Article(id=1236693349952975667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202310152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271279, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693350343045957, articleId=1236693349952975667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and application of wind turbine gearbox fault warning algorithm, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The health status of gearbox directly affects the power generation of wind turbine. In order to achieve early warning of gearbox fault status in engineering practice, a K-means clustering algorithm based on improved lion swarm optimization was proposed. The supervision mechanism and the sine and cosine optimization algorithm considering nonlinear weights are introduced into the lion swarm algorithm, and then the optimized lion swarm algorithm is used to iterate the lion king position. By selecting the optimal solution as the clustering center of the K-means algorithm, the problem of strong dependence of conventional clustering algorithms on the selection of initial clustering centers is solved. The UCI data are selected for comparative verification of the algorithm, and the results show that, the K-means clustering algorithm based on the improved lion swarm optimization has achieved a better improvement in classification accuracy and stability. This algorithm is then applied to comparative test of gearbox vibration acceleration effective value for four wind turbines of the same type in a wind farm. It is found that the distribution of classification centers determined by this algorithm is consistent with the actual operating status of the gearbox, and agrees well with the vibration energy distribution corresponding to different states of the gearbox specified in the standard, indicating that the algorithm can realize early fault warning of wind turbine gearbox.

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齿轮箱健康状态直接影响风电机组的发电量,为了在工程实际中尽早实现齿轮箱故障状态的预警,提出一种基于改进狮群优化的K-means聚类算法。将监督机制及考虑非线性权重的正余弦优化算法引入狮群算法实现算法改进,通过改进狮群优化算法对狮王位置的迭代,选择最优解作为K-means算法聚类中心,以解决传统聚类算法对初始聚类中心依赖性强的问题。选择UCI数据对算法进行对比验证,结果表明,基于改进狮群优化的K-means聚类算法的分类准确度和稳定性有较好的提升。将该算法应用于某风电场内4台同一型号机组齿轮箱振动加速度有效值的对比测试,发现该算法的分类中心分布与齿轮箱实际运行状态相吻合,且与标准规定的齿轮箱不同状态所对应的振动能量分布相一致,证明该算法可实现风电机组齿轮箱早期故障预警。

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张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组先进控制策略及预警技术,
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刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组降载与故障预警技术,

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number of iterations, figureFileSmall=1DNKiJ0QA6Oq0318O1yo7Q==, figureFileBig=raftGsc6NqXUKZDTDw9tmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693358375137618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349952975667, language=CN, label=图7, caption=适应度值随迭代次数变化趋势, figureFileSmall=1DNKiJ0QA6Oq0318O1yo7Q==, figureFileBig=raftGsc6NqXUKZDTDw9tmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693358572269913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349952975667, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistics of the UCI dataset

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数据集样本点分类数维度
Aggregation78872
Seeds21037
Haberman30623
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UCI数据集统计情况

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数据集样本点分类数维度
Aggregation78872
Seeds21037
Haberman30623
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Comparison of three algorithms for the Aggregation datasets

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM81.740.7084.6770.94
LSO-KM79.980.7284.4770.41
K-means72.990.8082.3668.34
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Aggregation数据集3种算法比较

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM81.740.7084.6770.94
LSO-KM79.980.7284.4770.41
K-means72.990.8082.3668.34
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Comparison of three algorithms for the Seeds datasets

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM92.180.002 697.3551.29
LSO-KM89.390.002 893.0881.05
K-means82.390.003 188.2774.12
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Seeds数据集3种算法比较

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM92.180.002 697.3551.29
LSO-KM89.390.002 893.0881.05
K-means82.390.003 188.2774.12
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Comparison of three algorithms for the Haberman datasets

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM59.290.3164.4856.17
LSO-KM57.240.3260.0852.26
K-means51.660.3653.0851.23
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Haberman数据集3种算法比较

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算法平均值标准差最大值最小值
ILSO-KM59.290.3164.4856.17
LSO-KM57.240.3260.0852.26
K-means51.660.3653.0851.23
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Division of gearbox status intervals

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部件加速度评估
频率范围/HzB/C区域边界/(m·s–2)C/D区域边界/(m·s–2)
齿轮箱0.1~10.00.30.5
10~2 0007.512.0
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齿轮箱状态区间划分

