Article(id=1236693349533545241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202310165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271180, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271180, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271180, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693349827146539, articleId=1236693349533545241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on thermal hydraulic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide in semi-circular channel with variable cross-section, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mathematical and physical models of different semicircular channels are established, and the accuracy of the numerical models is verified by comparing with the experimental data. The thermal and hydraulic heat transfer performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) in uniform cross-section semicircular tube, diverging tube and converging tube is studied, and the influence of different channels and pressures on the thermal and hydraulic performance of S-CO2 in a semi-circular tube with variable cross-section is calculated and analyzed. The results show that, compared with the uniform cross-section semicircular tube, the diverging tube deteriorates heat transfer, the converging tube enhances heat transfer. The overall heat transfer coefficient of converging semicircular tube with the inlet and outlet radius ratio of 1.0:0.5 increases by 39.93%, and the maximum evaluation factor PEC of flow heat transfer comprehensive performance is 1.346. When the pressure is closer to the critical pressure or the heat flux is low, the heat transfer performance is higher. Finally, the reason why the converging tube with variable cross-section can enhance heat transfer is explained from the perspective of field coordination and turbulent kinetic energy distribution. The research results can provide new ideas and theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of coolers in S-CO2 circulation system.

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建立了不同半圆通道的数学和物理模型,并通过与实验数据的比较,验证了所建立模型的准确性。研究了超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)在等截面半圆通道、渐扩型和渐缩型通道内的热工水力换热性能,并分析了不同通道和压力对S-CO2在变截面半圆通道内的热工水力性能的影响。结果表明:相较于均匀截面半圆通道,渐扩型通道恶化传热,渐缩型通道强化传热;入口和出口半径比为1.0:0.5的渐缩型半圆通道的总体换热系数最大提升了39.93%,流动传热综合性能评价因子PEC最大为1.346;当压力越靠近临界压力或热通量较低时,传热性能越高。最后,从场协同性和湍动能分布的角度解释了渐缩型变截面通道强化传热的原因。研究结果可为S-CO2循环系统冷却器的设计与优化提供新的思路和理论指导。

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朱兵国(1988),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界流体传热、高效紧凑式换热器开发,
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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为现代设计方法、理论及应用、低温余热发电等,

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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为现代设计方法、理论及应用、低温余热发电等,

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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为现代设计方法、理论及应用、低温余热发电等,

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Geometric parameters of the channels

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类型入口半径ri/mm出口半径ro/mm变截面系数ri/ro符号
均匀型0.750.751U
渐扩型(Diverging)0.70.80.7:0.8D1
0.60.90.6:0.9D2
0.51.00.5:1.0D3
0.41.10.4:1.1D4
渐缩型(Converging)0.80.70.8:0.7C1
0.90.60.9:0.6C2
1.00.51.0:0.5C3
1.10.41.1:0.4C4
), ArticleFig(id=1236693358819733857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349533545241, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

通道几何参数

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类型入口半径ri/mm出口半径ro/mm变截面系数ri/ro符号
均匀型0.750.751U
渐扩型(Diverging)0.70.80.7:0.8D1
0.60.90.6:0.9D2
0.51.00.5:1.0D3
0.41.10.4:1.1D4
渐缩型(Converging)0.80.70.8:0.7C1
0.90.60.9:0.6C2
1.00.51.0:0.5C3
1.10.41.1:0.4C4
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变截面半圆通道内超临界二氧化碳热工水力性能研究
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彭斌 , 孙振豪 , 朱兵国 , 施佳宝 , 张朋成
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(4): 43-52
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(4): 43-52
变截面半圆通道内超临界二氧化碳热工水力性能研究
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彭斌 , 孙振豪, 朱兵国 , 施佳宝, 张朋成
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为现代设计方法、理论及应用、低温余热发电等,

通讯作者:

朱兵国(1988),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界流体传热、高效紧凑式换热器开发,
Study on thermal hydraulic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide in semi-circular channel with variable cross-section
Bin PENG , Zhenhao SUN, Bingguo ZHU , Jiabao SHI, Pengcheng ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310165
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建立了不同半圆通道的数学和物理模型,并通过与实验数据的比较,验证了所建立模型的准确性。研究了超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)在等截面半圆通道、渐扩型和渐缩型通道内的热工水力换热性能,并分析了不同通道和压力对S-CO2在变截面半圆通道内的热工水力性能的影响。结果表明:相较于均匀截面半圆通道,渐扩型通道恶化传热,渐缩型通道强化传热;入口和出口半径比为1.0:0.5的渐缩型半圆通道的总体换热系数最大提升了39.93%,流动传热综合性能评价因子PEC最大为1.346;当压力越靠近临界压力或热通量较低时,传热性能越高。最后,从场协同性和湍动能分布的角度解释了渐缩型变截面通道强化传热的原因。研究结果可为S-CO2循环系统冷却器的设计与优化提供新的思路和理论指导。

超临界二氧化碳  /  渐扩型通道  /  渐缩型通道  /  传热强化  /  湍流  /  场协同

The mathematical and physical models of different semicircular channels are established, and the accuracy of the numerical models is verified by comparing with the experimental data. The thermal and hydraulic heat transfer performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) in uniform cross-section semicircular tube, diverging tube and converging tube is studied, and the influence of different channels and pressures on the thermal and hydraulic performance of S-CO2 in a semi-circular tube with variable cross-section is calculated and analyzed. The results show that, compared with the uniform cross-section semicircular tube, the diverging tube deteriorates heat transfer, the converging tube enhances heat transfer. The overall heat transfer coefficient of converging semicircular tube with the inlet and outlet radius ratio of 1.0:0.5 increases by 39.93%, and the maximum evaluation factor PEC of flow heat transfer comprehensive performance is 1.346. When the pressure is closer to the critical pressure or the heat flux is low, the heat transfer performance is higher. Finally, the reason why the converging tube with variable cross-section can enhance heat transfer is explained from the perspective of field coordination and turbulent kinetic energy distribution. The research results can provide new ideas and theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of coolers in S-CO2 circulation system.

