Article(id=1236693350535983956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271419, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271419, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271419, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=165, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693350892499826, articleId=1236693350535983956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of peak temperature of welding thermal cycle on microstructure property of heat affected zone of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the microstructure properties of different regions of welding heat affected zone (HAZ) of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel, the samples of test steel at different peak temperatures of thermal cycle were prepared by welding thermal simulation technique, and the impact toughness of different regions of HAZ was studied through Charpy impact tests. The results showed that, in the subcritical region of HAZ (SCHAZ), the intercritical region of HAZ (ICHAZ) and the fine-grained region of HAZ (FGHAZ), the samples had relatively high impact absorption energy, crack propagation energy and dynamic impact toughness, and a large area of fiber region and shear lip formed on the fracture surface. Toughness dimples of different sizes can be seen at the microscopic level. The samples had good impact toughness. In the coarse-grained region of HAZ (CGHAZ), all impact data of the samples sharply decreased, and the fracture showed a macroscopic brittle fracture, almost all of which are radiological regions. At the microscopic level, it showed quasi cleavage fracture characteristics, indicating that the resistance to crack propagation decreased, and the time for stable propagation decreased after crack initiation, and the instability propagation was fast. The impact toughness of the samples deteriorated, and the CGHAZ region was a ductile valley region in HAZ. The results showed that the coarse grains and the coarse M-A island were the main causes of embrittlement in the CGHAZ region. The conclusion lays a theoretical foundation for the selection, development and engineering application of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel in hydropower projects.

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为研究1 000 MPa级超高强钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)不同区域的组织性能,采用焊接热模拟技术制备了试验钢在不同热循环峰值温度下的试样,通过夏比冲击试验研究了HAZ不同区域的冲击韧性。结果表明:在亚临界区(SCHAZ)、临界区(ICHAZ)和细晶区(FGHAZ),样品冲击吸收能量、裂纹扩展能量和动态冲击韧度较大,断口上形成较大面积的脚跟形纤维区和剪切唇,微观可看到大小不一的韧窝,样品冲击韧性较好;在粗晶区(CGHAZ),样品各项冲击数据均急剧下降,断口呈宏观脆性断裂,几乎全为放射区,微观下显示准解理断裂特征,表明裂纹扩展时受到的阻力减小,裂纹萌生后稳定扩展的时间减少,失稳扩展较快,样品的冲击韧性恶化,CGHAZ为HAZ中的韧性谷区;组织分析表明,粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条是导致CGHAZ脆化的主要原因。该结论为探究1 000 MPa级超高强钢在水电工程中的优选研制及工程应用奠定了理论基础。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李太江(1973),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
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孙琦(1991),男,工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工,

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孙琦(1991),男,工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工,

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孙琦(1991),男,工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工,

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temperatures of thermal cycle, figureFileSmall=pSIif6/aLarkoS31g0enYA==, figureFileBig=u6brNx92UWtCupT1mi1DLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693362712048080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693350535983956, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同热循环峰值温度下试验钢的晶粒尺寸, figureFileSmall=pSIif6/aLarkoS31g0enYA==, figureFileBig=u6brNx92UWtCupT1mi1DLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693362795934165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693350535983956, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of the experimental ultra-high strength steel

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元素CSiMnPSCrMoNiCuBNbTiVFe
质量分数实测值0.2150.2221.2450.0110.0040.4600.5330.6070.0350.0020.0190.015<0.005其余
), ArticleFig(id=1236693362921763292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693350535983956, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验高强钢的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CSiMnPSCrMoNiCuBNbTiVFe
质量分数实测值0.2150.2221.2450.0110.0040.4600.5330.6070.0350.0020.0190.015<0.005其余
), ArticleFig(id=1236693363018232288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693350535983956, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Welding thermal simulation test parameters

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E/(kJ·cm–1)预热温度/℃加热速度/(℃·s–1)峰值保温时间/s
102001301
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焊接热模拟试验参数

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E/(kJ·cm–1)预热温度/℃加热速度/(℃·s–1)峰值保温时间/s
102001301
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Instrumental impact test results of the experimental steel

