Article(id=1236693349218972418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701360000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780271105, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780271105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780271105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780271105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693349491602196, articleId=1236693349218972418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Design and dynamic simulation of a geothermal organic Rankine cycle system, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit is designed through thermodynamic analysis and equipment type selection under geothermal conditions. Then, this unit is simulated to study its dynamic operating characteristics and investigate the influences of four parameters, such as heat source temperature, mass flow rate, cooling water temperature and working fluid mass flow rate, on key operating parameters and performance of the ORC unit. The results show that, the output performance of the unit is primarily affected by the cooling water temperature. An increase of 10 ℃ in the heat and cold source temperatures results in a decrease of 16% and an increase of 7% in the output power, respectively. The increased heat source temperature and mass flow rate will make the degree of superheat, evaporating pressure and shaft work increase significantly, and the system thermal efficiency decrease slightly. However, the effect of increasing heat source temperature and mass flow rate on the heat transfer of the cold side is limited, that on the hot side heat transfer is also neglectable, so the vapor superheat and evaporating pressure remains constant. Compared with the change of cold and heat source parameters, the change of working fluid mass flow rate has the lowest overshoot of parameters during dynamic operation of the unit, and the unit can reach the next steady state rapidly.

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针对地热能利用,根据地热井口条件通过热力学计算和设备选型设计了对应的ORC机组,并对该机组动态特性进行了仿真;研究了热源温度和流量、冷却水温度以及工质流量4种参数变化对ORC机组关键运行参数和性能的影响规律。结果表明:机组输出性能对冷却水温度变化最为敏感,冷热源温度增大10 ℃,轴功分别减小16%和增大7%;热源温度和流量增大都会使过热度、蒸发压力和轴功显著升高,热效率略有下降,但其对机组冷端传热的影响有限,对热端传热的影响很小,过热度和蒸发压力几乎不变;相比冷热源参数的变化,工质流量变化时机组关键参数的波动最小,机组能很快恢复稳定。

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苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
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饶建业(1982),男,博士,主要研究方向为清洁能源技术,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variations of main system parameters with flow rate of the working mass, figureFileSmall=kHXbjaDdFWvmcwSN6DNgNA==, figureFileBig=r3Bc8oT6pc7gjS3Pzm+u0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693356110213348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=CN, label=图7, caption=系统主要参数随工质流量的变化, figureFileSmall=kHXbjaDdFWvmcwSN6DNgNA==, figureFileBig=r3Bc8oT6pc7gjS3Pzm+u0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693356185710825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Cycle performance parameters of the working fluid

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工质临界温度/K蒸发压力/MPa净输出功/kW热效率/%泵功/kW
R600a407.812.48984.0310.42121.04
R600425.131.53911.549.6561.34
R245fa427.161.28919.549.7445.12
R123456.830.65842.958.9322.03
R601a460.350.66879.769.3225.05
R601469.700.51865.169.1618.59
R141b477.500.50794.018.4114.93
), ArticleFig(id=1236693356584169717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工质循环性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质临界温度/K蒸发压力/MPa净输出功/kW热效率/%泵功/kW
R600a407.812.48984.0310.42121.04
R600425.131.53911.549.6561.34
R245fa427.161.28919.549.7445.12
R123456.830.65842.958.9322.03
R601a460.350.66879.769.3225.05
R601469.700.51865.169.1618.59
R141b477.500.50794.018.4114.93
), ArticleFig(id=1236693356684833021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of main state points of the ORC system

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状态点位置温度/℃压力/kPa焓/(kJ·kg–1)流量/(t·h–1)
膨胀机入口100.471 280474.53158
膨胀机出口59.65287452.57158
泵出口44.201 280259.33158
热源入口160.001 000675.70100
热源出口80.001 000335.80100
冷却水入口25.00500105.30734
冷却水出口35.00500147.10734
), ArticleFig(id=1236693356798079236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ORC系统主要状态点参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点位置温度/℃压力/kPa焓/(kJ·kg–1)流量/(t·h–1)
膨胀机入口100.471 280474.53158
膨胀机出口59.65287452.57158
泵出口44.201 280259.33158
热源入口160.001 000675.70100
热源出口80.001 000335.80100
冷却水入口25.00500105.30734
冷却水出口35.00500147.10734
), ArticleFig(id=1236693356907131148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of evaporator and condenser

