Article(id=1236693348677898971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692806400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780270975, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780270975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780270975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780270975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693348963111658, articleId=1236693348677898971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Wide load operation characteristics of a 60 t/h boiler with pulverized coal preheating, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Responding to the urgent needs of clean and efficient utilization of coal under the background of national “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the pulverized coal preheating combustion technology has been developed in industrial boilers, power plant boilers and other fields. In this technology, pulverized coal is modified at high temperature in a fluidized preheating burner, then the preheated fuel enters the furnace for graded air distribution combustion, thus high efficiency and low NOx combustion of pulverized coal is realized. Moreover, technical verification was carried out on a 60 t/h pulverized coal boiler, which adopts two preheating burners with side wall hedge arrangement, and one preheating burner is designed with thermal power of 26 MW. Using bituminous coal as raw material, the operation and NOx emission properties of the boiler at 10%~100% operating loads were studied experimentally, and the results showed that, the boiler operated stably and well at each load, it achieved stable operation of 10% ultra-low load without any auxiliary means. The preheating burners had reasonable operating parameters and stable circulation state, which can meet the requirements of wide load operation of the boiler. The combustion efficiency of the boiler at each operating load were all above 97%, the thermal efficiency of the boiler were above 85% at 10% and 20% operating load, and above 90% at 30% and above operating load. By adjusting the air distribution, the original NOx mass emission of the boiler at each operating load can be controlled lower than 50 mg/m3 (φ(O2)=9%). The successful demonstration of the 60 t/h pulverized coal preheating combustion boiler provides important support for the development and application of clean, efficient and flexible combustion technology of pulverized coal.

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为满足国家“双碳”目标下煤炭清洁高效利用领域的迫切需求,在工业锅炉、电站锅炉等领域开发了煤粉预热燃烧技术。煤粉先进入流态化预热燃烧器中高温改性,再进入锅炉炉膛分级配风燃烧,从而实现了煤高效、低氮燃烧,并在1台60 t/h煤粉锅炉上进行了技术验证。锅炉侧墙对冲布置了2只预热燃烧器,单只预热燃烧器设计热功率为26 MW,以烟煤为原料,在10%~100%负荷范围开展了6个不同负荷的锅炉运行特性和NOx排放特性试验研究,结果表明:该锅炉在各负荷下运行状态稳定、良好,无助燃条件下实现了10%超低负荷稳定运行;预热燃烧器各参数合理、循环状态稳定,满足锅炉宽负荷的运行要求;负荷下锅炉燃烧效率均在97%以上,10%、20%负荷下锅炉热效率大于85%,30%及以上负荷锅炉热效率均在90%以上;通过调整配风,锅炉各负荷下NOx原始排放均低于50 mg/m3φ(O2)=9%)。60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉的成功示范,为煤粉高效清洁灵活燃烧技术的发展和应用提供了重要支撑。

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朱建国(1977),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,
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田继林(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,

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田继林(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,

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田继林(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,

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of combustion chamber at different boiler loads, figureFileSmall=TcucyGGoa6IQErBw+Egj+Q==, figureFileBig=8WlYIG0WizJU0vIDfr/IXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693357838258410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693348677898971, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同锅炉负荷下炉膛温度沿轴向的分布, figureFileSmall=TcucyGGoa6IQErBw+Egj+Q==, figureFileBig=8WlYIG0WizJU0vIDfr/IXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693357951504627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693348677898971, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal

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项目数值项目数值
war(C)/%73.01war(M)/%0.94
war(H)/%4.68war(A)/%8.93
war(O)/%11.25wdaf(V)/%39.24
war(N)/%0.93war(FC)/%54.78
war(S)/%0.26Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)27.93
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煤质分析

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项目数值项目数值
war(C)/%73.01war(M)/%0.94
war(H)/%4.68war(A)/%8.93
war(O)/%11.25wdaf(V)/%39.24
war(N)/%0.93war(FC)/%54.78
war(S)/%0.26Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)27.93
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The experimental conditions