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样品热循环状态裂纹萌生能量Wi/J裂纹扩展能量Wp/J冲击吸收能量AK/J动态断裂韧度JId/(kJ·m–2)
母材40.98.048.9628.6
34.39.443.7527.1
650 ℃42.341.083.3650.1
44.152.896.9677.8
850 ℃55.242.297.4848.3
56.551.0107.5868.3
950 ℃49.734.784.4763.8
47.137.184.2723.9
1 100 ℃27.17.334.4416.5
18.87.125.9288.9
1 300 ℃15.55.521.0238.2
12.33.615.9189.0
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试验钢的示波冲击结果

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母材40.98.048.9628.6
34.39.443.7527.1
650 ℃42.341.083.3650.1
44.152.896.9677.8
850 ℃55.242.297.4848.3
56.551.0107.5868.3
950 ℃49.734.784.4763.8
47.137.184.2723.9
1 100 ℃27.17.334.4416.5
18.87.125.9288.9
1 300 ℃15.55.521.0238.2
12.33.615.9189.0
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焊接热循环峰值温度对1 000 MPa级超高强钢热影响区组织性能的影响
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孙琦 , 李太江 , 李巍 , 李生文 , 余阳 , 李聚涛 , 娄正计 , 许博炜 , 程晔锋
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(4): 165-173
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(4): 165-173
焊接热循环峰值温度对1 000 MPa级超高强钢热影响区组织性能的影响
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孙琦 , 李太江 , 李巍, 李生文, 余阳, 李聚涛, 娄正计, 许博炜, 程晔锋
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 孙琦(1991),男,工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工,

通讯作者:

李太江(1973),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
Effect of peak temperature of welding thermal cycle on microstructure property of heat affected zone of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel
Qi SUN , Taijiang LI , Wei LI, Shengwen LI, Yang YU, Jutao LI, Zhengji LOU, Bowei XU, Yefeng CHENG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309151
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为研究1 000 MPa级超高强钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)不同区域的组织性能,采用焊接热模拟技术制备了试验钢在不同热循环峰值温度下的试样,通过夏比冲击试验研究了HAZ不同区域的冲击韧性。结果表明:在亚临界区(SCHAZ)、临界区(ICHAZ)和细晶区(FGHAZ),样品冲击吸收能量、裂纹扩展能量和动态冲击韧度较大,断口上形成较大面积的脚跟形纤维区和剪切唇,微观可看到大小不一的韧窝,样品冲击韧性较好;在粗晶区(CGHAZ),样品各项冲击数据均急剧下降,断口呈宏观脆性断裂,几乎全为放射区,微观下显示准解理断裂特征,表明裂纹扩展时受到的阻力减小,裂纹萌生后稳定扩展的时间减少,失稳扩展较快,样品的冲击韧性恶化,CGHAZ为HAZ中的韧性谷区;组织分析表明,粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条是导致CGHAZ脆化的主要原因。该结论为探究1 000 MPa级超高强钢在水电工程中的优选研制及工程应用奠定了理论基础。

超高强钢  /  焊接热模拟  /  焊接热影响区  /  冲击吸收能量  /  断裂韧度

In order to study the microstructure properties of different regions of welding heat affected zone (HAZ) of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel, the samples of test steel at different peak temperatures of thermal cycle were prepared by welding thermal simulation technique, and the impact toughness of different regions of HAZ was studied through Charpy impact tests. The results showed that, in the subcritical region of HAZ (SCHAZ), the intercritical region of HAZ (ICHAZ) and the fine-grained region of HAZ (FGHAZ), the samples had relatively high impact absorption energy, crack propagation energy and dynamic impact toughness, and a large area of fiber region and shear lip formed on the fracture surface. Toughness dimples of different sizes can be seen at the microscopic level. The samples had good impact toughness. In the coarse-grained region of HAZ (CGHAZ), all impact data of the samples sharply decreased, and the fracture showed a macroscopic brittle fracture, almost all of which are radiological regions. At the microscopic level, it showed quasi cleavage fracture characteristics, indicating that the resistance to crack propagation decreased, and the time for stable propagation decreased after crack initiation, and the instability propagation was fast. The impact toughness of the samples deteriorated, and the CGHAZ region was a ductile valley region in HAZ. The results showed that the coarse grains and the coarse M-A island were the main causes of embrittlement in the CGHAZ region. The conclusion lays a theoretical foundation for the selection, development and engineering application of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel in hydropower projects.