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点位置内径/m长度/m总换热面积/m2材料
蒸发器1.5756.0001 184ϕ19 mm×2 mm
碳钢管
冷凝器1.3506.000606ϕ19 mm×2 mm
碳钢管
), ArticleFig(id=1236693357045543185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蒸发器、冷凝器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点位置内径/m长度/m总换热面积/m2材料
蒸发器1.5756.0001 184ϕ19 mm×2 mm
碳钢管
冷凝器1.3506.000606ϕ19 mm×2 mm
碳钢管
), ArticleFig(id=1236693357150400789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Design parameters of the expander

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
进汽压力/kPa1 280.00
进汽温度/℃100.47
进汽流量/(t·h–1)158.00
排汽压力/kPa287.00
排汽温度/℃59.65
排汽流量/(t·h–1)158.00
额定功率/kW919.54
转速/(r·min–1)3 000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236693357246869784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693349218972418, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

膨胀机设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
进汽压力/kPa1 280.00
进汽温度/℃100.47
进汽流量/(t·h–1)158.00
排汽压力/kPa287.00
排汽温度/℃59.65
排汽流量/(t·h–1)158.00
额定功率/kW919.54
转速/(r·min–1)3 000.00
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地热能有机朗肯循环系统设计与动态仿真
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饶建业 1 , 李骥飞 1 , 郭智琳 1 , 苗政 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(4): 19-27
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(4): 19-27
地热能有机朗肯循环系统设计与动态仿真
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饶建业1 , 李骥飞1, 郭智琳1, 苗政2
作者信息
  • 1.电力规划总院有限公司,北京 100120
  • 2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 饶建业(1982),男,博士,主要研究方向为清洁能源技术,

通讯作者:

苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
Design and dynamic simulation of a geothermal organic Rankine cycle system
Jianye RAO1 , Jifei LI1, Zhilin GUO1, Zheng MIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Flow and Heat Transfer of Low-grade Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312172
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针对地热能利用,根据地热井口条件通过热力学计算和设备选型设计了对应的ORC机组,并对该机组动态特性进行了仿真;研究了热源温度和流量、冷却水温度以及工质流量4种参数变化对ORC机组关键运行参数和性能的影响规律。结果表明:机组输出性能对冷却水温度变化最为敏感,冷热源温度增大10 ℃,轴功分别减小16%和增大7%;热源温度和流量增大都会使过热度、蒸发压力和轴功显著升高,热效率略有下降,但其对机组冷端传热的影响有限,对热端传热的影响很小,过热度和蒸发压力几乎不变;相比冷热源参数的变化,工质流量变化时机组关键参数的波动最小,机组能很快恢复稳定。

有机朗肯循环  /  地热源  /  动态仿真  /  系统输出功  /  热效率

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit is designed through thermodynamic analysis and equipment type selection under geothermal conditions. Then, this unit is simulated to study its dynamic operating characteristics and investigate the influences of four parameters, such as heat source temperature, mass flow rate, cooling water temperature and working fluid mass flow rate, on key operating parameters and performance of the ORC unit. The results show that, the output performance of the unit is primarily affected by the cooling water temperature. An increase of 10 ℃ in the heat and cold source temperatures results in a decrease of 16% and an increase of 7% in the output power, respectively. The increased heat source temperature and mass flow rate will make the degree of superheat, evaporating pressure and shaft work increase significantly, and the system thermal efficiency decrease slightly. However, the effect of increasing heat source temperature and mass flow rate on the heat transfer of the cold side is limited, that on the hot side heat transfer is also neglectable, so the vapor superheat and evaporating pressure remains constant. Compared with the change of cold and heat source parameters, the change of working fluid mass flow rate has the lowest overshoot of parameters during dynamic operation of the unit, and the unit can reach the next steady state rapidly.