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项目工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
锅炉负荷/%10.419.630.850.071.292.9
投运预热燃烧器ABA+BA+BA+BA+B
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试验工况

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项目工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
锅炉负荷/%10.419.630.850.071.292.9
投运预热燃烧器ABA+BA+BA+BA+B
), ArticleFig(id=1236693358551290126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693348677898971, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operating parameters of the preheating burner

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参数工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
输入热功率/MW5.509.527.7712.6217.6223.49
单只预热燃烧器负荷/%21.1536.6229.8848.5467.7790.35
预热燃烧器平均温度/℃895907898896904888
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预热燃烧器的运行参数

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参数工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
输入热功率/MW5.509.527.7712.6217.6223.49
单只预热燃烧器负荷/%21.1536.6229.8848.5467.7790.35
预热燃烧器平均温度/℃895907898896904888
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Temperature parameters of the boiler at different loads

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项目设计值10%负荷20%负荷30%负荷50%负荷70%负荷93%负荷
炉膛最高温度1 2008871 0401 0501 0381 1011 114
炉膛出口烟温918516653715802878914
排烟温度150104123128136149155
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不同负荷下锅炉温度参数

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项目设计值10%负荷20%负荷30%负荷50%负荷70%负荷93%负荷
炉膛最高温度1 2008871 0401 0501 0381 1011 114
炉膛出口烟温918516653715802878914
排烟温度150104123128136149155
), ArticleFig(id=1236693359079772455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693348677898971, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Thermal efficiency and NOx emission mass concentration of the boiler

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项目10%负荷20%负荷30%负荷50%负荷70%负荷93%负荷
锅炉热效率η/%85.9889.5690.9191.4292.8091.87
锅炉燃烧效率ηc/%97.6397.8998.0897.5598.2198.13
尾气CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)281.00265.00178.00243.00165.00656.00
排烟热损失q2/%3.874.564.874.814.495.21
气体未完全燃烧热损失q3/%0.120.120.080.110.070.28
固体未完全燃烧热损失q4/%2.251.991.842.341.721.59
散热损失q5/%7.684.092.601.600.811.00
灰渣物理热损失q6/%0.040.050.050.050.110.05
尾部氧体积分数/%4.994.034.102.480.861.72
NOx原始排放质量浓度/(mg·m–3)21.0020.0020.0044.0043.0046.00
预热过程氮的转化率/%71.4082.4252.2662.2944.4872.27
), ArticleFig(id=1236693359184630058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693348677898971, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度

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项目10%负荷20%负荷30%负荷50%负荷70%负荷93%负荷
锅炉热效率η/%85.9889.5690.9191.4292.8091.87
锅炉燃烧效率ηc/%97.6397.8998.0897.5598.2198.13
尾气CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)281.00265.00178.00243.00165.00656.00
排烟热损失q2/%3.874.564.874.814.495.21
气体未完全燃烧热损失q3/%0.120.120.080.110.070.28
固体未完全燃烧热损失q4/%2.251.991.842.341.721.59
散热损失q5/%7.684.092.601.600.811.00
灰渣物理热损失q6/%0.040.050.050.050.110.05
尾部氧体积分数/%4.994.034.102.480.861.72
NOx原始排放质量浓度/(mg·m–3)21.0020.0020.0044.0043.0046.00
预热过程氮的转化率/%71.4082.4252.2662.2944.4872.27
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60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉宽负荷运行特性研究
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田继林 1, 2 , 朱建国 1, 3 , 朱书骏 1 , 刘敬樟 1, 3 , 曾雄伟 1 , 欧阳子区 1, 3 , 吕清刚 1, 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(4): 133-140
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(4): 133-140
60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉宽负荷运行特性研究
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田继林1, 2 , 朱建国1, 3 , 朱书骏1, 刘敬樟1, 3, 曾雄伟1, 欧阳子区1, 3, 吕清刚1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院工程热物理研究所,煤炭高效低碳利用全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2.大同市煤炭清洁高效利用研究所,煤灵活燃烧与热转化山西省重点实验室,山西 大同 037000
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 田继林(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,

