Article(id=1236693351026709319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700409600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271535, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271535, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271535, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271535, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693351349670742, articleId=1236693351026709319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Applicability analysis of single-unit equivalent model of centralized photovoltaic power station for wide-band resonance, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, numerous incidents of harmonic resonance accidents involving new energy power stations have occurred both domestically and internationally. The frequency scanning method, characterized by its simplicity of operation and clear physical significance, has been widely employed in engineering for the assessment of system resonance. When establishing electromagnetic transient simulation models for large-scale new energy power stations and conducting frequency scans, it is common to substitute a single or multiple generators for the actual power station to reduce modeling complexity. However, the applicability of this approach in addressing high-frequency harmonic resonance issues has not been effectively revealed. To address this gap, this study takes a large-scale photovoltaic power station as an example and employs a bottom-up modeling approach to establish a detailed impedance model for the photovoltaic power station. Building upon this, a dynamic equivalent model is developed using the principle of equal power loss. The two models are then thoroughly compared and analyzed based on actual field station parameters. The research findings indicate that the series impedance of the collector lines has a minimal effect on the harmonic model. As a result, the study proposes a simplified dynamic equivalent model replacing the π-type circuit with a ground capacitor. The results demonstrate that the equivalent model established through the equal power loss method accurately reflects the harmonic resonance characteristics of the photovoltaic power station. Additionally, the model neglecting the inductance of the collector lines proves applicable for analyzing the mid-to-low frequency harmonic resonance in photovoltaic power stations.

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近年来,国内外发生了多起涉及新能源电站的谐波谐振事故。频率扫描法由于操作简单、物理意义明确等优点,在工程中被广泛应用于系统谐振评估。在建立大型新能源电站电磁暂态仿真模型并进行频率扫描时,通常使用单台或多台机组来代替大型新能源电站,以降低建模复杂度,然而该做法在高频谐波谐振问题中的适用性还未能得到有效揭示。为此,以某大型光伏电站为例,利用自下而上建模法建立了光伏电站详细阻抗模型,并在此基础上采用等功率损耗原则建立了其动态等值模型,通过实际场站参数对2种模型进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明,集电线路串联阻抗对于谐波模型影响较小。为此提出了采用对地电容代替π型电路的简化动态等值模型。通过等功率损耗法建立的等值模型可以准确反映光伏电站的谐波谐振特性,而忽略集电线路电感所得的等值模型适用于分析光伏电站的中低次谐波谐振分析。

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陈海盟(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源场站等值建模,
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谢宇哲(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网稳定分析,

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谢宇哲(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网稳定分析,

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谢宇哲(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网稳定分析,

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articleId=1236693351026709319, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=谐振), Keyword(id=1236693358660342035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=谐波谐振)], refs=[Reference(id=1236693366067483106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=555, pageEnd=581, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=黎博, 陈民铀, 钟海旺, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黎博, 陈民铀, 钟海旺, 等. 高比例可再生能源新型电力系统长期规划综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(2): 555-581., articleTitle=高比例可再生能源新型电力系统长期规划综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366159757799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=555, pageEnd=581, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, 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caption=

Harmonic resonance events occurring in real systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献地点谐振频率/Hz可能原因
[4]丹麦海上风电场(Horns Rev)300~350750~800滤波器、海底电缆
[3]中国岳阳市某49 MW光伏电站1 050~1 200滤波器
[8]中国胡杨河某光伏电站2 500静止同步补偿器
[9]德国海上风电场(BorWin1)250~300电压源转换器
[10]中国青海省某50 MW光伏电站1 050~1 350电压源转换器
[11]中国广东省某风电场650滤波器
[12]中国河北沽源地区风电-串补系统3~12弱电网
), ArticleFig(id=1236693363823530433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实际电力系统谐波谐振事件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献地点谐振频率/Hz可能原因
[4]丹麦海上风电场(Horns Rev)300~350750~800滤波器、海底电缆
[3]中国岳阳市某49 MW光伏电站1 050~1 200滤波器
[8]中国胡杨河某光伏电站2 500静止同步补偿器
[9]德国海上风电场(BorWin1)250~300电压源转换器
[10]中国青海省某50 MW光伏电站1 050~1 350电压源转换器
[11]中国广东省某风电场650滤波器
[12]中国河北沽源地区风电-串补系统3~12弱电网
), ArticleFig(id=1236693363932582341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of PV grid-connected inverter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
额定线电压/V690直流电容/μF1 300
滤波器电感/mL1滤波器电容/μF100
功率外环积分系数kiPQ4.00功率外环比例
系数kpPQ
0.04
电流内环积分系数kii200.00电流内环比例系数kpi0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1236693364041634248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光伏并网逆变器主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
额定线电压/V690直流电容/μF1 300
滤波器电感/mL1滤波器电容/μF100
功率外环积分系数kiPQ4.00功率外环比例
系数kpPQ
0.04
电流内环积分系数kii200.00电流内环比例系数kpi0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1236693365497057737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of the collector line