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部件加速度评估
频率范围/HzB/C区域边界/(m·s–2)C/D区域边界/(m·s–2)
齿轮箱0.1~10.00.30.5
10~2 0007.512.0
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风电机组齿轮箱故障预警算法研究及应用
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刘河生 1 , 徐浩 2 , 李宁 2 , 李林晏 1 , 景玮钰 1 , 雷航 1 , 张瑞刚 1
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(4): 36-42
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(4): 36-42
风电机组齿轮箱故障预警算法研究及应用
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刘河生1 , 徐浩2, 李宁2, 李林晏1, 景玮钰1, 雷航1, 张瑞刚1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中车山东风电有限公司,山东 济南 250000
  • 刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组降载与故障预警技术,

通讯作者:

张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组先进控制策略及预警技术,
Research and application of wind turbine gearbox fault warning algorithm
Hesheng LIU1 , Hao XU2, Ning LI2, Linyan LI1, Weiyu JING1, Hang LEI1, Ruigang ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.CRRC Shandong Wind Power Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310152
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齿轮箱健康状态直接影响风电机组的发电量,为了在工程实际中尽早实现齿轮箱故障状态的预警,提出一种基于改进狮群优化的K-means聚类算法。将监督机制及考虑非线性权重的正余弦优化算法引入狮群算法实现算法改进,通过改进狮群优化算法对狮王位置的迭代,选择最优解作为K-means算法聚类中心,以解决传统聚类算法对初始聚类中心依赖性强的问题。选择UCI数据对算法进行对比验证,结果表明,基于改进狮群优化的K-means聚类算法的分类准确度和稳定性有较好的提升。将该算法应用于某风电场内4台同一型号机组齿轮箱振动加速度有效值的对比测试,发现该算法的分类中心分布与齿轮箱实际运行状态相吻合,且与标准规定的齿轮箱不同状态所对应的振动能量分布相一致,证明该算法可实现风电机组齿轮箱早期故障预警。

风电机组  /  齿轮箱  /  改进狮群优化  /  聚类算法  /  故障预警

The health status of gearbox directly affects the power generation of wind turbine. In order to achieve early warning of gearbox fault status in engineering practice, a K-means clustering algorithm based on improved lion swarm optimization was proposed. The supervision mechanism and the sine and cosine optimization algorithm considering nonlinear weights are introduced into the lion swarm algorithm, and then the optimized lion swarm algorithm is used to iterate the lion king position. By selecting the optimal solution as the clustering center of the K-means algorithm, the problem of strong dependence of conventional clustering algorithms on the selection of initial clustering centers is solved. The UCI data are selected for comparative verification of the algorithm, and the results show that, the K-means clustering algorithm based on the improved lion swarm optimization has achieved a better improvement in classification accuracy and stability. This algorithm is then applied to comparative test of gearbox vibration acceleration effective value for four wind turbines of the same type in a wind farm. It is found that the distribution of classification centers determined by this algorithm is consistent with the actual operating status of the gearbox, and agrees well with the vibration energy distribution corresponding to different states of the gearbox specified in the standard, indicating that the algorithm can realize early fault warning of wind turbine gearbox.