ultra-high strength steel  /  welding thermal cycle simulation  /  welding heat affected zone  /  impact absorption energy  /  fracture toughness
孙琦, 李太江, 李巍, 李生文, 余阳, 李聚涛, 娄正计, 许博炜, 程晔锋. 焊接热循环峰值温度对1 000 MPa级超高强钢热影响区组织性能的影响. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 165 -173 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309151
Qi SUN, Taijiang LI, Wei LI, Shengwen LI, Yang YU, Jutao LI, Zhengji LOU, Bowei XU, Yefeng CHENG. Effect of peak temperature of welding thermal cycle on microstructure property of heat affected zone of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 165 -173 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309151
近年来,随着材料工程技术的发展,传统工业用钢强度等级不断提高,以水电工程为代表,结构及设备用钢强度向1 000 MPa等级发展。水电站压力钢管具有强度等级高、防渗性能好、现场施工方便等优势,大量应用在大中型水电站和抽水蓄能电站建设中[1]。焊接作为水电站压力管道等重要结构件制造安装的关键工艺,其工艺可靠性是关系安全生产的重要条件[2-3]。超高强钢焊接主要存在开裂倾向大、热影响区(HAZ)局部脆化和软化、焊接接头强韧性匹配难度大等问题[4-8]。以欧洲和日本为代表,国外在21世纪初期,已经开发出水电用1 000 MPa等级超高强钢并针对其焊接技术进行了深入研究[9-12]。近年来,我国在水电用800 MPa等级高强钢焊接性、焊材开发、焊接工艺和焊接接头组织性能等方面开展了较为深入的研究[13-18]。以白鹤滩水电站为代表,800 MPa等级高强钢已得到工程化应用。但是,目前我国水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢焊接仍存在一些问题,亟待开展进一步技术研究。
焊接接头的组织性能是焊接构件安全可靠运行的关键,焊缝区可以通过化学成分调整、强度等级匹配和焊接工艺选择等来满足其性能要求,而焊接HAZ与之不同,其性能主要受焊接热循环的影响引起组织的改变所致,不可能通过成分上的调整来进行优化[19]。因此,研究HAZ组织性能随热循环的改变规律,是进行焊接工艺设计及焊接接头强韧化调节的重要手段。
HAZ的宽度通常只有几毫米,在极小的范围内包括多个组织和性能不同的特定区域,即粗晶区(CGHAZ)、细晶区(FGHAZ)、临界区(ICHAZ)和亚临界区(SCHAZ),具体如图1所示[19-21]。实际焊接接头通常为多层多道焊,多次焊接热循环过程导致HAZ区域的组织结构更为复杂。因此,采用焊接热模拟技术,区分实际焊接过程中的单次热循环,可以得到与实际HAZ不同区域组织状态相似的系列试样,成为深入研究不同焊接参数对超高强钢HAZ不同区域组织影响的重要手段。
在实际焊接过程中有峰值温度和冷却速度2个重要的关键参数,其中峰值温度直接影响奥氏体的形成和晶粒尺寸,以及第二相的溶解、析出和合金元素的扩散过程[22],且一次热循环形成的粗晶区组织为二次热循环下所形成的临界粗晶区原始组织,影响着后续多道次循环中临界粗晶区的组织形态[23]。因此,研究一次焊接热循环下钢HAZ不同区域的组织性能,对于优化焊接工艺具有重要意义。