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电缆截面/mm2电阻/(Ω·km–1)电感/(mH·km–1)电容/(μF·km–1)
500.344 82.516 810.163 398
950.181 52.450 920.205 812
1200.143 72.427 750.224 132
1850.093 22.384 380.264 385
2400.071 82.355 170.296 633
3000.057 52.332 580.324 904
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集电线路主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电缆截面/mm2电阻/(Ω·km–1)电感/(mH·km–1)电容/(μF·km–1)
500.344 82.516 810.163 398
950.181 52.450 920.205 812
1200.143 72.427 750.224 132
1850.093 22.384 380.264 385
2400.071 82.355 170.296 633
3000.057 52.332 580.324 904
), ArticleFig(id=1236693365677412815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Main parameters of double-split transformer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
变压器变比/kV35.00/0.69
短路阻抗/%8
分裂系数3.5
额定容量/kVA1 250
连接组别D、yn11-yn11
), ArticleFig(id=1236693365773881811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693351026709319, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

双分裂变压器主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
变压器变比/kV35.00/0.69
短路阻抗/%8
分裂系数3.5
额定容量/kVA1 250
连接组别D、yn11-yn11
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面向宽频段谐振分析的集中式光伏电站单机等值模型适用性分析
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谢宇哲 1 , 王杨 2 , 贺艳华 1 , 陈海盟 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(4): 9-18
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(4): 9-18
面向宽频段谐振分析的集中式光伏电站单机等值模型适用性分析
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谢宇哲1 , 王杨2, 贺艳华1, 陈海盟2
作者信息
  • 1.国网浙江省电力有限公司宁波供电公司,浙江 宁波 315000
  • 2.四川大学电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 谢宇哲(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网稳定分析,

通讯作者:

陈海盟(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源场站等值建模,
Applicability analysis of single-unit equivalent model of centralized photovoltaic power station for wide-band resonance
Yuzhe XIE1 , Yang WANG2, Yanhua HE1, Haimeng CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Ningbo Power Supply Company, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd. Ningbo 315000, China
  • 2.College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174
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近年来,国内外发生了多起涉及新能源电站的谐波谐振事故。频率扫描法由于操作简单、物理意义明确等优点,在工程中被广泛应用于系统谐振评估。在建立大型新能源电站电磁暂态仿真模型并进行频率扫描时,通常使用单台或多台机组来代替大型新能源电站,以降低建模复杂度,然而该做法在高频谐波谐振问题中的适用性还未能得到有效揭示。为此,以某大型光伏电站为例,利用自下而上建模法建立了光伏电站详细阻抗模型,并在此基础上采用等功率损耗原则建立了其动态等值模型,通过实际场站参数对2种模型进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明,集电线路串联阻抗对于谐波模型影响较小。为此提出了采用对地电容代替π型电路的简化动态等值模型。通过等功率损耗法建立的等值模型可以准确反映光伏电站的谐波谐振特性,而忽略集电线路电感所得的等值模型适用于分析光伏电站的中低次谐波谐振分析。

