Article(id=1236693352591184784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202310161, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271908, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271908, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693352914146212, articleId=1236693352591184784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Design and off-design operating characteristics analysis of Brayton cycle cold end air-cooled heat exchanger, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The gas cooler, as an essential heat exchange device in Brayton cycle system, has a significant influence on structural compactness and operational efficiency of the cycle system. The performance and influencing factors of a cross flow printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE)-plate-fin gas cooler are analyzed. A calculation model is established for this type of heat exchanger, and a MATLAB program is written to verify its reliability. Based on this, the coolers are designed, and the power density is above 1 MW/m3, indicating the cooler is compact heat exchanger. Moreover, the design and performance analysis of the heat exchanger are carried out under varying working conditions, and the change law of the pressure drop and heat transfer performance of the gas cooler with the inlet state of the circulating working medium and cooling air is given. The pressure drop and heat transfer performance are compared when the working medium of the Brayton cycle is supercritical carbon dioxide, nitrogen and air. The results show that, the change of cold and hot fluid mass flow has the most obvious influence on the heat transfer performance. The research has reference significance for the design and operation of Brayton circulating air cooling heat exchangers.

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作为布雷顿循环系统中的重要冷端部件,气体冷却器的性能对循环系统结构紧凑性和运行高效性有重要影响。分析了一种新型横流印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)—板翅混合式气体冷却器的工作性能及影响因素,对该种换热器建立了一个数值计算模型,并编写MATLAB程序验证其可靠性;基于此,对该类冷却器进行了设计,其功率密度均在1 MW/m3以上,属于紧凑型换热器;其次进行了变工况性能分析,给出了冷却器的压降和换热性能随循环工质和冷却空气进口状态的变化规律,并比较了布雷顿循环工质为超临界二氧化碳、氮气、空气时冷却器的换热特性和压降特性,结果表明,冷、热流体流量的改变对换热特性的影响最明显。研究结果对布雷顿循环空冷换热器的设计与运行具有参考意义。

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冯浩然(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冷端系统运行与优化,
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王伟(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为汽轮机灵活性技术及储能技术,

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articleId=1236693352591184784, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The change of hot side outlet temperature and cold side pressure drop with cold side flow rate, figureFileSmall=DLGPjrEttHOyDgsA8fyuvA==, figureFileBig=jpRtU40haonuZA+chqAYeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693366839235075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=CN, label=图15, caption=热侧出口温度与冷侧压降随冷侧流量的变化, figureFileSmall=DLGPjrEttHOyDgsA8fyuvA==, figureFileBig=jpRtU40haonuZA+chqAYeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693366948286984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The results obtained by the established model and the calculation results in reference [15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目计算值文献值相对误差
换热器热侧压降/kPa0.2710.2671.5%
换热器热侧出口温度/℃32.6132.660.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367023784457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文模型与文献[15]计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目计算值文献值相对误差
换热器热侧压降/kPa0.2710.2671.5%
换热器热侧出口温度/℃32.6132.660.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367095087631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Rated operating conditions of the cooler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目进口压力/MPa进口温度/℃质量流量/(kg·s–1)
循环工质S-CO27.6589.625.76
氮气6.00119.052.00
空气6.00119.053.60
冷侧空气0.101 325.0990.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367174779408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冷却器额定运行工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目进口压力/MPa进口温度/℃质量流量/(kg·s–1)
循环工质S-CO27.6589.625.76
氮气6.00119.052.00
空气6.00119.053.60