organic Rankine cycle  /  geothermal source  /  dynamic simulation  /  system output power  /  thermal efficiency
饶建业, 李骥飞, 郭智琳, 苗政. 地热能有机朗肯循环系统设计与动态仿真. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312172
Jianye RAO, Jifei LI, Zhilin GUO, Zheng MIAO. Design and dynamic simulation of a geothermal organic Rankine cycle system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312172
在“碳达峰碳中和”的目标下,无论是在传统工业过程中还是在新能源中,中低热能的高效利用都被认为是未来能源格局的重要组成部分。有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)是实现这一目标的可行方法,它结构简单,可靠性高,并且能相对高效地将热量转化为有用功[1-2],在地热发电[3]、工业余热回收[4]、太阳能热发电[5]、生物质燃烧发电[6]、发动机废热回收[7-8]等领域均表现出较强的应用潜力。为了提高有机朗肯循环的系统效率,许多学者进行了广泛研究,主要集中在工质筛选[9-10]、热力学分析[11-12]和系统优化[13-14]等领域。在实际应用场景中,热源流体参数往往表现出明显的间歇性波动,使得ORC系统运行不稳定,偏离设计工况,从而导致工质高温击穿[15]、膨胀机损坏[16]、膨胀机效率下降[14]等相关问题。因此,为保证ORC系统在不同热源条件下的高效安全运行,必须考虑其动态特性。
然而,由于设备容量、实验条件和安全问题等各方面的限制,很难对系统所有特性进行全面实验测试。因此,许多学者建立了ORC动态模型,研究ORC系统各部分之间的瞬态特性和匹配机制。Wei等人[17]采用移动边界法建立了动态模型,并与离散化技术进行了比较,发现2种模型都具有较高精度,且移动边界模型在控制应用中速度更快。Fu等人[18]研究发现,提高热源温度可以增强预热器内的换热,从而线性提高系统输出功率和热效率。Chen等人[19]构建了具有共沸混合物的ORC动态模型,研究表明在热源温度或流量突然变化时,蒸发器比冷凝器表现更加敏感。因此,在动态过程中可以忽略冷凝器。Feng等人[20]研究了小型ORC系统的动态特性,发现增加工质流量,提高膨胀机进口温度以及降低膨胀机出口温度,可以提高输出功。Wang等人[21]研究了用于回收低温烟气余热的ORC系统的瞬态行为,结果表明,工质流动的动态反应时间最短,而膨胀机入口温度的动态反应时间最长,泵对膨胀机以及整个系统的效率都有相当大影响。Badescu等人[22]搭建了包含柴油机和热回收ORC系统的原型机,发现在瞬态运行过程中湿蒸气可以进入膨胀机。Feng等人[23]研究了当热源温度在110~140 ℃变化时ORC系统的动态特性,结果表明,随着热源温度的升高,泵、膨胀机、蒸发器和冷凝器的整体性能均有所提高,而膨胀机的等熵效率略有下降。Du等人[24]比较了2种ORC系统(单压蒸发和双压蒸发)的非设计性能,结果表明,当热源流量从设计点降低30%时,净输出功率降低了23%,当热源温度从118 ℃降到102 ℃时,净输出功率降低了39%。综上所述,冷热源参数变化对ORC系统的运行具有重要影响,因此有必要深入研究其动态特性,以确保ORC系统高效和安全运行。
地热资源是人类能够开发利用的地球内部热资源,目前技术条件下通常是从地壳层提取的一种天然清洁能源。因此,可以采用地热作为ORC系统的热源。本文基于徐闻地区的干热岩地热井口条件,进行地热能ORC发电系统的热力学设计。井口地热水温度为150~160 ℃,热水流量为50~100 t/h。对应该井口条件,设计参考点选择为:热水温度160 ℃,流量100 t/h,冷却水温度取环境温度25 ℃。本文首先在设计工况下对ORC系统及其部件进行设计和选型,之后将在Simulink软件中对ORC系统的各部件进行建模仿真,研究冷热源参数和工质流量变化时系统的动态特性以及对机组性能的影响。