大型光伏电站  /  动态等值  /  适用性  /  谐振  /  谐波谐振

In recent years, numerous incidents of harmonic resonance accidents involving new energy power stations have occurred both domestically and internationally. The frequency scanning method, characterized by its simplicity of operation and clear physical significance, has been widely employed in engineering for the assessment of system resonance. When establishing electromagnetic transient simulation models for large-scale new energy power stations and conducting frequency scans, it is common to substitute a single or multiple generators for the actual power station to reduce modeling complexity. However, the applicability of this approach in addressing high-frequency harmonic resonance issues has not been effectively revealed. To address this gap, this study takes a large-scale photovoltaic power station as an example and employs a bottom-up modeling approach to establish a detailed impedance model for the photovoltaic power station. Building upon this, a dynamic equivalent model is developed using the principle of equal power loss. The two models are then thoroughly compared and analyzed based on actual field station parameters. The research findings indicate that the series impedance of the collector lines has a minimal effect on the harmonic model. As a result, the study proposes a simplified dynamic equivalent model replacing the π-type circuit with a ground capacitor. The results demonstrate that the equivalent model established through the equal power loss method accurately reflects the harmonic resonance characteristics of the photovoltaic power station. Additionally, the model neglecting the inductance of the collector lines proves applicable for analyzing the mid-to-low frequency harmonic resonance in photovoltaic power stations.