冷侧空气0.101 325.0990.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367271248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Structural parameters for the cooler design calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热侧工质热侧流动长度/m宽度/m高度/m数目体积/m3体积功率密度/(MW·m–3)
S-CO2直流1.0700.240.5374.751.053
折流1.0000.240.5374.441.126
氮气直流0.4600.200.5411.882.660
折流0.4700.200.5411.932.595
空气直流0.4580.200.5421.922.599
折流0.4670.200.5421.962.549
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367388688923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冷却器设计计算结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热侧工质热侧流动长度/m宽度/m高度/m数目体积/m3体积功率密度/(MW·m–3)
S-CO2直流1.0700.240.5374.751.053
折流1.0000.240.5374.441.126
氮气直流0.4600.200.5411.882.660
折流0.4700.200.5411.932.595
空气直流0.4580.200.5421.922.599
折流0.4670.200.5421.962.549
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367451603487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Operating parameters of the cooler under design conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热侧工质热侧流动ph/kPaTh,out/℃pa/kPaTa,out/℃
S-CO2直流0.2332.201.3530.01
折流4.1232.201.5030.01
氮气直流1.6932.196.2430.02
折流31.9832.204.0430.01
空气直流1.6632.205.9129.99
折流31.2332.203.8430.01
), ArticleFig(id=1236693367518712356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693352591184784, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

冷却器设计工况下的运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热侧工质热侧流动ph/kPaTh,out/℃pa/kPaTa,out/℃
S-CO2直流0.2332.201.3530.01
折流4.1232.201.5030.01
氮气直流1.6932.196.2430.02
折流31.9832.204.0430.01
空气直流1.6632.205.9129.99
折流31.2332.203.8430.01
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布雷顿循环冷端空冷换热器设计与变工况运行特性分析
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王伟 1 , 冯浩然 2 , 岳娜 3 , 雒青 1 , 张建元 1 , 耿如意 1 , 张国龙 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(4): 63-72
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(4): 63-72
布雷顿循环冷端空冷换热器设计与变工况运行特性分析
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王伟1 , 冯浩然2 , 岳娜3, 雒青1, 张建元1, 耿如意1, 张国龙1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.中车哈尔滨车辆有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150056
  • 王伟(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为汽轮机灵活性技术及储能技术,

通讯作者:

冯浩然(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冷端系统运行与优化,
Design and off-design operating characteristics analysis of Brayton cycle cold end air-cooled heat exchanger
Wei WANG1 , Haoran FENG2 , Na YUE3, Qing LUO1, Jianyuan ZHANG1, Ruyi GENG1, Guolong ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,China
  • 3.CRRCGC Harbin Rolling Stock Co., Ltd., Harbin 150056, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310161
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作为布雷顿循环系统中的重要冷端部件,气体冷却器的性能对循环系统结构紧凑性和运行高效性有重要影响。分析了一种新型横流印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)—板翅混合式气体冷却器的工作性能及影响因素,对该种换热器建立了一个数值计算模型,并编写MATLAB程序验证其可靠性;基于此,对该类冷却器进行了设计,其功率密度均在1 MW/m3以上,属于紧凑型换热器;其次进行了变工况性能分析,给出了冷却器的压降和换热性能随循环工质和冷却空气进口状态的变化规律,并比较了布雷顿循环工质为超临界二氧化碳、氮气、空气时冷却器的换热特性和压降特性,结果表明,冷、热流体流量的改变对换热特性的影响最明显。研究结果对布雷顿循环空冷换热器的设计与运行具有参考意义。

布雷顿循环  /  空冷换热器  /  变工况计算  /  换热特性  /  压降特性

The gas cooler, as an essential heat exchange device in Brayton cycle system, has a significant influence on structural compactness and operational efficiency of the cycle system. The performance and influencing factors of a cross flow printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE)-plate-fin gas cooler are analyzed. A calculation model is established for this type of heat exchanger, and a MATLAB program is written to verify its reliability. Based on this, the coolers are designed, and the power density is above 1 MW/m3, indicating the cooler is compact heat exchanger. Moreover, the design and performance analysis of the heat exchanger are carried out under varying working conditions, and the change law of the pressure drop and heat transfer performance of the gas cooler with the inlet state of the circulating working medium and cooling air is given. The pressure drop and heat transfer performance are compared when the working medium of the Brayton cycle is supercritical carbon dioxide, nitrogen and air. The results show that, the change of cold and hot fluid mass flow has the most obvious influence on the heat transfer performance. The research has reference significance for the design and operation of Brayton circulating air cooling heat exchangers.