目前,关于800 MPa级和1 000 MPa级高强钢的焊接HAZ组织的报道,大多是在热输入20 kJ以上的情况下的结果。丁庆丰[24]研究了800 MPa级水电钢HAZ不同区域的组织性能,研究表明,热输入为25 kJ/cm时,粗晶区主要为粗大的板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,没有出现马氏体组织,韧性较好。吴昌忠等[1]研究了1 000 MPa级SMI SUMITEN 950钢焊接HAZ的组织性能,研究表明,热输入超过50 kJ/cm时,粗晶区变为低碳板条马氏体和贝氏体的混合组织,钢适合进行大热输入焊接。邱福祥等[25]研究了800 MPa级XG800CF水电用高强钢15 kJ/cm以上的焊接性能。任希乐等[4]研究了B950CF在大于25 kJ/cm的焊接性能。康丹丹等[8]研究了1 000 MPa级水电工程用高强钢B950CF在大于15 kJ/cm的焊接接头组织性能。廖琪[14]研究了800 MPa高强钢在大于25 kJ/cm的焊接性能。朱腾辉等[26]研究了800 MPa级水电钢在大于28.7 kJ/cm的焊缝组织。
本文选取10 kJ/cm作为热输入参数,采用焊接热模拟技术制备了试验钢在不同热循环峰值温度下的试样组织,通过夏比冲击试验研究了HAZ不同区域的冲击韧性,对该钢在小热输入下的HAZ组织进行了详细的分区研究,以期为其他研究者进行1 000 MPa级高强钢或者其他钢种小热输入研究提供参考,并为探究1 000 MPa级超高强钢在水电工程中的优选研制及工程应用奠定理论基础。
试验钢成分见表1,热处理状态为900 ℃淬火+560 ℃回火,组织为回火索氏体,平均晶粒尺寸为14.2 μm,试验钢的显微组织如图2所示。采用软件计算得到,试验钢的相变温度A1点为713 ℃,A3点为814 ℃。
试验钢板厚50 mm,热模拟试样从板厚中部沿板材横向取样,试样长度方向垂直于钢板轧向,热模拟试样尺寸为11 mm×11 mm×55 mm,热模拟试验在Gleeble-540热模拟试验机上进行。根据高强钢HAZ示意图,粗晶区的温度范围在1 100 ℃到固相线之间,1 100 ℃为粗晶区的初始转变温度;细晶区的温度范围为加热转变临界点Ac3~1 100 ℃;临界区的温度范围为加热转变临界点Ac1~Ac3;亚临界区为低于加热转变临界点Ac1的温度(500 ℃~ Ac1)。选用表2所列的热模拟参数,分别采用650、850、950 ℃为表征亚临界区、临界区和细晶区的热模拟参数,选择1 100、1 300 ℃为表征粗晶区的热模拟参数,热输入E为10 kJ/cm,冷却速度t8/5均为5 s。热模拟曲线如图3所示。
热模拟试验结束后,再按标准将热模拟试样加工成10 mm×10 mm×55 mm的标准V型缺口夏比冲击试样,缺口开在试样中心的均温区并沿板厚方向。冲击试验按照国标GB/T 229—2007在NI500C冲击试验机上进行,冲击试验机的标准打击能量为300 J(±10 J),打击瞬间摆锤的冲击速度为5.0~ 5.5 m/s。试验温度为–40 ℃,采用高低温试验箱对样品进行降温,试样从试验箱移出后在5 s内被冲断。
冲击试验结束后,分别采用KEYENCE VHX-600E超景深三维显微镜、Axio Vert.A1金相显微镜和JSM-6390A扫描电镜对断口及组织进行观察。
经历不同峰值温度热循环后试验钢在–40 ℃的示波冲击数据如图4图5表3所示。由图4图5表3可以看出,几个平行样品的冲击数据波动不大。因此,在每组样品中选取其中一个进行动态载荷-位移的对比(图6)。冲击试验结束后,所有样品均发生断裂,对应图中载荷的突降。
结合图4图6可以看出:热循环峰值温度为650 ℃时,试样载荷达到最大值约23.5 kN后裂纹萌生,曲线平滑下降,对应裂纹稳定扩展,样品上产生纤维区;随后载荷发生突降,载荷突降意味着冲击裂纹迅速扩展,耗散能量较少,通常对应着解理断裂[27-28],样品上产生放射区;峰值温度为850 ℃和950 ℃时,载荷最大值增大至约33.64 kN和33.86 kN,峰值附近曲线平滑,裂纹稳定扩展阶段收窄;随着峰值温度继续上升,1 100 ℃和1 300 ℃时,载荷最大值降低,且达到最大载荷后立即发生突降,表明裂纹萌生后迅速失稳扩展。