large-scale photovoltaic power plants  /  dynamic equivalence  /  applicability  /  resonance  /  harmonic resonance
谢宇哲, 王杨, 贺艳华, 陈海盟. 面向宽频段谐振分析的集中式光伏电站单机等值模型适用性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174
Yuzhe XIE, Yang WANG, Yanhua HE, Haimeng CHEN. Applicability analysis of single-unit equivalent model of centralized photovoltaic power station for wide-band resonance[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174
随着环境问题日益突出,利用太阳能等可再生能源发电的新能源电站得到了快速发展,成为我国电力系统的重要支撑电源[1-2]。然而,在大型光伏电站的并网实践中,出现了多起谐波谐振事故,其中的一部分见表1。该谐振现象涉及各种电压源型逆变器、输电网络和其他电力电子装置的相互作用[3-4],呈现出强谐波耦合[5]和宽频带谐振[6]的特点,严重时甚至引起宽频振荡问题[7],威胁电力系统的安全可靠运行。
目前,常用的谐振分析方法包括特征值分析法[13]、阻抗分析法[14]和频率扫描法[15]等。得益于操作简单、物理意义明确等优点,频率扫描法在工程上得到了广泛应用[16]。文献[17]利用频率扫描法揭示了双馈风机控制环路与线路串联电容补偿之间的次同步控制相互作用,并进一步讨论了控制参数对系统阻抗及谐振频率的影响机理;文献[18]利用频率扫描法绘制了双馈风力发电并网系统的阻抗曲线,探究了其高频谐振特性。值得注意的是,文献[19-20]在对大型新能源电站进行频率扫描时,并未基于详细的电磁暂态模型,而是采用了聚合后的等值模型来降低建模的复杂度,并增加电磁暂态仿真的速度。
采用单台机组或几台机组来代替大型新能源电站是目前新能源电力系统电磁暂态仿真分析的一大主要思路。文献[21-24]忽略了光伏/风力发电单元之间的集电线路,将集中式光伏/风力电站等值为单台光伏/风力机组进行分析。文献[25]研究了大型光伏电站的单机等值模型中光伏阵列、变压器和集电线路的等值计算方法,并以内蒙古5 MW实际光伏电站为例验证了所提理论的正确性。文献[26-27]针对风电场内集电线路的不同拓扑结构,利用等电压损耗法求取了单机等值模型中集电线路的参数。文献[28]采用等功率损耗法将风电机组和各风电机组间的集电线路做了参数等值的处理,从而得到风电场等值阻抗模型。上述文献所建立的大型新能源电站动态等值模型往往用来分析工频附近的故障暂态问题或次超同步振荡问题,其在谐波频段内的适用性还有待考量,尤其是直接使用频率扫描法分析大型光伏发电厂等值模型谐波特性的合理性亟待评估。
为此,本文以某实际大型光伏电站为例,利用自下而上建模法建立了该电站的详细阻抗模型,随后提出了基于等功率损耗法的动态等值模型,并详细论证了2种模型在谐波频段的差异性。结果表明,工程上对动态等值模型扫频所得的高频阻抗可以用于谐波谐振分析,但在建模过程中必须考虑线路对地电容的影响,而线路串联阻抗在多数情况下对于谐波模型影响较小。为进一步降低建模复杂度,可采用电容模型代替集电线路的π模型。
图1显示了大型光伏电站的拓扑结构。场站内包含2条馈线,每条馈线连接5个1.0 MW的光伏发电单元,每个光伏发电单元由2套0.5 MW并网逆变器和1台35 kV/690 V/690 V配电变压器组成。相邻光伏发电单元间由集电线路连接,其截面积一般在3×50~3×300 mm2
光伏并网逆变器采用双环控制结构,其控制系统如图2所示。功率控制回路用于调节有功功率P和无功功率Q的稳定,并为电流控制回路提供参考信号。电流控制回路进一步输出调制信号mabc,该调制信号被馈送到脉宽调制开关(pulse width modulation,PWM)中以产生开关函数,从而实现由直流电压到交流输出电压Vc的转换。图2中:VgIg分别为逆变器并网点电压和电流;HPQ(s)=kpPQ+kiPQ/s为功率控制回路的传递函数;Hi(s)=kpi+kii/s为内部电流控制回路的传递函数;Ki为解耦项。