通讯作者:

朱建国(1977),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,
Wide load operation characteristics of a 60 t/h boiler with pulverized coal preheating
Jilin TIAN1, 2 , Jianguo ZHU1, 3 , Shujun ZHU1, Jingzhang LIU1, 3, Xiongwei ZENG1, Ziqu OUYANG1, 3, Qinggang LYU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2.Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal Flexible Combustion and Thermal Conversion, Datong Institute of Coal Clean and Efficient Utilization, Datong 037000, China
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308135
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为满足国家“双碳”目标下煤炭清洁高效利用领域的迫切需求,在工业锅炉、电站锅炉等领域开发了煤粉预热燃烧技术。煤粉先进入流态化预热燃烧器中高温改性,再进入锅炉炉膛分级配风燃烧,从而实现了煤高效、低氮燃烧,并在1台60 t/h煤粉锅炉上进行了技术验证。锅炉侧墙对冲布置了2只预热燃烧器,单只预热燃烧器设计热功率为26 MW,以烟煤为原料,在10%~100%负荷范围开展了6个不同负荷的锅炉运行特性和NOx排放特性试验研究,结果表明:该锅炉在各负荷下运行状态稳定、良好,无助燃条件下实现了10%超低负荷稳定运行;预热燃烧器各参数合理、循环状态稳定,满足锅炉宽负荷的运行要求;负荷下锅炉燃烧效率均在97%以上,10%、20%负荷下锅炉热效率大于85%,30%及以上负荷锅炉热效率均在90%以上;通过调整配风,锅炉各负荷下NOx原始排放均低于50 mg/m3φ(O2)=9%)。60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉的成功示范,为煤粉高效清洁灵活燃烧技术的发展和应用提供了重要支撑。

预热燃烧  /  煤粉锅炉  /  超低负荷稳燃  /  高效燃烧  /  超低NOx排放

Responding to the urgent needs of clean and efficient utilization of coal under the background of national “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the pulverized coal preheating combustion technology has been developed in industrial boilers, power plant boilers and other fields. In this technology, pulverized coal is modified at high temperature in a fluidized preheating burner, then the preheated fuel enters the furnace for graded air distribution combustion, thus high efficiency and low NOx combustion of pulverized coal is realized. Moreover, technical verification was carried out on a 60 t/h pulverized coal boiler, which adopts two preheating burners with side wall hedge arrangement, and one preheating burner is designed with thermal power of 26 MW. Using bituminous coal as raw material, the operation and NOx emission properties of the boiler at 10%~100% operating loads were studied experimentally, and the results showed that, the boiler operated stably and well at each load, it achieved stable operation of 10% ultra-low load without any auxiliary means. The preheating burners had reasonable operating parameters and stable circulation state, which can meet the requirements of wide load operation of the boiler. The combustion efficiency of the boiler at each operating load were all above 97%, the thermal efficiency of the boiler were above 85% at 10% and 20% operating load, and above 90% at 30% and above operating load. By adjusting the air distribution, the original NOx mass emission of the boiler at each operating load can be controlled lower than 50 mg/m3 (φ(O2)=9%). The successful demonstration of the 60 t/h pulverized coal preheating combustion boiler provides important support for the development and application of clean, efficient and flexible combustion technology of pulverized coal.