supercritical carbon dioxide  /  diverging tube  /  converging tube  /  heat transfer enhancement  /  turbulent flow  /  field coordination
彭斌, 孙振豪, 朱兵国, 施佳宝, 张朋成. 变截面半圆通道内超临界二氧化碳热工水力性能研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310165
Bin PENG, Zhenhao SUN, Bingguo ZHU, Jiabao SHI, Pengcheng ZHANG. Study on thermal hydraulic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide in semi-circular channel with variable cross-section[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310165
二氧化碳(CO2)因无毒、不可燃等稳定化学性质,且对臭氧层没有破坏潜力(ODP=0)、引发温室效应的潜力较低(GWP=1),而被视为一种新型环保工质。同时,CO2的热力学临界点较低(临界温度31.04 ℃,临界压力7.38 MPa),易实现跨临界循环。相比于常见的水蒸气朗肯循环,超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环发电技术得到了国际学者的广泛关注,成为前沿热点研究领域[1]。目前,S-CO2布雷顿循环在太阳能发电、燃煤发电、核电等多个领域都被广泛应用。作为上述发电系统的循环工质,大量学者开展了S-CO2流动传热的研究工作[2-7]
印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)因具有结构紧凑、传热效率高、体积比小、耐高温高压等优点被公认为是S-CO2发电系统中最有潜力的换热器[8]。换热芯体是整个PCHE的核心部分,它是采用扩散焊将多层经过化学刻蚀出微通道的换热板进行焊接而得到的结构。目前,半圆形截面通道是最常见的流道形状,1个热流通道和1个冷流通道可视为1个换热单元[9]。每层换热板的通道是主要的换热表面,因此,PCHE的通道结构是影响其流动传热性能的最主要因素之一。Wang等人[10]采用直接数值模拟研究了混合对流和强制对流条件下S-CO2在半圆管内的换热过程,重点讨论了热流、二次流、热加速度、角效应和几何取向对传热的影响。Park等人[11]开展了S-CO2在半圆管内的实验研究,将实验结果和已有基于圆管开发的超临界流体传热关联式进行了比较,发现已有关联式对顶母线传热的预测较好,对底母线传热的预测较差,基于对边界层的分析,提出了一个新的传热模型。Zhong等人[12]探讨了冷却条件下半圆形和圆形通道中S-CO2的局部换热特性,并将其应用于S-CO2布雷顿循环领域,结果表明,无论采用半圆形通道还是圆形通道,S-CO2的局部换热系数沿流动方向均为先增大后减小,并且由于浮力效应的影响,水平半圆形通道的换热性能弱于圆形通道。Kruizenga等人[13]对S-CO2在9个平行半圆微通道内的传热特性进行了实验研究与数值模拟分析,发现在拟临界点附近,传统的单相对流换热计算公式不能预测现有实验数据,因此基于实验数据拟合得到了一个新的传热关联式。
为了强化PCHE的换热性能,一些研究者提出了Z形通道、S形通道、翼型通道等[14-16]。由于通道的水力直径尺度约为1 mm,相较于传统直线型通道,Z形结构具有较大的压降。在相同换热条件下,S形PCHE将压降降低到Z形PCHE的1/5。翼形通道PCHE则可以将阻力降到更低[17]。从流动传热和制造角度分析,S型和翼型虽性能优异,但制造成本更高[18-19]
综上,目前仍采用扩展传热面、管内插入物、弯曲通道等流动强化传热方法促进S-CO2在PCHE内的交混和扰动,这些传统方法存在传热性能提升的同时伴随流动阻力大幅增加的问题。最近,Li等人[20]研究表明,在相同换热面积下,相较于等截面圆管,变截面圆管可有效提高S-CO2的传热性能,但其主要对S-CO2远临界区(即物性较为稳定)的传热性能进行分析且所考虑的模型管径较大。而在单相流动换热和两相流中,已有研究也表明变截面通道能有效增强传热[20-21]。受此启发,本文将针对S-CO2在变截面半圆通道内的热工水力性能开展研究。首先建立了半圆通道的物理和数学计算模型,并对模型进行了验证;其次比较研究了S-CO2等截面通道、渐扩型和渐缩型通道的热工水力性能;最后分析了运行压力对S-CO2热工性能的影响,并从场协同原理和湍动能分布角度解释了变截面通道强化传热的原因。研究结果可为应用于S-CO2循环的PCHE的设计与优化提供新的思路和理论支撑。