本文建立大型光伏电站精确宽频阻抗模型流程如图3所示。首先,收集电站的参数资料,包括光伏电站的光照强度、光伏并网逆变器的控制结构及参数,配电变压器与升压变压器的电气参数,各集电线路的长度和阻抗参数等;其次,求出系统母线电压、支路功率等稳态运行参数,根据阻抗建模方法将非线性系统简化为线性化阻抗,对于无法得到机理模型的部件,可以考虑采用量测数据驱动的方法建立阻抗模型;最后,通过网络拓扑将光伏电站各元件的阻抗连接起来,从而得到场站级的阻抗网络。在关注场站谐波谐振特性或谐波不稳定问题的同时,还可根据网络变换将复杂的场站级阻抗网络聚合成为单个高阶阻抗。
在完成参数收资前提下,即认为光伏电站各元件阻抗模型均可通过机理建模得到,本节将按照图3建模流程构建大型光伏电站精确宽频阻抗模型。
光伏并网逆变器的阻抗特性是导致光伏并网系统谐波谐振的主要原因[29],因此在建立逆变器的谐波阻抗模型时,可以忽略其前端直流系统,采用电流源代替。相应地,逆变器谐波响应过程如图4所示。图4呈现了谐波在逆变器内部的传递过程,以及谐波对逆变器输出的交流电压和电流信号的响应机制。
逆变器并网点的背景谐波通过控制系统在调制信号和开关函数中产生谐波分量,进而影响逆变器交流侧输出电压和电流的谐波含量。同时,逆变器直流侧的电压电流信号也会因交直流侧的耦合效应产生谐波。根据谐波线性化思想[30],对图4谐波响应过程进行闭环推导,可将光伏逆变器建立成正负序耦合的二维阻抗矩阵:
[VgmVgn]=[ZmmZmnZnmZnn][IgmIgn]mh+,nh,m=n+2
式中:IgmIgn为电流正负序扰动;VgmVgn为电压正负序响应;ZmmZnn分别表示正序阻抗和负序阻抗;ZmnZnm表示耦合阻抗,并且正序m次谐波和负序n次谐波相差2倍基频,即光伏并网逆变器表现为谐波耦合阻抗矩阵的形式。各阻抗元素表达式为式(12):
Zmm=Hd(sjω1)Hi(sjω1)Hd(sjω1)Ki+ZLZL+ZCZC+32Hd(sjω1)HPQ(sjω1)Hi(sjω1)Ig1Znn=Hd(s+jω1)Hi(s+jω1)+Hd(s+jω1)Ki+ZLZL+ZCZC+32Hd(s+jω1)HPQ(s+jω1)Hi(s+jω1)Ig1Zmn=32Hd(s+jω1)HPQ(s+jω1)Hi(s+jω1)Vg1ej(2θ1)ZL+ZCZC+32Hd(sjω1)HPQ(sjω1)Hi(sjω1)Ig1Znm=32Hd(sjω1)HPQ(sjω1)Hi(sjω1)Vg1ej(2θ1)ZL+ZCZC+32Hd(s+jω1)HPQ(s+jω1)Hi(s+jω1)Ig1
式中:Hd(s)=e–1.5τs为采样延迟环节的传递函数;τ为采样周期;ZLZC分别表示逆变器侧滤波电感和滤波电容的谐波阻抗;ω1=2×π×f1f1为给定扰动的频率;Ig1Vg1为扰动电流与电压。
值得注意的是,功率控制逆变器的频率耦合强度较小,因此可以忽略耦合阻抗(ZmnZnm),认为功率控制逆变器的阻抗表现为正负序解耦的形式,即用正负序谐波阻抗(ZmmZnn)代替整个谐波耦合阻抗矩阵。
对于集电线路来说,其模型包括分布参数模型和集中参数模型。集中参数模型在谐波域下的适用性表示为:
lc=150h
式中:lc为集电线路在谐波域下的临界长度,km;h为谐波次数。
当集电线路实际长度l小于临界长度lc时,集中参数模型精确;当l大于lc时,则需要使用分布参数模型。考虑到大型光伏电站相邻发电单元之间的集电线路长度在5 km以内,因此当所关注的谐波频段在30次以下时,可采用集中参数模型。
集电线路的阻抗模型如图5所示,其中参数由式(4)给出。
{ZLine-R=lR0ZLine-L=ljωL0ZLine-C=l/jωC0
式中:l为集电线路实际长度;ω=2×π×ff为所计算频次的对应频率;R0L0C0分别为集电线路单位长度的电阻、电感、电容。
与相同容量的常规变压器相比,双分裂变压器在连接2个光伏发电单元时具有明显的经济优势。然而,其特殊的电磁耦合方式和阻抗特性会引发光伏场站的谐振风险。常见的双分裂变压器可分为图6所示的3种结构:辐向双分裂、轴向双分裂和特殊双分裂。本文考虑的光伏电站采用轴向双分裂变压器,其阻抗模型如图7所示。
图7中:Z1Z2分别代表2个低压绕组的等值阻抗;Z3代表高压绕组的等值阻抗。Z1Z2Z3可表示为:
{Z1=Z2=Kf2ZpZ3=(1Kf4)Zp
Kf=ZfZp
式中:Kf为分裂系数,取值范围为0~4,这由双分裂变压器2个低压绕组的相对位置所决定;Zp为双分裂变压器穿越运行方式下的短路阻抗;Zf为双分裂变压器分裂运行方式下的短路阻抗。
工程实际中,轴向双分裂变压器的分裂系数Kf为3~4;而其穿越电抗则可用短路阻抗百分值计算得出。在给出上述2个参数的情况下,可直接利用式(5)和式(6)求得双分裂变压器阻抗模型的相关参数。
以上各小节给出了光伏发电单元、集电线路和变压器的阻抗模型,根据网络拓扑可以建立光伏电站的场站级阻抗模型。大型光伏电站等效电路如图8所示。