ORC地热发电系统利用地下热水来加热有机工质,使液态有机工质变为蒸气,推动膨胀机做功,由膨胀机带动发电机发电。与常规火力发电相比,ORC地热发电系统构成简单,布置紧凑。ORC地热发电系统主要设备包括蒸发器、膨胀机、冷凝器及工质泵等,设备如图1a)所示。由图1a)可见,地热水作为热源,在蒸发器中与工质换热(9—10),开始循环时,工质通过工质泵加压输送到蒸发器(5—6),在蒸发器中通过加热转化为高温高压蒸气(6—1),进入膨胀机中产生机械功(1—2),之后,排出的蒸气冷凝为液态工质(2—5)重新进入工质泵完成整个循环,冷却水在冷凝器内与工质换热(11—12)。
ORC系统热力学设计主要基于热力学第一定律的分析,以机组的输出功率和热效率为主要参考指标。图1b)为ORC系统T-s图,图1b)中数字与图1a)设备进出口数字对应。其中,7和8点为蒸发器内工质的泡点和露点,3和4点为冷凝器内工质的露点和泡点。对应图1中状态点标号,地热水在蒸发器中与工质换热,根据能量守恒计算蒸发器中的换热量为:
Qhs=mwf(h1h6)=mhs(h9h10)
式中:m为工质质量流量;h为工质比焓。
工质在膨胀机中膨胀做功后排出,考虑膨胀过程损失,工质做功过程为非等熵过程,计算中取等熵效率为80%。膨胀机输出功为:
Wexp=mwf(h1h2)=ηexpmwf(h1h2s)
式中:ηexp为膨胀机等熵效率。
工质泵压缩过程也为非等熵过程,取泵效率为75%,计算工质泵耗功为:
Wpump=mwf(h6h5)=mwf(h6sh5)ηpump
式中:ηpump为工质泵效率。
对应膨胀机输出功和工质泵耗功得出循环净功:
Wnet=WexpWpump
式中:W为功率,下标net为循环净功。
继而计算循环热效率为:
η=WnetQhs
式中:η为循环效率。
基于温度为160 ℃、流量为100 t/h的地热水,冷却水温度取环境温度25 ℃。ORC系统的热力学设计以机组的输出功率和热效率为主要参考指标。文献[25]对ORC系统工质筛选的研究表明,工质临界温度和热源入口温度的关系对循环性能有显著影响,工质临界温度可以作为工质初选准则[25]。本文筛选了能使临界温度形成一定跨度的7种工质,见表1。在换热器夹点温差(10 ℃)限制下,通过热力学计算构成热力循环,得到符合热源温度范围的适宜工质。热力学计算表明,热源出口温度为80 ℃时,ORC系统可输出最大功,此时工质R600a和R245fa展示出相对优越的性能。R600a对应输出功984.03 kW,热效率为10.42%。但考虑到R600a属于易爆工质,故可采用R245fa,其输出功可达919.54 kW,热效率为9.74%。具体循环参数见表2,以此循环参数进行系统设备设计。
根据热力学计算结果中各设备的容量和对应进出口参数,对ORC系统主要设备,包括蒸发器、冷凝器、膨胀机和工质泵,进行设计选型,并建立其对应的动态模型。动态模型主要是基于质量守恒和能量守恒关系式,对部件中的过程进行描述。由于工质泵和膨胀机的热力过程比换热器的换热过程快得多,因此可以采用稳态模型代替,换热器的动态模型则采用移动边界模型建立。
ORC机组中常用的蒸发器为管壳式蒸发器,其结构简单、运行稳定、安装维护方便,并且对介质的适应能力强,因此本文的蒸发器均采用管壳式蒸发器。基于热力学计算对应的蒸发器进出口参数和热负荷作为蒸发器的设计条件进行计算,得到蒸发器结构和换热面积。经计算,蒸发器采用逆流布置的管壳式蒸发器,具体见表3
移动边界模型是热交换器动态建模的经典方法,具有计算速度快、精度高的优点,特别适用于换热器组成系统的动态建模[26]。蒸发器和冷凝器的动态仿真模型采用移动边界模型,模型示意如图2所示。将蒸发器分为过冷区、两相区和过热区3部分,建立蒸发器的动态数学模型,每部分均采用集总参数法。在动态仿真过程中,每个相位区域的长度随时间变化。为满足系统仿真快速计算,要求各部件、各环节的计算量尽可能小。为此,本文建立的换热器模型进行以下假设:
1)工质在换热管内作一维流动;
2)忽略压降对蒸发温度的影响,认为换热器内压力沿管长保持均匀相等;
3)忽略流体与金属管壁的轴向热传导,假设流体与管壁之间仅存在径向传热;