为了对S-CO2在均匀截面半圆通道、渐扩型、渐缩型变截面半圆通道中的综合性能进行比较,建立如图1所示3种通道的三维计算模型。3种通道模型均由200 mm的出入口绝热段和长为L的冷却段组成,出入口绝热段主要是用以防止S-CO2回流和保持入口段的稳定流动。均匀半圆通道冷却段长L为600 mm,而渐扩型/渐缩型半圆管冷却段长度L在保证换热面积相同的情况下,比均匀半圆管略长,为600.145 mm。坐标原点设置在绝热段入口圆心处,通道轴向设置为x,流体流向为x轴正方向,重力方向沿y轴负方向。3种通道入口半径记为ri,出口半径记为ro,本文计算模型中均匀截面通道的半径与现有PCHE通道的尺寸相当,为0.75 mm。对于变截面通道,主要包括渐扩型和渐缩型,在此定义变截面系数e,定义式如下:
e=riro
式中:riroe的取值如表1所示。为了叙述简便,对不同管型进行符号定义。
使用ANSYS ICEM软件对计算模型进行六面体结构化网格划分(图2)。轴向使用相同长度的均匀网格,径向使用O型剖分。由于S-CO2在靠近壁面的区域物性变化较剧烈,在求解精度方面为确保首层网格无量纲高度y+小于1,对边界层网格进行了加密处理。最终所得的网格质量在0.8以上。
采用Fluent 2020 R2对S-CO2在3种不同通道中的流动换热特性进行数值计算。假定流体流经管道时是考虑重力的稳定湍流且不具备内部热源,忽略与环境的传热。用于流动和传热的控制方程在笛卡尔坐标系下的表达式如下[22]
连续性方程:
(ρui)xi=0
动量方程:
(ρuiuj)xj=pxi+xj[(μ+μt)(uixj+ujxi)23(μ+μt)ukxkδij]+ρgi
能量方程:
(ρuii)xi=xi[μ(1Pr+μt/μPrt)ixi]
式中:ρuμμtigPrPrt分别对应S-CO2的密度、速度、黏度系数、湍流动力黏度、比焓、重力加速度(取9.8 m/s2)、Prandtl数(Pr=μcpλλ为导热率,cp为定压比热容)和湍流Prandtl数(Prt=μtcpλtλt为涡流导热率)。
Wang等人[23]的研究表明湍流模型对超临界流体换热有重要影响,文献[24]表明SST k-ω湍流模型相较于其他模型能够获取更准确的计算结果。据此,本文采用SST k-ω湍流模型进行数值模拟,其表达式如下[23]
湍流动能k方程:
(ρuik)xi=xj[(μ+μtσk)kxj]+                 GkYk+Sk
比耗散率ω方程:
(ρuiω)xi=xj[(μ+μtσω)ωxj]+                  GωYω+Dω+Sω
式中:GkGω分别对应湍动能生成项和特定耗散率生成项;YkYω分别对应湍动能和比耗散率ω的耗散项;Dω为交叉扩散项;SkSω分别对应湍动能k和比耗散率ω的自定义源项。
出入口边界条件设定为质量流量入口和压力出口。所有壁面均采用无滑移边界条件,出入口绝热段设定为绝热壁面,冷却段设定为恒热通量壁面。控制方程在计算过程中使用有限体积法和二阶迎风式对其进行离散化处理。采用SIMPLEC算法对压力-速度耦合方程进行求解。同时,利用Fluent软件中的real gas实际气体模型准确反映S-CO2强烈热物理性质变化对传热的影响。计算过程中认为能量方程的残差为10–7、质量和动量方程的残差为10–5以及进出口流体的质量流量差小于10–5时,计算结果收敛,并停止计算。
总体换热系数定义如下:
h=1nx=1nhx
hx=qwTbTw,x¯
式中:hx为对应x坐标截面的局部换热系数;n表示沿程所取界面的总数;Tw,x¯表示对应x坐标截面的平均壁温。
流体温度在方管横截面定义如下:
Tb=ρucpTdAρucpdA
式中:dA为方管横截面的单位面积。
保证数值计算的准确性,首先对数值方法进行验证,以参考文献[25]中所述的实验条件进行数值计算。模型的几何尺寸和边界条件与实验条件一致。数值计算结果与实验结果对比如图3a)所示。从图3a)可以看出,数值模拟结果在各温度区间内均能很好地与实验结果匹配,且整体结果变化趋势与实验结果吻合较好,两者平均相对误差为4.154%,说明文中所运用的数值计算方法准确可靠。
由于网格数量会对数值计算的结果产生影响,在计算前也对网格数量对结果的独立性进行了测试,结果如图3b)所示。图3b)中横坐标为网格数量,纵坐标采用双Y轴坐标,其中左侧为传热系数h,右侧为压降ΔP
图3b)可知:当网格数大于625 435时,ΔP几乎不受网格总数影响,但h依旧波动较大;在网格数大于851 875时,h和ΔP均不受网格数量的影响,几乎不变。因此,选取网格总数为851 875进行计算。
对比S-CO2在3种不同类型通道内的传热性能,在换热面积和运行工况保持相同的情况下,讨论变截面系数e对热工水力性能的影响。对3种管型在同一工况下局部换热特性分析的基础上,从场协同性、湍动能分布以及浮升力3个方面进一步讨不同通道导致不同传热性能的原因。
为了进定量地对3种类型管内的S-CO2传热性能进行比较,定义评价因子为:
η=hDi/CihUhU×100%
φ=ΔPDi/CiΔPUΔPU×100%
式中:i为对应通道在该系列中的序号;hDi/Ci为Di通道或Ci通道的总体换热系数;hU为通道U的总体换热系数;η为Di管或Ci管较U管的总体换热系数的相对增长率或减少率;ΔPDi/Ci为Di通道或Ci通道的总压降;φ为Di通道或Ci通道较通道U的总压降的相对增长率或减少率。