Brayton cycle  /  air-cooled heat exchanger  /  off-design condition calculation  /  heat transfer performance  /  pressure drop performance
王伟, 冯浩然, 岳娜, 雒青, 张建元, 耿如意, 张国龙. 布雷顿循环冷端空冷换热器设计与变工况运行特性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310161
Wei WANG, Haoran FENG, Na YUE, Qing LUO, Jianyuan ZHANG, Ruyi GENG, Guolong ZHANG. Design and off-design operating characteristics analysis of Brayton cycle cold end air-cooled heat exchanger[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310161
近年来,随着国民经济增长、世界环境问题的持续恶化与人们环保意识的增强,清洁高效的能源利用技术得到高速发展。随着传统火力发电效率趋近技术极限,研究热点走向使用新型动力循环系统逐步替代现有传统火电技术。布雷顿循环是当前热力工程领域备受关注的研究课题之一,具有很高的发展前景,其潜在应用领域广阔,包括能源、环保和军事领域等,因此具有重要的研究意义。采用不同循环工质的布雷顿循环已有大量研究和应用[1-8]。目前,应用比较广泛的是空气布雷顿循环、氮气布雷顿循环和超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环。
作为布雷顿循环的重要组成部件,气体冷却器性能的提高对整个循环系统的效率改进有非常重要的影响[9]。对于布雷顿循环,采用直接空冷可使整个循环完全脱离水的限制。因此,布雷顿循环干空气冷却器得到了广泛研究。目前常用的布雷顿循环气体冷却器有印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)和横流翅片管束式换热器。PCHE能在高温高压下工作,较小的水力直径使其具有紧凑度高、传热效率高的特点[10-11]。然而,对于空冷式换热器而言,因为空气的比热容和密度较低,相同热负荷下体积流量大,需要较大的流动面积以使低密度空气的压降保持在一定水平[12]。此时,较高的制造成本同时限制着PCHE换热器的体积,因此微通道换热器对于空气冷却并不是一个较好的选择。横流翅片管束式换热器应用广泛,结构简单,制造成本相对较低,技术成熟,空气压降小[13],缺点是紧凑度较低,换热器体积和尺寸较大,管内气体压降较大[14]
综合考虑换热能力和制造成本,有学者提出了一种PCHE和板翅式混合的横流结构换热器[15],将印刷电路微通道板片和板翅片交错叠加,并采用精密扩散焊接工艺焊接。该类混合式换热器结合了微通道换热器和板翅式换热器的各自优点,热侧循环工质在微通道板片侧流动,具有耐高温高压、紧凑度高、传热性能好的优点;冷侧常温常压空气在翅片板侧流动,具有通流面积大、压降小等优点。同时,设计时冷、热流体流通方式为横流而非逆流,可以有效增加冷侧空气流通面积、缩短冷侧流动长度,显著降低空气压降、约束换热器体积[16],同时较短的冷侧流动长度可以抑制出口温度分布的不均匀。
目前对该类换热器流动与换热特性的研究不足。鉴于此,本文对此类混合式空冷冷却器的设计与变工况运行特性开展了研究。首先建立了冷却器的计算模型,基于此模型编写了MATLAB程序;然后探究了S-CO2、空气、氮气3种气体工质在该类冷却器中的换热性能,并研究了热侧流量、热侧压力、冷侧流量、冷侧温度对冷却器传热性能与压降的影响规律,最后对计算结果进行了分析。
横流混合式空气冷却器示意如图1所示。循环工质侧为半圆形直流道印刷电路板,设计半圆通道直径2 mm,印刷电路板厚1.21 mm,通道间隔2.7 mm,材料为铝合金。流动方式上,选择单方向无折流流动和板内三次折流2种流动模型。在空气侧,采用大通道尺寸翅片板以增加流通面积并降低空气侧压降。设定空气侧板翅片每条流动通道为高4 mm、宽6 mm的长方形直通道,通道间隔板厚为0.3 mm,材料为铝合金。空气流动方向与循环工质流动方向垂直,为交叉流布置。每个单元换热器由冷、热两侧板片交叠而成,中间间隔0.3 mm厚的薄金属板。总换热器包括若干个单元换热器,并认为各单元换热器的冷、热流体流量和热负荷均匀分布。
建立混合式横流气体冷却器设计计算模型的具体步骤如下:
1)给定换热器的结构参数。首先确定印刷电路板与板翅片的布置形式,并给出通道几何和结构参数;其次确定冷却器的结构参数。以单层冷热换热板为研究对象。
