteristics. The experimental results showed that the mild premixed burner can achieve a wide hydrogen blending heat ratio adjustment range of 0~100%. The addition of hydrogen promoted a more uniform flame distribution, and the flame height decreased with the increasing hydrogen blending ratio. Additionally, the NOx mass concentration experienced a rapid increase (for hydrogen blending ratios less than 30%) followed by fluctuations around 60 mg/m3. As the hydrogen blending ratio increased, the critical equivalence ratio for local flashback decreased, narrowing the stable combustion range between the blowout limit and the partial flashback limit. The widest equivalence ratio stable combustion range was achieved at a hydrogen blending ratio of 40%, which was 0.54~1.06.

hydrogen mixed gas  /  micro-mixed combustion  /  flame structure  /  NOx emissions
张晓倩, 卓建坤, 唐勇, 陈柏松, 陈湘男, 姚强. 掺氢燃气微混燃烧技术实验研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (4) : 24 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406159
Xiaoqian ZHANG, Jiankun ZHUO, Yong TANG, Baisong CHEN, Xiangnan CHEN, Qiang YAO. Experimental study on micro-mixing combustion technology of hydrogen-doped gas[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (4) : 24 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406159
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2020年9月，中国首次正式提出将争取于2030年前达到碳排放峰值，于2060年前实现碳中和[1]。鉴于燃烧在热能利用中的占比较高，因此热力发电面临着碳减排的迫切需求。利用可再生能源，如风、光制氢，并在现有天然气中进行掺烧，是实现碳达峰碳中和的有效路径之一，该方法可减少进口能源依赖，实现低碳、安全的可持续能源供给。然而，氢气（H2）和天然气（CH4）的物理化学性质存在差异，掺氢天然气的燃料特性随着掺氢比的变化而变化[2]，由于氢气的层流燃烧速度是天然气的7倍[3]，因此现有天然气燃烧器直接掺氢燃烧时将面临回火、氮氧化物（NOx）排放高等问题[4]。
NASA[5]对微混燃烧器结构设计进行优化，测试表明，毫米级的喷嘴可以显著提高混合效率和燃烧稳定性，减少回火风险。GE公司[6]设计的微混燃烧器优化了燃料与空气的混合过程，成功解决了回火问题。Baolu Shi[7-8]对燃用甲烷/氧的旋切燃烧器进行实验，发现质量当量比在0.21~1.00之间可以得到稳定的管状火焰。在燃气轮机的相关研究中，微混燃烧技术可以克服混合燃料燃烧特性差异大而导致回火、烧蚀等问题。然而，工业锅炉与燃气轮机的燃烧条件不同，如表1所示，燃烧压力、空燃比等均存在较大差异，需要探索该技术在工业锅炉燃烧条件下的燃烧和排放特性。