图4给出了S-CO2在等截面半圆通道、渐扩型和渐缩型半圆通道内热工水力性能的比较。计算运行工况为P=8.1 MPa,m=0.000 353 kg/s,qw=12 kW/m2Tin=313.15 K。
图4a)为不同通道内局部传热系数沿通道长度方向的分布。由图4a)可以看出:在约x=450 mm之前,以均匀截面通道为基准,渐扩型(D1、D2、D3和D4)通道的换热系数随着入口半径由大变小(ri=0.7~0.4 mm)逐渐增大,且局部换热系数大于均匀截面通道,表明在约x=450 mm前,渐扩通道能够增强传热;而渐缩型(C1、C2、C3和C4)通道的换热系数在约x=450 mm之前小于均匀截面通道,且渐缩型通道的变截面系数e越大,传热被削弱得越明显;在约x=450 mm后,除了C1通道,渐缩型通道局部换热系数均高于等截面通道和渐扩型通道,且在x=580 mm附近,除C2、C3、C4外,其余管型的局部换热系数均出现峰值,且随后呈下降趋势。
图4b)比较了S-CO2在不同通道内传热性能。图中横坐标为不同类型的通道,左侧纵坐标为传热系数,右侧纵坐标为以均匀型为对照,变截面通道整体换热系数的相对增长率或减少率。由图4b)可以明显看出:所有的渐扩型通道总传热性能均弱于均匀截面通道,其中传热被削弱最为严重的D2通道传热系数较等截面通道减小了11.54%;反观渐缩型通道,虽然C1通道恶化了传热,但是C2、C3和C4通道均增强了传热,C3和C4对应相对增长率达到了33.10%和39.93%。这与Li等人[20]的研究结论有所不同,Li等人的结论是渐扩管有效提高了整体换热性能,而渐缩管削弱了传热能力。这可能是由于Li等人采用的是较大管径的圆管,其热边界条件为恒壁温加热,运行工况位于远离拟临界区(即流体物性变化较小)。
为了综合评价,引入流动传热综合性能评价因子PEC[26-27]
PEC=hDi/Ci/U/hUΔPDi/Ci/U/ΔPU3
以U管为基准计算3个通道的PEC值,即U管PEC值为1。当PEC的值大于1时,表示在相同泵功耗下,对应通道提高了传热,说明该通道的综合性能优于U管;当PEC的值小于1时,则表明对应通道削弱了传热,其某一方面性能或整体综合性能略差于U管,但并不意味着此类型通道完全不适用工程实际,在对泵耗功、压降要求不高但换热要求较高的地方根据实际情况也可以运用。
图4c)为不同通道内PEC的比较结果。由图4c)可以看出,渐扩型通道的PEC均小于1,表明渐扩型通道削弱了流动传热性能。渐缩型通道中C1和C4的PEC小于1,C2和C3通道的PEC均大于1,且C3通道的PEC为1.12,综合性能达到了最佳。
此外,压降大小也是PCHE换热器在设计制造过程中一个需要考虑的重要因素。图4d)展示了各个通道内的压降和相对增长率。由图4d)可以看到,8种变截面通道的压降均高于均匀截面通道,C4通道的压降增加最大,相较于等截面通道,增长了208.78%。这与Li等人[20]得出的跨临界加热条件下较大管径圆形渐扩管具有更小压降的结论不同,是因为绘制图4所用到的计算模型为小管径半圆管且运行工况及计算结果均未跨过拟临界点,因此两者结果并不相互冲突。
由前文分析可知,渐缩型C3通道(ri:ro=1.0:0.5)的综合性能最优,因此选取C3通道进行压力对S-CO2传热性能影响的分析,C3对应的渐扩型通道为D3。图5给出了运行工况为m=0.000 353 kg/s,qw=12 kW/m2Tin=313.15 K,压力分别为8.1、7.8、7.5 MPa条件下,S-CO2在3种半圆通道内的传热性能。
图5a)可以明显看出,在8.1 MPa压力下,3种通道对应的换热系数最小,且随着压力的逐渐降低,3种通道的换热系数均有不同程度提高,而C3通道则在靠近拟临界压力时发生了较为强烈的传热强化。从PEC角度分析(图5b)),与换热系数得出的结论相同,随着压力从P=8.1 MPa变为P=7.5 MPa,C3通道的PEC呈上升趋势,且最大值为1.346。
在恒定质量流量m=0.000 353 kg/s、压力P=7.8 MPa和入口温度Tin=313.15 K条件下,图6显示了改变热通量对S-CO2在3种半圆通道内传热性能的影响。在热通量达到14 kW/m2和16 kW/m2时,传热段出口温度已跨越拟临界点,但与拟临界点非常接近。从图6a)可以明显看出,在12 kW/m2热通量下,U和C3通道的换热系数均大于qw=14 kW/m2qw=16 kW/m2条件,而D3通道相反,随着热通量的增大,其换热系数逐渐增大。从PEC角度分析(图6b)),与换热系数得出的结论相同,随着热通量从qw=16 kW/m2变为qw=12 kW/m2,C3通道的PEC呈上升趋势,且取得最大值1.119。
为了进一步解释S-CO2在不同通道内传热性能的不同,选择图4a)中的3个特征截面x=260 mm、x=640 mm和x=720 mm进行分析。图7图8给出了不同通道在特征截面处的温度和速度分布云图。
图7图8可以看出,与等截面通道相比,变截面通道改变了截面处的速度和温度分布。过增元等[28]提出了流动传热的场协同理论,认为在对流换热中,速度与温度场之间存在1个夹角,称为场协同角θ,当θ<90o时,协同角越小,对应的传热越好。场协同角θ定义为:
cosθ=VU·¯T|U|·|¯T|dV
式中:U为速度矢量,¯T为速度梯度矢量。
场协同原理是解释传热增强机制的有效方法,已被用于分析S-CO2在微通道的传热性能。图9给出了利用Fluent求解出的不同通道内的体积平均场协同角θ
图9可以看出,3种通道体积平均场协同角θ均小于90o,其中渐缩型通道C3的场协同角θ最小,而渐扩通道的最大。根据场协同原理,渐缩通道C3的传热性能最好,这与我们前面传热性能结果中得到结论吻合。也就是说,相比于等截面通道,变截面通道确实改变了S-CO2的场协同性,而渐缩型通道提高了S-CO2的场协同性,从而增强了传热。相反,渐扩型通道使得其场协同性变差,从而削弱了传热。场协同角的不同是3种通道内S-CO2传热性能差异的可能因素之一。
湍动能k是表征湍流强度的主要指标之一,它与边界层动量和热量的输运有关,较大的湍动能增强流体的掺混,进而增强传热。图10展示了不同通道在所取的3个特征截面处湍动能k的分布。为了更加清晰看出湍动能的变化,图10同时给出了湍动能在径向的变化。由图10可以看出:在特征截面x=260 mm处,D3的湍动能最大C3的湍动能最小,U的湍动能介于二者之间,这与传热系数的分布对应(图4a));在特征截面x=640 mm处,C3的湍动能已大于U和D3,其传热系数也大于U和D3;在特征截面x=720 mm处,C3的湍动能也大于U和D3。由上述分析可知,湍动能的变化与传热系数是相互对应的,这也是S-CO2在C3通道内的换热性能优于U和D3的主要原因。
本文通过建立数学和物理模型,研究了S-CO2在等截面半圆通道和不同变截面半圆通道内的热工水力性能。首先,对数值模型进行了验证,通过与实验数据比较,数值结果与实验数据的平均相对误差为4.154%,验证了模型的准确性。其次,分析了变截面系数和压力对S-CO2冷却传热性能的影响。最后,从且场协同原理以及湍动能分布角度对传热强化进行了解释,主要结论如下:
1)在相同运行工况和换热面积下,相较于均匀截面半圆通道,变截面通道对S-CO2的传热性能有明显影响,渐缩型通道可以有效地增强传热,而渐扩型通道削弱了传热。其中,渐缩通道C3(ri:ro= 1.0:0.5)的总换热系数相较于均匀型通道最大提高39.93%,其综合性能最优,PEC为1.12。
2)相较于等截面通道,渐扩型和渐缩型变 截面通道的压降均增大,C4通道的压降最大增加了208.78%。压力对流动传热性能有影响,压力从8.1 MPa降低到7.5 MPa,C3通道的PEC从0.959增大到1.346;而热通量的改变对传热性能也有影响,热通量从16 kW/m2降至12 kW/m2时,C3通道的PEC从0.934增大到1.119。
3)在近临界压力和低热通量条件下,相较于等截面和渐扩型通道,渐缩型通道拥有更好的换热特性。
4)变截面通道改变了速度和温度场的分布,从场协同原理和湍动能的分布角度合理解释了S-CO2在不同通道内传热性能存在差异的原因。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51966009)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA283)
  • 甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
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文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310165
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51966009)
国家自然科学基金项目(51966009)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(22JR5RA283)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA283)
Excellent Doctoral Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA235)
甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
作者信息
    兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050

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朱兵国(1988),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界流体传热、高效紧凑式换热器开发,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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