2)从传热的角度看,由于在冷却器中,热侧高温高压气体在冷却器内的温度和压力区间内物性变化可能较大且呈非线性[17],若采用整体对数平均温差法(Logarithmic mean temperature difference,LMTD)计算,会产生较大误差[18]。因此对冷却器使用离散化计算的分段方法,即将换热面积按长度沿流体流动方向均分成多段换热单元,每个换热单元内的工质用其平均物性计算[19],相邻换热单元进、出口参数相互耦合[20]
若不考虑边界效应,忽略金属壁沿流动方向的导热[21-22],并假设冷、热流体在不同高度换热层上流量和温度分布相似,则可将模型简化为如图2所示的二维模型,将某一层换热板上的温度分布视作整体换热分布。每个换热单元内包含冷流体控制体、换热壁面控制体和热流体控制体。基于能量守恒、质量守恒,对于该稳态、无内热源流动的传热问题,建立控制方程。
对于节点(i,j),遵循能量守恒方程式,有:
hhi,jhhi,j+1Qi,jmhi,j=0
hli,jhli,j+1+Qi,jmli,j=0
式中:hi,j为节点(i,j)流体的焓;Qi,j为节点(i,j)的换热量;m为流体质量流量;下标h表示热流体,下标l表示冷流体。
当流动方式为横流时,节点平均温差∆tm按照逆流流动计算[23]
t1=max((thi,jtli,j+1),(thi+1,jtli,j))
t2=min((thi,jtli,j+1),(thi+1,jtli,j))
Δtm=t1t2lnt1t2
对于布雷顿循环系统循环工质的换热模型,通常采用Gnielinski公式进行计算[24]
f=(1.82lgRe1.64)2
Nu={4.089,Re<2 300f8(Re1 000)Pr1+12.7f8(Pr231),Re2 300
式中:f为Darcy阻力系数;Re为雷诺数;Pr为工质普朗特数。
对于高压空气和氮气,采用Gnielinski公式能较好地拟合实验结果。但对于S-CO2,由于其在临界点附近剧烈变化的物性,本文采取文献[25]中使用的针对S-CO2在PCHE中换热的传热关联式:
Nuh=0.14Re0.69Pr0.66
模型中,循环工质和空气物性参数由REFPROP数据库查询得到。
计算得到Nu、f后,可以根据节点的结构参数计算得到h
节点传热系数k为:
ki,j=1Bhhi,j+1hli,j+rwi,j
式中:B为节点冷、热侧传热面积比;rw为壁面热阻。
节点换热量Qi,j为:
Qi,j=ki,jAi,jΔtm
计算得到的节点换热量Qi,j与节点冷、热侧流体进出、口焓差mΔh数值上相对误差小于1%,认为该节点的计算结果收敛。
由各传热单元的ki,jQi,j和结构参数可算出各段温度变化和压降,逐单元计算即得到换热器温度分布与压力分布。
换热器面积平均传热系数K为:
K=QallAΔtm
式中:Qall为所有节点换热量之和,即总换热量;A为等效投影面积。
类似横流翅片管束式换热器的计算,热侧循环工质在微通道出口处参数取平均值,作为冷却器热侧工质出口参数。同样,对所有板翅片流道的出口处空气参数取平均值,以计算空气出口参数。
经网格独立性检验,对于直流式换热器,热流道分段数达到40、冷流道分段数达到30时,计算结果达到了网格独立,因而下文直流换热器计算中网格数取40×30;而对于折流式换热器,网格数达到20×30时,同样达到了独立,因此计算折流换热器时网格数取20×30。
为验证数值模型的可靠性,在相同条件下,将本模型的设计计算结果与文献[15]中的计算结果进行了对比,见表1。由表1可知,本文计算结果与文献[15]的数据的相对误差小于5%。
气体冷却器设计额定工况如表2所示。循环工质最低温度出现在冷却器出口处,该数值对循环效率具有重要意义。一般来说,热侧工质最低温度越低,循环效率越高。然而在设计时,适当提高热侧工质最低温度,进而提高冷却器端差,避免夹点的出现很有必要[26]。同时,也可以避免二氧化碳跨越临界温度对循环系统的工作和安全性产生影响。本研究中,设计3种冷却器热负荷均为5 MW。为便于比较,热侧工质出口温度均为32.2 ℃,该目标通过控制热流体流量实现。由于工质物性与系统构型不同,基于现有5 MW冷端负荷机组数据,S-CO2设计进口温度为89.6 ℃,空气与氮气设计进口温度为119 ℃。冷侧空气进口温度均为25 ℃,设计温升为5 ℃。
对不同布雷顿循环工质冷却器进行了运行参数和结构设计,并进行了数值仿真计算,设计结果见表2表3
仿真计算得出的不同循环工质气体冷却器在设计工况下的运行参数见表4
不同工质气体冷却器的体积对比如图3所示。从图3可以看出,在相同冷却负荷和出口温度下,S-CO2气体冷却器的体积比氮气和空气气体冷却器的体积更大。虽然S-CO2的换热能力比高压空气、氮气更强,但在冷却器内大部分的换热面积上,S-CO2都处于较低温度,与冷侧空气温度势差较小,不利于气体进行换热。在氮气和空气冷却器中,温度降到40 ℃的流程为0.36 m。