Lopez等人[9-10]初步探索了家用以及工业锅炉氢气微扩散燃烧技术的可行性，发现用于工业锅炉中的微扩散火焰特性得以保持，然而，掺氢热值比低于60%时无法维持稳定燃烧，纯氢燃烧时NOx排放（标准状况下，O2体积分数15%）体积分数为4%~14%，无法达到工业锅炉的30 mg/m3（标准状态下，O2体积分数3.5%）的要求。此外，工业锅炉应用场景多变，需要灵活掺混，同时NOx需满足严苛的排放要求。因此，本文首先设计了一款微预混燃烧器，在此基础上搭建了微混燃烧实验平台，并通过实验和数值模拟分析其在工业领域中应用可行性，以实现高比例掺氢燃气的低氮排放燃烧。
1　微预混燃烧技术
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微预混燃烧基于小型多喷嘴的射流横流原理，其混合喷嘴由多个直径为毫米级平行排列的直管组成，空气进入喷嘴后分流至各个管道，如图1所示[11]，燃料以横向射流的方式通过小孔进入管道与空气预混。这种在混合通道结构尺寸小于10 mm内的燃烧方式，称为微混燃烧。
通过微型喷管，火焰被分为多个小型火焰，代替了传统大空间尺度的混合，减少高温体积，从而减少NOx的形成[5]。此外，反应物之间的快速混合减少了NOx生成前驱体在高温区域的停留时间，这也减少了整体NOx的形成[12]。在产生相同热量的情况下，氢预混燃烧的NOx生成可降低为航空煤油的5%[13]，对于火焰传播速度较快的富氢燃料，该燃烧方式成为实现低氮排放的可能选择之一。
微混燃烧技术与其他低氮燃烧技术对比的实验数据如图2所示。
图2中，DLN为低氮燃烧技术，工作压力1.0 MPa/ 1.7 MPa，掺氢比90%~100%；RQL为富燃-淬熄-贫燃技术，工作压力1 MPa/1.7 MPa，掺氢比90%~100%；MMC为微混燃烧技术，工作压力0.1 MPa，100%掺氢比；EGR为烟气再循环技术，工作压力3.04 MPa，再循环率R为26.6%，100%甲烷；EGR工作压力为0.37 MPa，R为35%，100%甲烷。
由图2可见，在温度达到2 000 K的条件下，微混燃烧技术成功将NOx排放量控制在10–6（标准状况下，O2体积分数15%，下同）以内，展现了该技术在减少NOx排放方面的优势，可将该技术拓展到工业锅炉应用中。
2　微混燃烧实验系统及实验方法
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2.1　实验及测试装置
图3为微混燃烧实验系统示意。由图3可见，微混燃烧系统由风量控制、燃料控制、点火控制、火检控制、烟气测量等部分构成，其中燃烧室配有3个可采用光学观测的玻璃，用于观测燃烧情况和火焰结构。
天然气通过管道输送，在整个过程中，维持压力在0.02 MPa以内，确保燃料供应稳定高效。氢气由高压气瓶稳定供给，其纯度为99.9%。在实验中将气瓶出口压力调整至0.2 MPa以内。氢气管道上装配了单向阀和阻火器，以确保实验的安全性。通过在燃烧室出口侧壁上设置开口，从而实现烟气的采集与分析。
利用Testo 330烟气分析仪对NOx和CO进行检测。组分含量换算公式为：
ρ=ρ'×21−φ(O2)21−φ'(O2)
式中：ρ为气体污染物折算到基准氧体积分数下质量浓度，mg/m3；ρ'为实验测得的气体污染物质量浓度，mg/m3；φ(O2)为基准氧体积分数，%，取值为3.5；φ' (O2)为实验测得的氧体积分数，%。
质量流量控制器的量程为0~150 m3/h的标准流量。进气系统选用旋进旋涡流量计，其上限为标准流量130 m3/h，准确度为±1%F.S.。测试设备详细参数见表2。
本文基于Baolu Shi[7-9]等所提出的旋切火焰快速混合特点，开发了一种多喷嘴旋切微混燃烧器（图4）。该燃烧器共有18个喷嘴，其中单个喷嘴内径为8 mm，长度为65 mm；内外圈喷嘴分布呈同心圆分布，2圈喷嘴之间的轴向间距为18 mm。每个喷嘴的侧壁面具有4个对称的径向燃料入口，入口内径1 mm。掺氢燃气在微通道内形成旋流，实现与空气的快速混合。此外，在喷嘴的出口设有对称的凹槽，以形成稳燃齿，实现燃料的适应性和灵活性运行。