wind turbine unit  /  gearbox  /  improved lion group optimization  /  clustering algorithm  /  fault warning
刘河生, 徐浩, 李宁, 李林晏, 景玮钰, 雷航, 张瑞刚. 风电机组齿轮箱故障预警算法研究及应用. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310152
Hesheng LIU, Hao XU, Ning LI, Linyan LI, Weiyu JING, Hang LEI, Ruigang ZHANG. Research and application of wind turbine gearbox fault warning algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310152
随着各国对新能源发电设备关注度不断提升,风力发电作为新能源发电主力军得到迅猛发展[1]。就国内而言,陆上新建风电项目单机容量普遍由2~3 MW提升至6~8 MW,海上新建风电项目单机容量普遍达到8~10 MW[2]。风电单机容量快速增加使得核心大部件的单价居高不下,同时海上风电项目具有高昂的运维及施工成本,这2个难点问题使得风电机组整机的可靠性问题被提升到了非常高的地位。
文献[3-4]提出,虽然齿轮箱故障出现的频次不高,但就单次故障而言,齿轮箱故障造成的风电机组停机时间却是最长的。因此对风电机组齿轮箱的故障预警技术研究显得尤为重要,先进的预警算法可以最大限度减少发电量损失。
文献[5]选择支持向量机模型以及量子遗传算法对惩罚参数和核函数系数进行优化,该方法可以实现对传动链典型故障的分类诊断;文献[6]利用面向故障树的智能诊断技术,结合传动链故障类型及机理分析,构建了风电机组传动链故障树智能诊断系统;文献[7]提出一种基于比例冲突分配规则的模型融合故障诊断方法,并在实验条件下进行了仿真测试,结果表明该方法在一定条件下可提高齿轮箱故障诊断的准确率;文献[8]利用无迹卡尔曼方法对齿轮箱温升进行了有效预测,并实现了有效的故障检测,是齿轮箱故障预警的有效手段。
此外,文献[9-10]指出振动信号仍是齿轮箱机械故障的主要监测和诊断方法,常见振动信号分析方法包括时域分析、频域分析以及时频域分析3大类[11]。但是这些方法对故障分析人员相关技能水平要求较高,需要了解、掌握齿轮箱相关知识,从成分复杂的谱图中识别故障的难度很大。故障状态下振动有效值峰值较大,与风电机组齿轮箱正常运行状态区别明显,而聚类(clustering)是按照某一确定的标准,将同一数据集中的所有数据划分为多个不同子集,使得同一子集和不同子集的数据分别具有最大相似性和极大相异性。文献[12]用相似性描述因子、重复性描述因子、跳跃性描述因子3类无量纲幅域参数描述齿轮箱振动信号特征,通过K-means聚类算法对齿轮箱运行状态进行分类。但K-means聚类算法存在以下缺陷:1)初始聚类中心是随机选取的,聚类中心的选取直接影响聚类结果;2)很容易出现局部最优。为了实现K-means聚类算法的更好应用,文献[13]提出了一种狮群优化(loin swarm optimization,LSO)算法,可以有效提高算法的效率和准确率,但依然容易陷入局部最优问题。
因此,本文提出基于改进狮群优化(improved lion swarm optimization,ILSO)的K-means聚类(ILSO-KM)算法,改善原有狮群算法容易陷入局部最优[14]以及K-means聚类算法受初始聚类中心划分影响较大的问题。
K-means聚类算法是一种非常经典的聚类算法。该算法通过计算任意2个点之间的距离,使得所有样本点xj划分为i类,这i类数据称为i个同类簇,每个簇具有一个聚类中心ci。同簇数据具有最大的相似性,异簇数据具有最大的相异性。K-means聚类算法计算流程如图1所示。
目标函数为求取各簇成员到其聚类中心距离平方和的极小化值,计算式为:
J=xjci2
狮群优化算法模拟狮群的习性进行寻优[15],该算法共有3个对象,分别为狮王、母狮以及未成年的幼狮。其中狮王负责保护领地和幼狮,但狮王会因优胜劣汰法则而被淘汰;母狮需要相互配合围猎食物以及养育幼狮;幼狮则跟随狮王与母狮进行活动,长大后被赶出当前狮群。
该算法的主要思想为:选择一定数量的母狮从待寻优空间中的某一初始位置开始进行捕猎,母狮与母狮之间需要相互配合才能完成捕猎;如果母狮发现的猎物为当前狮群猎物的最优值,则该食物会被狮王占据;而母狮及幼狮具有跟随狮王进食以及幼狮跟随母狮学习并一起捕猎2种活动;当幼狮成年后,则会被当前狮群排挤出去,优胜劣汰后也有可能继续取代当前狮王的位置,从而实现种群的繁衍与优化。算法做了如下定义:
D维的目标搜索空间内有N个狮子组成狮群,成年狮子的数量为L,包含1头公狮及至少一头母狮,即2≤LN/2。第i个成年狮子的位置可以定义为xi=(xi1, xi2, …, xiD),且1≤iL