S-CO2气体冷却器内温度分布如图4所示。从图4可以看出,当S-CO2流程达到0.3 m时,其温度已降至40 ℃,而换热量尚未达到热负荷的60%,大量热量在低端差下交换,显著增加了换热器体积。折流换热器中存在相似规律:在第1次折流前,S-CO2温度已降至38 ℃,在后2次折流中换热端差都很低。在直流与折流型体积对比方面,S-CO2工质冷却器折流体积更小,空气、氮气工质冷却器折流体积变大,具体原因将在后文进行分析。
图4还能看出,在热侧流道设计为直流时,出口侧热流体存在一定的温度差,这对在临界条件附近工作的S-CO2换热器是不利的。因此,设计热侧流道采用折流的流动方式以减小温度差。从计算结果看,折流后,S-CO2出口处温差从1.2 ℃降至0.15 ℃,提高了气体冷却器的稳定性和安全性。
折流会对冷却器的流动产生影响。从表4可以看出,采用折流时热侧工质的压降有显著提升。这是因为在等设计宽度条件下,折流会减少热流道的数量,相同流量下流体流速显著提升,沿程阻力损失提高;此外,流道方向的改变也会导致局部阻力损失。
折流会对冷却器的换热产生影响。一方面,折流会减少热流体流道数量,增加热侧工质流速,强化换热;另一方面,折流会降低冷热流体的端差,对传热起削弱作用。因此,折流对传热的作用是多方面的。在S-CO2冷却器中,由于在较大传热面积上,端差本就处在较小的范围,S-CO2流速较低,折流起到增强传热、提高紧凑度的作用;在氮气和空气冷却器中,直流换热器有良好的冷热温度分布,折流对这种分布有一定破坏效果,反而略微增加了换热器体积。总的来说,折流对换热的效果主要与冷却器工质温度分布与工质流速有关,其对总体积的影响在10%以内。
图5给出了3种循环工质在定压条件下、冷却器工作温度范围内物理性质的变化规律。
图5可以看出,CO2在拟临界温度附近时,其密度、比热容和传热系数发生剧烈变化,而空气和氮气的物性变化均匀,且2种工质的物性差别较小。因此,设计的氮气与空气冷却器结构尺寸、换热性能都相近。
本节分析比较在不同进口工况下,不同热侧工质冷却器的压降与换热性能。在变工况计算过程中,除了待分析的影响参数外,其他条件均处于设计额定工况下。
图6图7分别为换热量和传热系数、热侧出口温度与冷侧压降随空气进口温度的变化。
图6图7可以看出,冷却器的换热量随空气进口温度的升高而快速下降,在工质为S-CO2的冷却器内该趋势尤为明显。当空气进口温度改变量在±5 ℃范围时,以空气和氮气为工质的冷却器,换热量变化在6%以内,且变化趋势呈线性,而S-CO2冷却器换热量改变了26%。氮气和空气冷却器面积平均传热系数改变很小,而在S-CO2冷却器中随冷却空气进口温度提高先显著下降后缓慢回升。这表明,S-CO2冷却器换热能力对冷侧空气进口温度变化较敏感,即端差对换热器换热能力有重要影响,而循环工质为氮气或空气时冷却空气温度对其传热能力影响很小。
图6图7还可以看出,随着进口空气温度升高,循环工质出口温度与空气压降均呈现增加趋势。3类换热器的出口温度随空气进口温度的提高而提高,循环工质为S-CO2时,在进口空气温度低时热侧出口温度改变速度较快,而在进口空气温度较高时变化较慢。由于冷侧物性随温度改变较小,其压降主要受传热的影响,表现为随进口温度提高而缓慢提高。
图8图9分别为换热量与传热系数、热侧出口温度与冷侧压降随热侧质量流量的变化。
图8图9可以看出,对于不同循环工质,气体冷却器的换热量和传热系数均随工质质量流量的增加而增加,且热侧工质为氮气和空气的冷却器在换热量上变化更显著,变化曲线几乎呈线性,表明该类换热结构布置下循环工质流量变化对冷却器的换热能力有主要影响。传热系数变化规律呈相同规律,以S-CO2为工质时传热系数最大。循环工质出口温度与冷侧压降随热侧质量流量增长变化规律与3.2.1节空气进口温度变化类似。
此外,从图8图9中还可以看出,折流和非折流冷却器的换热能力、压降在数值上有一定差异,但其变化规律是高度相似的,因此下文中只展示非折流冷却器的流动换热特性规律,可以认为折流冷却器的流动换热特性变化规律与其相同。
图10图11分别为换热量与传热系数、热侧出口温度与压降随热侧进口压力变化。从图10图11可以看出,冷却器内换热量随着循环工质进口压力的升高而缓慢上升。传热系数的变化规律类似,当工质为S-CO2时,气体冷却器换热能力受热侧进口压力的影响较大,这是因为在临界压力和临界温度附近CO2物性参数变化剧烈,改变进口压力对冷却器内工质换热能力有显著影响。而当工质为空气和氮气时,冷却器换热能力变化很小,进口压力变化±0.3 MPa时,换热量相对变化不到0.3%,传热系数变化也很小。