进一步对比不同峰值温度下的冲击吸收能量。由表3图5可知,试验钢母材在–40 ℃的冲击吸收能量平均值为46.3 J。焊接HAZ在峰值温度为650、850、950 ℃时,分别处于亚临界区、临界区和细晶区,冲击吸收能量远高于母材;而在粗晶区,即峰值温度为1 100 ℃和1 300 ℃时,冲击吸收能量低于母材,且随峰值温度的升高,冲击韧性进一步恶化。因此,在试验钢HAZ中,峰值温度低于950 ℃时,材料仍可保持较好的韧性,而在峰值温度超过1 100 ℃的区域,材料韧性明显受损,为HAZ的韧性谷区,即为局部脆化区。裂纹萌生能量和裂纹扩展能量与冲击吸收能量的变化趋势相同。
采用式(1)可以计算不同峰值温度下的试样钢的动态断裂韧度,计算结果见表3图7
JId=ηEiB(Wa0)
式中:JId为动态断裂韧度;η为试样几何尺寸常数,对应a/W=0.2的浅裂纹试样,取1.46[29-31]B为试样厚度;W为试样宽度;α0为缺口与预制裂纹长度之和;Ei为启裂点对应的冲击吸收能量,约为0.8Wi[32]
图7可见,随着峰值的变化,整条曲线可分为3个区域:Ⅰ区包含细晶区、临界区和亚临界区3个区域,动态断裂韧度较高,对应于上平台区,结合断口的韧窝特征可知,主要为经过大量塑性变形及裂纹稳定扩展后失稳断裂[33];Ⅲ区位于粗晶区,动态断裂韧度急剧降低,对应于下平台区,为裂纹萌生后以解理方式扩展,属于脆性断裂区;Ⅱ区为韧-脆转变的过渡区,过渡特征可作为确定其在焊接热循环下的脆性转变温度及制定焊接工艺的定量依据。
图8为断口的宏观形貌,其中,F为纤维区,R为放射区,S为剪切唇。由图8可以看出:峰值温度650、850、950 ℃时,断口有塑性变形特征,宏观呈韧性断裂;峰值温度1 300 ℃时断口平齐,宏观呈脆性断裂特征;峰值温度1 100 ℃时和母材有少量变形。观察断口断面可知,断口由脚跟形纤维区、放射区和剪切唇3个特征区组成。纤维区和剪切唇总面积按照样品热循环状态为950 ℃、850 ℃、650 ℃、母材、1 100 ℃、1 300 ℃的顺序依次减小,峰值温度1 300 ℃时几乎只有放射区。纤维区和剪切唇总面积越大,表明材料韧性越好,这与不同温度下试验钢的冲击韧性数值保持一致。
进一步采用SEM对断口进行观察,具体如图9所示。峰值温度650、850、950 ℃时试样断口特征均为韧窝型,由大小不等的韧窝组成。3种温度下,韧窝坑深和坑径相差不大,韧窝周围的塑性坑相似,韧窝形态与冲击韧性相对应。热循环状态为母材、1 100 ℃和1 300 ℃的断口宏观呈脆性断裂特征,微观呈准解理断裂,可见明显的“类解理”小平面、微孔及撕裂棱,小刻面上可见清晰的河流花样。小刻面面积越大,样品冲击韧性越差。小刻面面积按照热循环状态为1 300 ℃、1 100 ℃、母材的顺序依次减小,这与3种条件下钢的冲击韧性数值对应。
焊接HAZ中不同峰值温度的差异,使HAZ中不同区域形成的组织各异。不同热循环峰值温度下试验钢的显微组织如图10所示。采用Image J对晶粒尺寸进行统计,具体如图11所示。由图10图11可知:峰值温度超过1 100 ℃时,对应于粗晶区,可见粗大的晶粒,原奥氏体晶粒的晶界清晰,晶粒内部形成具有一定交角的针状铁素体和粗大的马氏体板条组织,板条和板条间的M-A组元粗大;峰值温度950 ℃时,钢为准多边形铁素体体和粒状贝氏体混合组织,组织均匀,晶粒尺寸细小;当峰值温度在850 ℃时,对应于ICHAZ,晶粒较细小;当峰值温度为650 ℃时,形成SCHAZ,同样具有细小的晶粒。
冲击试验中的最大力Fm与抗拉强度相关。本试验中,临界区和细晶区Fm最大,说明裂纹形成所需的应力大于其他几个区域,表明此时钢的抗拉强度最大,粗晶区对应的强度最小,亚临界区基本与母材的强度持平。
冲击试样在打击过程中的冲击吸收能量AK是由缺口处弹性变形能量、塑性变形能量、裂纹稳定扩展能量、裂纹不稳定扩展能量构成的,其中缺口处弹性变形能量和塑性变形能量构成裂纹萌生能量,裂纹稳定扩展能量和裂纹不稳定扩展能量构成裂纹扩展能量。冲击试验中,载荷达到最大力Fm时,裂纹在冲击试样缺口处萌生,Fm之前所消耗的能量为裂纹萌生能量WiFm之后所消耗的能量为裂纹扩展能量Wp[31]