2.2　实验工况
实验研究质量当量比、掺氢热值比对污染物排放特性的影响。掺氢比定义为掺氢热值比，计算公式为：
EH2=QH2⋅AH23600⋅P
式中：EH2为标准工况下掺混氢气的热值比，%；QH2为标准工况下氢气的体积流量，m3/h；AH2为氢气的低位热值，取值为10.22 MJ/m3；P为燃烧器的输入热功率，MW。
当量比Φ[18]定义为：
Φ=(A/F)stoicA/F=F/A(F/A)stoic
式中：F/A表示实际上的燃料与空气的质量比；(F/A)stoic表示理论上的燃料与空气的质量比。
在固定当量比为0.7的实验条件下，设计了10%~60%掺氢比下的工况，以及固定掺氢比40%时，当量比为0.54、0.65、0.83、0.99和1.06的工况，如表3—表4所示。
2.3　数值模拟方法
选定从气体入口到燃烧室出口之间的区域为计算域。使用ANSYS MESHING对实验中所用的模型燃烧室及燃烧器进行网格划分，采用非结构化多面体网格进行数值计算。
判定数值计算是否可靠的重要标准之一即是否满足网格无关性要求[19]。对燃烧器出口区域进行加密，采用网格数量分别为1 196 887、2 421 593、4 784 182和5 633 180的网格对同一工况进行冷态模拟，发现网格数最大的最后2种网格之间的误差小于0.8%，因此后续数值模拟中选用4 784 182网格系统。
湍流模型SST k-ω模型可以独立于k-ε模型，在近壁面自由流中有广泛的应用范围和精度，因此更适用于求解微混燃烧问题。模拟采用SST k-ω模型对流场进行计算，FGM（flamelet generated manifold）是一种工业标准方法，用于减少与直接求解反应动力学相关的计算成本。在许多燃烧过程中，化学反应的时间尺度远快于实际的流动时间尺度，FGM模型可以解耦快速的化学过程，降低计算成本[20]。其他学者[9,21]在对微混燃烧进行数值模拟计算时，采用该模型取得了较好的模拟结果。Lopez-Ruiz[9]采用FGM燃烧模型研究了纯氢微混燃烧器结构对NOx生成和火焰稳定性的影响，结果表明，不同当量比下燃烧室内温度分布以及NOx生成与实验具有较好的一致性。陈昊[21]以60%H2+40%CH4富氢燃料为基础，采用FGM燃烧模型研究了微混燃烧器的燃烧特性，模拟的速度场和NOx排放与实验结果基本一致。
使用通用有限速率模型和FGM燃烧模型对同一工况进行数值模拟，工况1：功率50 kW,掺氢比0，当量比0.8。工况2：功率50 kW，掺氢比90%，当量比0.42；工况3：功率20 kW，掺氢比40%，当量比0.7。将模拟结果与实验测量值进行对比，结果见表5。FGM模型的数值模拟与实验数据相对误差小于6%。因此，本文研究采用FGM模型。
Vreman[22]采用GRI-3.0研究掺氢比对NO生成的影响，取得了与实验一致的结论；Funke等人[23]研究了微混燃烧器的NOx排放特性，发现上述机理可以平衡计算精度和工作量。因此，本文选择GRI-3.0作为燃烧机理[24]，该机理包括53种主要组分及327步反应。在辐射传热方面，本文选用了离散纵标（DO）模型，并且对于动量差分和压力-速度耦合计算，分别采用了二阶迎风格式和SIMPLE算法。
3　实验结果分析
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3.1　混合均匀性
图5展示了微预混喷嘴的编号。多喷嘴燃烧器共分2层，从空气入口的对立面开始，其内圈喷管以“1”开始顺时针编号。
图6展示了表3工况4的1—18号喷管间空气质量流量的差异。其中黑色点线图表示各喷管的空气流量，蓝色柱状图表示各管与18根管平均值间的相对误差。8号管和15号管之间的流量差异最大，为7.96×10–4 m3/h，标准差为2.16×10–4。
均匀性指数的计算公式为：
Ya=1−∑i=1n[(|ϕi−ϕa|)Ai]2|ϕa|∑i=1nAi
式中：Ya表示的区间为[0,1]；Ai表示某个面的面积；ϕi表示所指定的某一起始场变量；ϕa表示所指定的场变量，本文选取氢气的质量分数作为场变量。
为探讨预混距离（燃料旋切入口与燃烧器喷嘴出口间距离）对燃料与空气混合物均匀性的影响，采用旋切燃料入口的中心作为基准面，（图7），沿着预混距离方向，每隔5 mm设定1个观察横截面。