图10图11还可以看出,随着进口压力的提高,热侧压降反而缓慢降低。这是因为压力增加,气体密度增大,体积流量降低,通道内雷诺数和Darcy阻力系数均减小,沿程阻力降低,导致总压降降低。一定范围内,循环工质出口温度随进口压力增加而增加,CO2出口温度受压力影响较大,但其改变趋势并非单调,这是因为压力较大时,拟临界温度也升高,影响了冷却器内S-CO2的物性,同样对冷却器内的换热有影响。
图12图13分别为换热量与传热系数、热侧出口温度与压降随热侧进口温度的变化。
图12图13可以看出,冷却器的换热量和传热系数均随热侧进口温度的升高而升高,这种趋势在工质为空气和氮气时更加明显。当热侧进口压力不变,进口温度在额定进口温度±5 ℃范围内改变时,换热量的相对改变量可达到5.3%。传热系数与热侧压降随热侧进口温度提高而缓慢增加。由于压降改变量不大、热侧流量不变,换热量改变,热侧出口温度改变规律与换热量改变趋势类似,随热侧进口温度的提高而略微提高,空气和氮气出口温度的改变量较S-CO2更显著。进口温度对不同工质换热的影响程度的关系与进口压力的影响相反。
图14图15分别为换热量与传热系数、热侧出口温度与冷侧压降随冷侧流量的变化。
图14图15可以看出,冷却器的换热量与传热系数随冷侧流量增加而上升。对于空气和氮气冷却器,该上升趋势不断减缓;对于S-CO2冷却器,传热系数随冷侧流量增加而提升。在空气和氮气气体冷却器内,换热量随冷侧流量的改变不大,S-CO2冷却器受冷侧流量影响较明显,当冷侧流量从70%设计流量增长到130%设计流量时,冷却器换热量从设计值的83%增长到114%,且增长速率未明显降低。不同热侧工质下,随着冷侧质量流量增加,冷侧压损随之增加,且变化趋势也在增加;循环工质出口温度随冷侧流量提高而降低,S-CO2出口温度降低速率提高,空气与氮气的出口温度降低速率减缓。以上结果均说明该类冷却器中不宜在冷侧流量过高条件下运行。
由上述研究结果可以看出,对于该类横流PCHE-板翅混合式气体冷却器,当循环工质为空气或氮气时,改变冷侧参数,冷却器换热性能变化不明显;改变热侧温度或流量,冷却器换热性能受到明显影响。当循环工质为S-CO2时,改变热侧和冷侧进口状态,冷却器性能均有显著改变。
1)基于换热微元平均温差法,建立了横流PCHE-板翅混合式换热器的设计计算数值模型,并与文献进行了对比,相对误差小于5%,表明建立的计算模型可靠性较高。在此基础上,设计了循环工质为S-CO2、氮气和空气3种气体冷却器。S-CO2冷却器的体积功率密度可达1.1 MW/m3,空气与氮气冷却器的体积功率密度在2.6 MW/m3左右,属于紧凑型换热器。
2)分析了循环工质与冷却空气进口状态对不同循环工质气体冷却器的流动与换热性能的影响规律。结果表明,增加循环工质流量、升高循环工质进口压力、温度,或增加冷侧流量、降低空气进口温度,均会提高该类换热器的传热系数;其中,改变冷、热侧流量对传热系数的影响最明显,冷、热侧流量分别改变30%,S-CO2冷却器传热系数改变幅度分别达到28.2%与10.3%,氮气和空气冷却器传热系数改变幅度相近,分别在14.6%和19.6%。
3)综合来看,该类混合式气体冷却器在布雷顿循环系统中有良好的换热能力和压降性能。3种工质传热能力从高到低依次为S-CO2>氮气≈空气。综合考虑,在循环工质为S-CO2时传热和压降条件最好。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFB1505400)
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2024年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310161
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFB1505400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFB1505400)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    3.中车哈尔滨车辆有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150056

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冯浩然(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冷端系统运行与优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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