4)忽略重力对传热的影响。
每个相区对应管壁的守恒方程为:
质量守恒方程
ρt+(ρv)z=0
能量守恒方程
(ρhp)t+(ρvh)z=4Diai(TWT)
式中:ρh分别为对应相区内工质平均密度与平均比焓;Di为换热管直径;Tw为对应相区的管壁温度。
管壁能量守恒方程
cWρWAWLdTWdt=aiAi(TiTW)+aoAo(ToTW)
式中:cw为管片的比热容;ρw为金属管壁密度;Aw为管壁换热面积;L为管道长度;αo为热源与管壁的对流换热系数;To为管道外侧热源温度。
移动边界法的特点在于利用莱布尼兹公式简化偏微分方程,对守恒方程进行适当化简,可得到不同相区的移动边界模型。
蒸发器中,工质在管内流动换热,液相和气相两部分的单相对流换热系数可以采用D-B公式[27]计算:
h=0.023Re0.8PrL0.4(kde)
式中:h为换热系数;Re为雷诺数;Pr为普朗特数;de为水力直径。
工质在换热管内沸腾过程的表面换热系数通过Gungor-Winterton模型[28]计算获得:
htp=EhL+Shnp
hL=0.023ReL0.8PrL0.4(kLde)
hnp=55pr0.12(0.434 3Inpr)0.55M0.5q0.67
管壳式换热器中,地热水在壳程流动,其换热系数可通过管外带折流板管束的强制对流Kern公式[29]计算:
h0=0.23λde(deu0ρμ)0.6Pr13(μμW)0.14
式中:λ为导热系数;μ为动力黏度;uo为流动速度。
在冷凝器中冷却水在管内流动换热,其换热系数可以通过式(9)计算。工质在管程流动换热,液相和气相2部分单相对流换热系数可通过式(13)计算,而管外的冷凝过程采用傅里叶公式计算:
h=0.725[λL3ρL(ρLρV)gγμL(TsTW)d]14
式中:λ为导热系数;ρ为密度;μ为动力黏度。
有机朗肯循环中膨胀机是系统循环中能量转化的关键设备,将工质吸收的热能转化为机械能。根据热力学计算结果,ORC系统功率可达919.54 kW,属于大型ORC系统,应选择轴流式膨胀机。该类型膨胀机转速范围大,且具有较高的等熵效率,寿命长,性价比高。膨胀机主要设计参数见表4
膨胀机输出功为:
Wexp=mwf(h1h2)
轴流式膨胀机变工况运行可应用经典变工况模型Stodola椭圆法[30]计算:
φ=minTinpin
Yd=pin,d2pout,d2pin,d2φd2
pin,od=min,od2Tin,odYd+pout,od2
式中:pinpout分别为膨胀机进、出口压力。
工质泵是ORC系统的增压设备,选择合适的工质泵可以降低其耗能,增大系统净输出功。根据热力学计算结果选用卧式离心泵,其结构简单、紧凑,可高速运行,输出量可任意调节。该工质泵配备变频电机,设计压力1 500 kPa,工质流量200 m3/h,等熵效率75%。
工质泵产生的泵功:
Wpump=mwf(h6h5)
参考商用水泵性能曲线,可拟合得到工质泵压头和效率曲线,其表达式如下:
q=nn0q0
H=(nn0)2H0
式中:q为泵流量;n为泵转速;H为泵的扬程。
整个ORC发电系统包括蒸发器、冷凝器、膨胀机以及工质泵4个主要部件,在Simulink软件环境中分别建立其仿真模型。根据系统不同部件间的参数传递与相互作用关系,将各部件模型组合成系统动态仿真模型,ORC系统动态模型如图3所示。对于整个ORC发电系统而言,输入参数包括地热水的进口温度与流量、冷却水进口温度与流量以及工质泵的流量;输出参数包括各部件的进出口参数和系统性能随时间的变化。
目前,文献中缺乏兆瓦级ORC机组的测试数据,本文所建立动态模型的可靠性通过千瓦级小机组的校核来保证。作者[31]搭建了千瓦级ORC实验平台,同时也建立了ORC系统的仿真模型并与实验数据进行了对比验证,证明了仿真模型的准确性。本文设计的兆瓦级ORC机组是对小机组的容量放大,模型框架和设备模型的机理均一致。
由于大部分低温热源和环境温度不稳定,所以ORC系统在运行过程中热源的温度和流量以及冷却水的温度都会发生瞬态变化。为探究外部参数变化对ORC机组性能的影响,本文对上述外部参数以及工质质量流量分别在模拟过程中进行连续2次阶跃后机组的动态特性和输出性能进行研究。