不同切面处混合均匀性指数的变化情况如图8所示。由图8可见，随着混合距离的增大，均匀性指数呈现上升趋势，当混合距离大于10 mm，增速趋缓。在混合距离达到40 mm时，均匀性指数为0.943。
表6为各喷嘴在不同掺氢比下燃料与空气混合的均匀性。将氢气的质量分数作为评估标准。由于掺氢比不同，旋切喷口流速差异，导致混合均匀性不同，掺氢比从10%增加至100%，均匀性逐渐增加。此外，管间的空气、燃料流量分配存在差异，导致不同管间的混合均匀性不同。
当氢气掺杂比例为10%时，各喷嘴之间的最大误差在5号管和9号管之间，为32.72%。而当氢气掺杂比达到100%时，各喷嘴之间的最大误差在8号管和9号管之间，为15.63%。
3.2　燃烧特性
针对回火问题，以至少1个喷嘴出现回火现象为依据，此当量比被定义为多喷嘴燃烧器的部分回火极限。对于吹熄极限的判定，以多喷嘴的火焰全部熄灭为标志，记录此刻的空气流量，对应的当量比为吹熄极限。
图9展示了不同掺氢比下火焰的吹熄和部分回火极限。由图9可见，掺氢比低于40%时，随着掺氢比的增加，部分回火极限从1.15缓慢下降到1.08；当掺氢比大于40%时，部分回火极限随着掺氢比增加急剧减少；掺氢比为80%时，部分回火极限下降到0.43，随后缓慢下降到0.41。随着掺氢比的增加，微预混燃烧器的吹熄极限从0.49（20%氢气）减少到0.40（100%氢气）。在富氢燃气的工业应用中，回火是燃烧器设计和运行中需要着重考虑的关键问题。富氢燃气因其高反应活性和快速燃烧特性，使回火风险相较于传统燃气显著增加。当掺氢比大于40%，需要改变喷嘴的直径，富氢燃气在燃料管中的切向进口位置等，提高部分回火极限，以满足工业应用需求。
选取稳定燃烧范围最宽的工况，即掺氢比为40%进行实验研究。在功率为20 kW的条件下，当量比从0.54~1.06范围内变化，记录不同当量比下的火焰形貌，如图10所示。当量比为0.54时，火焰长度为200 mm。而当量比增至1.06时，火焰长度减少至160 mm。在同一掺氢比下，火焰高度随着当量比的增大而减小，说明随着空气量增加，喷口流速的增大推举了火焰高度。
控制功率为20 kW和当量比0.70不变，掺氢比从10%逐渐增大到60%，不同掺氢比下的火焰形貌如图10b)所示。随着掺氢比的增大，其高度先增加后缩短，最终稳定在200 mm以下，并始终稳定在喷口附近。
在设计微预混燃烧器时，为优化燃烧效率，每个喷嘴出口处均增加2个对称的直径1 mm的凹槽，凹槽的长度为10 mm。对氢气和空气混合物在给定流量下（氢气流量为7.05 m3/h，空气流量为36.9 m3/h，掺氢比为100%）进行数值模拟分析。图11展示了凹槽附近的温度云图及流线的分布情况。
由图11可以发现，在单个喷口附近的凹槽区域形成了回流区。回流区的存在有2个重要的作用：首先，它们能够卷吸燃烧器内部的高温烟气，将热量传递给未燃混合气体，降低燃烧所需的能量；其次，回流区的形成为火焰创建了一个更加稳定的燃烧环境。在传统的燃烧器设计中，火焰的稳定性往往易受到流动不稳定性的影响，而通过设计的凹槽结构产生的回流区，可以有效减少火焰熄灭的可能性。
3.3　排放特性
图12给出了天然气燃烧时的排放特性，在20%~100%的宽负荷调整范围中，CO排放质量浓度维持在35 mg/m3以内，NOx的排放质量浓度在125 mg/m3以下。随着热功率的增加，CO和NOx排放呈现下降的趋势，尤其是当量比为0.8时，在40 kW和50 kW功率下，NOx排放降至30 mg/m3以下，同时CO排放降低至5 mg/m3。排放下降的原因是：燃烧器功率提高时，相应增加了燃料和空气的供应，由于燃料采用切向进口，当燃料喷口速度增加，增强了旋转动量，使得燃料和氧化剂的混合更为充分，进而降低了CO排放。
多喷嘴轴切微混燃烧器的这种短火焰和低NOx排放，说明了该燃烧器的结构可以应用于工业锅炉，而且由于减少了预混腔，如表面纤维预混燃烧器[25]、水冷预混燃烧器[26]，不仅提高了燃烧的安全性，而且宽范围运行工况增加了工业应用中的适应性。