对于韧性好的材料,试样冲击吸收能量高,摆锤打击试样时,试样先发生弹性变形,当弹性变形达到弹性极限时,试样产生沿无约束宽度方向的塑性变形,载荷达到最大值时裂纹萌生[34]。随后裂纹经过稳定扩展,达到临界长度后失稳扩展,试样以解理或准解理方式断裂。对于韧性较差的材料,裂纹萌生后很快断裂,几乎不经过稳定扩展阶段,裂纹扩展能量明显小于韧性较好的材料[35]。因此,由实验结果可知,在亚临界区、临界区和细晶区,样品冲击吸收能量和裂纹扩展能量较高,冲击韧性较好;在粗晶区,裂纹扩展时受到的阻力减小,裂纹萌生后稳定扩展的时间减少,失稳扩展较快,样品的冲击韧性降低[36]
钢的冲击性能受显微组织的影响,而显微组织受热循环峰值温度的影响。当峰值温度超过1 100 ℃时,由于钢在热循环高温阶段停留时间较长,出现粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条[5],对应于CGHAZ。由于碳原子固溶强化以及位错密度大,其硬度值相应偏高;加之晶粒粗大,钢冲击韧性较差。因而,CGHAZ区域韧性损失最大。
当峰值温度在950 ℃时,高温停留时间减少,奥氏体晶粒来不及长大,在加热和冷却过程中发生了相变重结晶,晶粒非常细小,奥氏体的成分充分均匀化,对应于FGHAZ,组织均匀,塑性韧性较好。
当峰值温度在850 ℃时,温度降低加之高温停留时间进一步减少,发生了部分重结晶,组织中出现细小等轴晶,但同时仍可以看到与母材相似的组织,对应于ICHAZ,材料韧性较好;当峰值温度为650 ℃时,材料经历了一个短时回火过程,形成SCHAZ,与母材相比,组织基本没有发生变化,材料韧性较好。
对比HAZ不同区域的组织可知,粗晶区相对于其他区域,出现粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条[5]。这种粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条是导致CGHAZ脆化的主要原因。
本文通过对不同峰值温度下热模拟试样进行示波冲击试验及组织分析,得出如下结论:
1)热循环峰值温度显著影响钢的显微组织。当峰值温度超过1 100 ℃时,形成粗晶区,具有粗大的晶粒和粗大的马氏体板条。峰值温度为950、850、650 ℃时,形成细晶区、临界区和亚临界区,晶粒尺寸与粗晶区相比明显减小。
2)在细晶区、临界区和亚临界区,钢的裂纹萌生能量、裂纹扩展能量、动态断裂韧度及冲击吸收能量均显著高于粗晶区,断口呈现韧性断裂特征,冲击韧性较好。热循环峰值温度位于粗晶区时,钢的冲击韧性急剧降低,呈现脆性断裂特征。
3)粗晶区是热影响区的韧性谷区,粗大的晶粒以及热循环产生的粗大马氏体是导致该区域脆化的主要原因。
  • 西安热工研究院研究开发基金(TQ-23-TYK13)
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2024年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309151
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
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Research and Development Fund of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TQ-23-TYK13)
西安热工研究院研究开发基金(TQ-23-TYK13)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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李太江(1973),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为先进焊接与表面工程,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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