机组设计点的热源温度为160 ℃,本研究在设计点附近对热源温度进行阶跃,研究ORC系统的动态特性。系统主要参数随热源温度变化如图4所示。在仿真进行到5 000 s和10 000 s时,保持其余参数不变,使热源温度从155 ℃阶跃至160 ℃和165 ℃。由图4可见,热源温度升高,使得蒸发器换热温差增大,热源侧换热能力迅速增强,蒸发器的换热量增加,蒸气过热度迅速增大,且过热度增加量大于热源温度阶跃值,表明蒸发器换热面积足够大,出口蒸汽温度趋近于热源温度。由图4b)可见,蒸发器换热温差增大带来更大的系统㶲损失,蒸发压力经历快速升高和迅速回落趋稳过程。这是由于蒸发器的逆流布置使得热源温度的变化直接作用于出口处的工质,温度升高,由于流量不变,压力被迫升高;在经历小幅过冲后,随着压力的平衡,逐渐回落到稳定值。而对于冷凝器压力,热源温度阶跃后,升温的工质经过膨胀机迅速作用于冷凝器,使得冷凝器入口温度快速上升,继而工质在冷凝器中累计,冷凝压力升高,在经历小幅过冲后,随着换热量平衡逐渐趋于稳定,冷凝压力略有增大。由图4c)可见,工质泵流量不变,膨胀机流量随蒸发器压力变化而变化,同时也能通过与工质泵的流量差反馈调节蒸发器压力,膨胀机流量直接影响输出功率,因此两者变化趋势相同。系统平衡时,膨胀机输出功率较之前增大了78 kW(约7%)。由图4可见,系统热效率在热源温度升高后略有下降,这是由于膨胀机输出功率增大的同时,蒸发器换热负荷也在增大,并且换热负荷增加更为迅速。该机组的运行需要在较高温度下提高工质流量以避免过高的过热度,充分利用蒸发器面积并提高膨胀机输出功。在系统稳定之后,系统效率略有减小。
热源温度阶跃后会瞬间影响换热器的换热性能,机组参数出现过冲,由于存在热惯性,系统经历大约600 s后才能恢复稳定。系统平衡后蒸气过热度、蒸发压力、冷凝压力和轴功都有不同程度的增加,其中过热度变化最为显著,从10 ℃增至约27 ℃,冷凝压力最不敏感,仅增大不到10 kPa。
机组设计点的热源流量为100 t/h,在其附近对热源流量进行阶跃,系统主要参数随热源流量的变化如图5所示。
在仿真进行到5 000 s和10 000 s时,保持其余参数不变,热源流量从90 t/h阶跃至100 t/h和110 t/h。由图5a)可见,热源流量增加,热水侧换热能力迅速增强,蒸发器的换热量增加,过热度迅速升高。由图5b)、图5c)可见,蒸发压力快速升高,从而在膨胀机进口产生较大的推动力,推动更多工质通过膨胀机,由于膨胀机流量在一段时间内始终大于工质泵流量,使得蒸发器工质出口流量大于进口流量,蒸发器内的工质量减小,蒸发压力随之略有减小,直至进出口流量平衡。而对于冷凝器压力,阶跃发生时,工质在蒸发器中的换热量迅速增加,与冷凝器的换热量还未发生变化,但通过膨胀机快速进入冷凝器的乏汽在冷凝器积累,使得冷凝器中工质的焓值增大,冷凝器压力快速升高,之后由于温差增大,冷侧换热增强,冷凝器压力逐渐回落直至系统平衡。输出功率变化与膨胀机流量变化趋势相同。系统平衡时,膨胀机输出功率较之前增大了65 kW,约6%;在系统稳定之后,系统效率减小约0.7个百分点,其原因与热源温度上升一致。
热源流量变化后的动态特性与温度变化相同,其过热度变化也最为显著,从20 ℃增至40 ℃附近,而冷凝压力仅增大不到15 kPa。
机组设计点的冷却水温度为25 ℃,本研究在设计点附近对冷却水温度进行阶跃。图6为系统主要参数随冷却水温度的变化。在仿真进行到5 000 s和10 000 s时,保持其他参数不变,使冷却水温度从20 ℃阶跃至25 ℃和30 ℃。由图6b)可见,冷却水温度增大使得其与工质的换热温差减小,单位面积的换热量减小,工质的冷凝压力快速升高并趋于稳定。同时,由于冷却水温度升高也增大了进入蒸发器的工质温度,使得蒸发器换热过程温差减小,换热量突降,工质蒸发量不足,从而蒸发压力突降。由图6c)可见,蒸发压力和冷凝压力的变化减小了工质通过膨胀机的驱动压差,导致膨胀机工质流量突降。由于工质泵流量和膨胀机流量的不匹配,使得工质在蒸发器中累积,表现为蒸发压力突降后的迅速回升和小量过冲,继而逐渐趋稳。膨胀机流量随蒸发器压力变化而变化,最终与工质泵流量平衡。由于蒸发器压力在扰动时会迅速降低,使得过热段减小,过热度也随之减小,之后随着系统平衡过热度逐渐增大,但与阶跃前相比,过热度没有明显变化。可见,冷却水温度的变化对蒸气过热度影响很小。膨胀机阶跃前后压力和通流工质流量的变化,使得其输出功率出现突降而后迅速反弹,但最终稳定功率相对于冷却水温度调整前下降了200 kW,约16%。热效率也表现出与输出功率类似的趋势,在系统稳定之后,相对于冷却水温度变化前系统效率约降低1.7个百分点。冷却水温度升高对热源侧的蒸发压力和过热度影响很小,但对冷凝压力影响极大,2次阶跃使冷凝压力从200 kPa增至约270 kPa。冷凝压力的增大对机组的输出性能产生消极影响,输出功率和热效率都明显的下降。