成年狮子数量为β为成年狮所占比例因子,通常取值(0, 0.5),幼狮数量则对应为N(1–β)。
狮王自身位置更新计算公式为:
xik+1=gk(1+γpikgk)
母狮自身位置更新计算公式为:
xik+1=pik+pck2(1+αfγ)
幼狮自身位置更新计算公式为:
xik+1={gk+pik2(1+αcγ),  0q<13pmk+pik2(1+αcγ),  13q<23g¯k+pik2(1+αcγ),  23q<1
式中:gk为第k代群体的最优位置;γ为正态分布的随机数,范围为(0,1);pik为第k代个体的最优位置;pck为母狮协同伙伴的历史最优位置;αfαc均为扰动因子;q为按照均匀分布的概率因子,取值范围为(0,1);pmk为跟随母狮的幼狮的第k代最优位置;g¯k为幼狮在捕猎范围内被驱赶位置。
考虑到K-means聚类算法对初始聚类中心敏感且容易陷入局部最优的问题,本文采用改进的狮群优化算法对目标数据的最优聚类中心进行寻优,利用UCI(university of california irvine)官网提供的数据集对K-means、LSO-KM、ILSO-KM算法的聚类效果进行对比分析。
将正余弦优化算法引入狮群位置更新公式,并加入监督机制可有效防止算法早熟与局部收敛。
澳大利亚学者Seyedali Mirjalili于2015年设计并提出了正余弦优化算法(sine cosine algorithm, SCA)[16],在该算法中会生成多个初始随机候选解,并使它们基于正弦和余弦的数学模型向外波动或向最优解的方向波动,利用多个随机变量和自适应变量来计算当前解所在位置,从而可以搜索空间中的不同区域,有效地避免局部最优,并收敛于全局最优。其中个体的位置更新公式为:
xik+1={xik+r1sin(r2)|r3pikxik|,r412xik+r1cos(r2)|r3pikxik|,r412
式中:xik为当前个体的第i维第k代的位置;r2为0~2π的随机数;r3为0~2的随机数;r4为0~1的随机数;pik为第k次迭代时最优个体位置变量的第i维位置;k为当前迭代次数;r1为线性递减函数,可以平衡算法个别和整体的搜索能力,其计算公式为[17]
r1=2(KmaxkKmax)
式中:Kmax为最大迭代次数。
为了增强狮群行为的随机性,参考f(x)=x3函数变化趋势对个体行为的位置更新引入非线性权重ω=(kKmax)3k值越小,母狮个体的位置更新受当前位置影响越小,个体搜索位置更容易到达更大的空间;当k值逐渐增大,个体搜索位置更容易受当前位置影响,算法更容易实现收敛[18]。对母狮和幼狮的位置更新公式为式(7)—式(8)。
考虑成年狮子在狮群中所占比例因子通常在(0, 0.5),因此母狮的位置更新公式可以改写为:
xik+1=xikω3+r1sin(r2)|r3gkxik|
式中:gk为第k代的全局最优位置。
根据幼狮的生活习性,选择将一部分幼狮跟随狮王,另一部分跟随母狮,任一只幼狮选择以50%的概率按照正弦公式或者余弦公式更新位置:
xik+1={xikω3+r1sin(r2)|r3pikxik|,r412xikω3+r1cos(r2)|r3pikxik|,r412
式中:pik为母狮的历史最优位置。
LSO算法在迭代寻优的过程中,若相邻2次迭代过程中的全局最优值的误差范围小于设定阈值后,则停止迭代,寻优结束。为了增强LSO算法对全局搜索寻优的能力,在LSO算法的基础上增加监督机制,该机制的设计逻辑如图2所示。
当2次狮王的适应度绝对值差小于规定阈值时,算法将按照一定的概率对部分个体位置进行重置,未进行重置的个体将和重置后的个体进行合作来更新自身位置,这种措施在一定程度上可以使得算法跳出局部最优[19]
ILSO-KM算法适应度函数的选择可以依据式(1)确定,即基于欧氏距离公式计算各聚类簇中所有数据到所对应的聚类中心的距离综合,使得该距离总和达到最小。
步骤1:输入数据,确定样本数量N,个体维度i,最大迭代次数Kmax,迭代阈值;
步骤2:初始化狮群,计算所有狮子的适应度值,并确定狮王、母狮及幼狮的数量;
步骤3:更新狮王、母狮及幼狮的位置,重新计算适应度值,更新全局最优位置;
步骤4:判断迭代次数是否达到Kmax,如果没有达到Kmax,则重复计算步骤3,如果达到终止条件,则执行步骤5;
步骤5:得到最优解狮王及其所对应的全局最优位置,即K个最优聚类中心;
步骤6:计算每个样本到对应聚类中心的距离,完成聚类。
从UCI官网选择3种数据集,首先判断ILSO-KM算法的分类结果与UCI数据集中分类数是否一致;然后基于分类准确度的平均值分别与LSO-KM算法、K-means算法进行算法准确性与稳定性比较。数据集选取统计情况见表1,ILSO-KM算法对3种数据集的分类结果如图3图5所示。
对ILSO-KM、LSO-KM以及K-means算法进行分类准确性及稳定性比较,分别对每种算法执行50次,每次计算得到的准确率的数值统计结果见表2表4