利用网络变换法将图8所示阻抗网络等值为图9所示聚合阻抗模型。
ZPVh-eq表示为:
ZPVh-eq=Z51//Z52
式中:Z51Z52的上标分别代表第1条馈线和第2条馈线,Z51Z52的下标分别代表第1条馈线和第2条馈线所含有的光伏发电单元数量,Z51Z52可根据式(8)计算获得。
Z1k=(1/Yl)//ZPV//(ZPV//Yl+Zl)......Zn1k=Yl//ZPV//(Zn2k//Yl+Zl)Znk=Yl//(Zn1k//Yl+Zl)
研究大型光伏电站谐振问题时,除了通过第2节的详细模型来进行理论分析,工程实际中更普遍的是建立电磁暂态仿真模型,并通过扫频法测量频域阻抗。受限于仿真软件的节点规模与计算能力,难以建立详细的电磁暂态仿真模型。大部分研究都是利用光伏电站的动态等值模型代替详细模型,大型光伏电站的动态等值模型如图10所示。
对比图1图10发现,大型光伏电站中多个串并联的光伏发电单元被1套光伏发电单元所代替,多台双分裂变压器被1台双绕组变压器所代替,复杂的集电线路拓扑被1段集电线路所代替,升压变压器和交流侧则保持不变。与大型光伏电站的精确阻抗相比,等值模型的阻抗阶数要低得多。关键在于需要合理地求取等值模型各组成元件的参数,使得详细模型与等值模型对外的谐波响应特性保持一致。
建立光伏电站的等值模型首先需要满足以下2点:1)等值前后总的额定容量不会改变,即等值模型输出的有功/无功功率与详细模型并网点处的有功/无功功率输出相等(式(9));2)等值前后并网点电压不会改变(式(10))。
{PPVeq=i=1nPPViQPVeq=i=1nQPVi
Vpcceq=Vpcci
式中:下标eq为简化系统;i为光伏电站的第i个光伏发电子单元;n为光伏电站所包含的光伏发电子单元数目。
接下来将分别求取等值模型中光伏发电单元的参数,包括光伏并网逆变器的控制参数和逆变器主电路的参数、变压器的参数和集电线路的参数。
由于光伏电站中每个发电阵列子单元的配置与参数相同,且其所连接的光伏并网逆变器采用功率控制策略,因此,并网逆变器聚合建模即为将20台容量为500 kW的并网逆变器聚合为1台容量为10 MW的并网逆变器。因仿真模型中使用标幺值进行控制,故控制参数保持不变。考虑到并网逆变器的滤波效果,以及等值模型消耗无功应与原模型相同,其聚合后的直流侧电容Cdceq、滤波电感Leq和滤波电容Ceq计算公式为:
{Cdceq=nCdciCeq=nCi1Leq=n1L1i1L2eq=n1L2i
变压器建模时往往忽略励磁支路而直接用感抗代替,此时可将其视作滤波器网侧电感的一部分。根据式(11)可知,等值模型中配电变压器电感的倒数为光伏电站各光伏发电单元中配电变压器的电感倒数之和。值得注意的是,变压器铭牌上的阻抗电压是标幺值,因此可以根据功率对应原则直接求取等值系统中变压器的参数,即仅变压器容量增加至各并联变压器容量之和,而不用改变短路阻抗标幺值。
本文对集电线路的等值采用等功率损耗法,以等值前后集电线路的损耗不变为原则。由于图1所示的光伏电站包含了放射式与干线式2种集电线路,需要对每种集电线路都进行等值参数计算。
干线式接线方式等值计算公式为:
Sde=SZ1+SZ2++SZn=(I1+I2++In)2Z1+(I1+I2++In1)2Z2++In2ZnSeq=(I1+I2++In)2ZeqSde=Seq
式中:Sde为详细模型所消耗功率;Seq为等值模型所消耗功率;n为1条馈线中集电线路的段数;I为各光伏发电单元通过配电变压器注入馈线的电流。
一般情况下,I1=I2=In=I,同时Z1=Z2=Zn=Z,则:
Zeq=n(1+n)(2n+1)Z6n2
放射式接线方式等值计算公式为:
Sde=SZ1+SZ2++SZn=I12Z1+I22Z2++In2ZnSeq=(I1+I2++In)2ZeqSde=Seq
I1=I2=In=IZ1=Z2=Zn=Z,则有:
Zeq=Zn
式(12)和式(14)为集电线路电阻与电感的等值计算公式。而对于集电线路电容的等值参数,可以在忽略光伏发电单元电压差异的基础上,认为等值电容值为同一馈线上集电线路电容之和。
以某实际光伏电站为原型,对详细模型和等值模型开展对比分析。表2表4展示了光伏电站的关键参数。
许多文献在构建光伏电站的阻抗模型时忽略了集电线路的影响。为了验证上述做法的可行性,图11对比了考虑集电线路与忽略集电线路对光伏电站阻抗特性的影响。结果表明:考虑集电线路的阻抗模型与扫频法得到的测量值高度吻合,证明了详细阻抗模型的准确性;而在谐波范围内忽略集电线路,会给光伏电站的聚合阻抗模型带来较大误差。