机组设计点工质流量为158 t/h,在其附近进行阶跃,系统主要参数随工质流量的变化如图7所示。在仿真进行到5 000、10 000 s时,保持其余参数不变,使工质泵流量从138 t/h阶跃至148 t/h和158 t/h。由图7可见,工质流量变化可快速调节蒸发器出口工质的过热度,在2次阶跃中,过热度从31 ℃快速减至7 ℃。这是由于工质流量的增大,更多工质在蒸发器累积,蒸发压力迅速增大(图7b)),对应的蒸发温度升高,而出口受热源温度限制,过热度迅速减小。工质流量的增大对冷凝器侧换热也具有强化作用,在冷凝器换热面积充分的情况下,工质流量变化对冷凝压力影响很小,冷凝压力稳定。如图7c)所示,工质流量增大导致的蒸发压力升高对膨胀机产生更大驱动力,其输出功率明显升高,增大了100 kW。对于干工质而言,低过热度对机组运行有利,系统热效率增大1.3%。综上,工质流量变化时机组的性能曲线变化较为简单,膨胀机流量跟随工质泵流量变化,其他参数没有出现明显的过冲,而且在经历300 s后即可恢复稳定。因此,工质流量调节通常作为机组运行状态调节的主要手段。
本文根据干热岩地热进口条件,设计了对应的ORC机组并对其动态特性进行了仿真,为大型ORC机组的设计与动态运行提供了指导。本文主要研究了热源温度和流量、冷却水温度以及工质流量变化对ORC机组性能的影响规律,得到如下结果。
1)冷热源参数发生阶跃后,会瞬间影响其所在换热器的换热性能,机组参数往往会出现过冲,但对另一侧换热器影响很小。此外,由于存在热惯性,系统经历大约600 s后才能恢复稳定。
2)机组输出性能对冷却水温度变化最为敏感。冷却水温度增大10 ℃,输出功率减小了200 kW,约16%。而热源温度增大10 ℃,输出功率增大了78 kW,约7%。
3)热源温度和流量增大都会使过热度、蒸发压力和轴功显著升高,热效率略有下降。冷却水温度的升高则会减小换热温差,使机组背压明显升高,输出功率因此大幅减小。
4)工质流量增大明显提高了机组的输出性能,输出功率和热效率都有所提升,但其也受过热度的限制。相比冷热源参数的变化,工质流量变化时机组的过冲最小,且在经历300 s后即可恢复稳定。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1507303)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312172
  • 接收时间:2023-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01
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National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFB1507303)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1507303)
作者信息
    1.电力规划总院有限公司,北京 100120
    2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206

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苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
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