表2表4数据分析结果可以看出:相较于LSO-KM算法,ILSO-KM算法分类准确度平均值提高2.2%~3.5%,标准差降低2.80%~4.76%;相较于K-means算法,ILSO-KM算法分类准确度平均值提高10.6%~12.0%,标准差降低12.86%~15.96%;算法的分类准确性与稳定性有了较好的改善。考虑到ILSO-KM算法拟部署平台为高性能服务器,在此不再比较算法的执行时间。
本文选择安装在同一片区内4台相同机型的同型号齿轮箱的同一时间段内主轴后轴承、发电机负荷端、齿轮箱一级行星振动加速度有效值数据,4台机组的齿轮箱状态分别为:1号机组齿轮箱运行正常;2号机组齿轮箱行星架定位异常及箱体后窜;3号机组齿轮箱高速轴轴承内圈滚道点蚀剥落;7号机组齿轮箱中间轴轴承内圈滚道点蚀磨损,高速轴轴承早中期损伤,外圈均布磨损。选择ILSO-KM算法对运行数据进行聚类分析。
图6为ILSO-KM算法聚类结果,图7为适应度值随迭代次数的变化趋势。
《风力发电机组及其组件机械振动测量与评估》(GB/T 35854—2018)标准依据振动能量将风电机组齿轮箱状态划分为4个区间,标准中部分数据见表5,分别为[20]
区域A:新服役机组在恒定风况或湍流强度较小工况下风电机组齿轮箱的振动加速度有效值区间;
区域B:在该区域内,机组可以长期连续运行;
区域C:机组已有故障特征,需要结合运行工况复核故障原因;
区域D:机组处于非常危险状态,需要立即停机。
图6图7可以看出,ILSO-KM算法将4台机组齿轮箱运行数据划分为4大类,算法在第20次迭代时即实现完全收敛。类别4散点范围始终在3~6 m/s2,处于GB/T 35854—2018标准规定的B区域内,为齿轮箱安全运行区域;类别2中发电机负荷端方向散点范围大约在7~9 m/s2,处于GB/T 35854—2018标准规定的B区域与C区域的边界处,为齿轮箱轻微故障区域;类别3与类别1中发电机负荷端方向散点范围约为11~12 m/s2,接近GB/T 35854—2018标准规定的C区域与D区域的边界处,为齿轮箱严重故障区域。分类结果与齿轮箱实际运行状态一致且GB/T 35854—2018标准规定的齿轮箱不同状态所对应的振动能量分布一致。
本文选择改进狮群优化算法结合K-means算法对UCI数据集进行实验室仿真分析,并对某风电场内同一型号风电机组齿轮箱同一时间段内的振动加速度有效值数据进行分类,得到如下结论:
1)将非线性权重以及正余弦优化算法引入狮群算法,对母狮及幼狮位置更新公式进行优化,达到算法早期不易陷入局部最优且后期易收敛的目的。
2)利用改进狮群优化算法对K-means算法中的核心参数——初始聚类中心进行优化,形成ILSO-KM算法,并利用UCI数据集对ILSO-KM、LSO-KM、K-means算法的分类准确性和稳定性进行对比分析,结果表明ILSO-KM算法的分类准确性相较于其他2种算法得到有效提高且分类准确性的分布更为稳定。
3)应用ILSO-KM算法对同一场区内4台相同型号机组的齿轮箱数据进行聚类分析,结果表明,ILSO-KM算法可以有效实现齿轮箱不同状态的分类,分类结果与齿轮箱实际运行状态一致且分类中心的分布与GB/T 35854—2018标准中关于齿轮箱不同故障状态下振动能量的分布一致。
4)本文提供的算法及应用案例为风电机组齿轮箱的故障预警提供了先进可行的解决方案,可以有效指导风电场齿轮箱预测性维护。
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TQ-22-TYK27)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310152
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
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Science and Technology Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TQ-22-TYK27)
西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TQ-22-TYK27)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中车山东风电有限公司,山东 济南 250000

通讯作者:

张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组先进控制策略及预警技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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