表3可见,集电线路的单位电阻和电感随截面积减小而增大,而单位电容随截面积减小而减小。电缆长度越长,意味着相同频率下其电感就越大,则在光伏电站阻抗聚合时其影响就越大。在谐波范围内,集电线路的感抗相对于光伏发电单元的阻抗来说小得多,因此可以探究用集电线路电容模型代替其π型电路的可行性。当光伏电站使用5 km的ZC-YJV22 3×50 mm2型地下电缆时,在3~29阶谐波范围内,将光伏电站的详细模型和2种等值模型的阻抗进行对比,结果见图12。从图12可知:等功率损耗法所得的等值模型和详细模型的幅值在全频域内都较吻合;而忽略电感所得的等值模型在13次以下的谐波范围内较为吻合,在13次以上的谐波范围内,随着频率的提高,阻抗的误差也越大,最大达到10%。
虽然忽略电感所得的等值模型与详细模型在13次谐波以上的频段内出现了较大误差,但中低频段的阻抗误差处于可接受范围之内。在实际光伏电站中[31],集电线路截面积一般在3×95~3×185 mm2,而集电线路长度一般在0.5~2.5 km。考虑一般情况,即光伏电站使用1.5 km的ZC-YJV22 3×120 mm2型地下电缆时,还增加了一种先进的等值方法[32]。再次对比3种模型的阻抗,结果如图13所示。从图13可见:文献[32]所提方法与本文所提方法所得谐振频率一致,但是在幅值和相角方面存在误差;此时全频域内忽略电感所得等值模型与详细模型阻抗较为吻合,阻抗最大误差仅为3.25%。这意味着忽略集电线路串联阻抗并不会造成严重影响,尤其在中低频段范围内。这说明等值模型建模过程可以进一步简化,且不同逆变器输出电流的差异对谐波模型影响较小。
在光伏电站建模的基础上,进一步建立了含静止同步补偿器的外部电网,用以谐波谐振分析,结果如图14所示。由图14可见,系统包括1个10 MW光伏电站,以及1个无功容量±3 Mvar的静止同步补偿器来进行无功功率补偿,其控制结构和参数与文献[30]中一致。
为了验证光伏电站等值阻抗在谐振分析时的适用性,在仿真系统的交流电网侧加入3~29次的奇次谐波,光伏电站并网点电压电流如图15所示。测量集中式光伏电站并网点处(35 kV侧)电压与系统侧电压之比,并与详细阻抗模型和等值阻抗模型计算所得的电压放大倍数相比较,结果如图16所示。从图16可见,通过等值模型计算所得的谐波放大倍数曲线与测量结果一致,验证了所提出模型的有效性。
本文以某大型光伏场站为例,首先采用自下而上的建模思路建立了场站级的精确谐波模型,而后以等功率损耗法建立了低阶的动态等值模型。以实际工程参数评价了动态等值模型在谐波频段的适用性,并论证了忽略光伏场站内部集电线路对等值模型适用性的影响,得到以下结论。
1)集电线路对光伏电站动态等值模型的高频段阻抗特性有较大影响,因此在谐波谐振研究中,光伏电站的动态等值模型必须考虑集电线路的影响。
2)在谐波谐振分析时,不同的动态等值模型在谐波范围内的适用性也不相同。采用等功率损耗法所得的等值模型在全频段均可以准确体现光伏电站的谐波谐振特性;忽略集电线路电感所得的等值模型可以体现光伏电站的中低次谐波谐振特性。综上,实际应用中对动态等值模型扫频所得的高频阻抗可以用于谐波谐振分析,但在建模过程中至少要考虑线路对地电容的影响。
后续研究重点是集中式光伏电站单机等值模型在不同电压等级集电线路下的适用性分析。
  • 宁波永耀电力投资集团有限公司研发项目(KJXM2022059)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174
  • 接收时间:2023-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-20
基金
Research and Development Project of Ningbo Yongyao Power Investment Group Co., Ltd.(KJXM2022059)
宁波永耀电力投资集团有限公司研发项目(KJXM2022059)
作者信息
    1.国网浙江省电力有限公司宁波供电公司,浙江 宁波 315000
    2.四川大学电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

陈海盟(1998),男,硕士,主要研究方向为新能源场站等值建模,
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202311174
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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