图13展示了在功率为20 kW，掺氢比为40%的条件下，不同当量比下烟气中NOx和CO排放质量浓度的变化。随着当量比的降低，空气量增加，从图中可以观察到，当量比的变化对NOx和CO的排放量有显著影响。具体来说，随着当量比的降低，空气量增加，NOx的生成量从14.64 mg/m³增至51.07 mg/m3。综合NOx和CO排放，针对工业锅炉的应用，为了达到国内大部分城市的排放限制，当量比需要控制在0.6~0.8。
随着当量比的增大，即空气量减少、燃料量增加，火焰的动态特性会发生显著变化。图14为不同当量比下的温度云图。
由图14可以发现，随着当量比的增加，动量通量比增大，火焰的高温区域逐渐扩大。高温区域的扩大意味着更多的热量集中在火焰区域，从而导致NOx生成量上升。
图15展示了功率20 kW、当量比0.7时不同掺氢比下污染物的排放特性。由图15可以发现，随着掺氢比从10%增加到60%，CO排放量持续降低。在掺氢比为20%时，CO实现了零排放，这表明氢气的加入有利于燃料的完全燃烧。然而，NOx排放量逐渐上升，这是因为氢气燃烧的火焰温度较高，氢气的加入会导致NOx排放量增加。
图16为不同掺氢比下的温度云图。由图16可见，当掺氢比为30%时，高温区域的面积达到最大值，火焰高度相应达到最大。当掺氢比小于30%时，由于氢的快速燃烧，导致氧分压下降、甲烷反应区域扩大。掺氢比增加超过30%后，由于混合火焰变得更加稳定，燃烧更加充分，在一定高度上形成稳定的火焰前沿。这时，火焰不再像初始阶段那样快速向上扩展，导致火焰高度增长放缓，甚至减小。
4　结论
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本文分析了微预混燃烧技术在富氢燃气中NOx减排和防回火的技术特点，并设计了一种旋切微预混燃烧器，研究富氢燃气的微混燃烧及其排放特性，分析了该技术在工业锅炉中的应用可行性，得到如下结论。
1）微预混燃烧器通过旋切技术，能够实现燃料和助燃空气的快速混合，并随着掺氢比的增加，该混合距离可进一步缩短，富氢燃气在离喷口小于10 mm位置与空气混合，进一步提升富氢燃烧的安全性。
2）随着掺氢比的增大，火焰部分回火的临界当量比降低，使得吹熄极限和部分回火极限之间的稳燃范围变窄。当掺氢热值比为40%时，燃烧器的稳燃范围最大，当量比为0.54~1.06，继续增加掺氢比，部分回火极限急剧降低，导致燃烧器的稳燃范围变窄。故以掺氢热值比40%为界，燃烧器的结构尺寸需要相应地重新设计，以避免出现回火。
3）增加当量比和掺氢比，均将增加微混燃烧的NOx排放量，控制当量比低于0.8，可满足NOx排放低于80 mg/m3的控制目标。对于纯天然气燃烧，该型燃烧器显示出宽负荷适应能力，排放明显低于掺氢燃烧。
因此，微混燃烧技术应用在工业锅炉中，还需要进一步进行改进，如减小喷口直径，提高喷口流速，拓宽回火区间；同时也可以考虑将微混燃烧技术与其他低氮燃烧技术进行耦合，如烟气再循环，以实现低氮排放要求。
基金
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  • 航空发动机及燃气轮机基础科学中心项目(P2022-AB-II-006-002)
文献
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406159
  • 接收时间：2024-06-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-24
基金
Project of Science Center for Gas Turbine(P2022-AB-II-006-002)
航空发动机及燃气轮机基础科学中心项目(P2022-AB-II-006-002)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学电气工程学院，新疆　乌鲁木齐　830046
    2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室，北京　100084
    3.北京理工大学宇航学院，北京　100008

通讯作者:

卓建坤（1975），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为氢氨燃烧及多能互补等，。
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