preheated combustion  /  pulverized coal boiler  /  ultra-low load stable combustion  /  high efficiency combustion  /  ultra-low NOx emission
田继林, 朱建国, 朱书骏, 刘敬樟, 曾雄伟, 欧阳子区, 吕清刚. 60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉宽负荷运行特性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 133 -140 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308135
Jilin TIAN, Jianguo ZHU, Shujun ZHU, Jingzhang LIU, Xiongwei ZENG, Ziqu OUYANG, Qinggang LYU. Wide load operation characteristics of a 60 t/h boiler with pulverized coal preheating[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 133 -140 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308135
在国家“双碳”目标下,传统燃煤机组的深度灵活调峰将承担可再生能源大规模消纳的任务[1-2],燃煤发电在电力保供中的地位短期内难以改变[3]。大型火电机组参与调峰,要求机组负荷调节范围宽、负荷变化速率快,传统燃煤锅炉负荷降到一定程度时燃烧稳定性变差,甚至引起熄火,这是低负荷稳燃的难点所在。目前,燃煤机组的整体不投油稳燃最低负荷多在30%~40%[4],深度调峰改造技术的关键是解决锅炉20%及以下的低负荷稳燃问题,同时还要兼顾污染物的超低排放[5]
目前,燃煤机组较为常用的低负荷稳燃调控措施包括燃烧过程优化调整、辅助助燃等。燃烧过程优化措施主要包括调整煤粉细度[6]、优化煤粉浓度[7]、煤种搭配[8]、优化磨煤机运行方式[9]、优化配风以及调整氧量[10]和加装卫燃带[11]等,上述手段可在一定程度上降低锅炉运行负荷。辅助助燃措施主要包括微油(气)助燃[12]、等离子体稳燃[13]等,这些手段可以促进煤粉着火及稳燃,但运行成本高。
提高锅炉低负荷稳燃性能,本质上要从燃烧设备入手,煤粉燃烧器在很大程度上决定着锅炉稳燃性能及NOx排放水平。近30年来,国内外开发了多种稳燃效果较好的煤粉燃烧器,这些燃烧器主要通过煤粉浓缩、强化煤粉与高温烟气换热、高温空气燃烧等方式实现稳燃。如ABB-CE公司的WR燃烧器[14]、三菱重工的PM燃烧器[15]、B&W公司的DRB-XCL双调风旋流燃烧器[16]、日立-Babcock公司的HT-NR旋流燃烧器[17]、三井-Babcock公司的LNASB轴向旋流燃烧器[18]、清华大学的火焰稳定船型燃烧器[19]和预燃室燃烧器[20]、华中科技大学的钝体燃烧器[21]、哈尔滨工业大学的百叶窗式水平浓淡燃烧器[22]及中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧器[23]等,这些燃烧器已大规模应用于我国的燃煤锅炉,并正在不断改进,在低负荷稳燃及降低NOx排放方面效果显著,但若不采取辅助助燃措施,直接将锅炉负荷降到20%以下,仍有很大难度。
中国科学院工程热物理研究所提出的预热燃烧技术[24]具有燃料适应性广、NOx排放低和负荷调节灵活等优点[25]。煤粉先进入预热燃烧器中热改性,再进入炉膛燃烧,改性后燃料的燃烧特性得到了显著改善,同时大幅度降低了NOx排放。该技术已分别在30 kW小试装置和2 MW中试装置上实现了31[26]、49 mg/m3[27]的NOx原始排放,并在1台40 t/h的预热燃烧器底置煤粉锅炉[28]上实现了满负荷下锅炉热效率高于92%、NOx原始排放低于100 mg/m3的指标。同时,在1 MW中试装置上实现了25%~100%宽负荷稳定运行[29]
本文在开发的60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉上开展了宽负荷运行特性和NOx排放特性试验研究。
某60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉为1台单锅筒自然循环过热蒸汽锅炉,半露天Π型布置,额定蒸汽量60 t/h,过热蒸汽温度450 ℃,蒸汽压力3.82 MPa,给水温度105 ℃,排烟温度150 ℃,设计燃料为Ⅲ类烟煤。该锅炉采用2只预热燃烧器,单只设计热功率为26 MW,采用侧墙对冲的布置形式,每只设置单喷口。预热燃烧器为绝热形式,表面为钢壳,内部采用耐火材料砌筑,运行中外表面温度不超过80 ℃。整台锅炉全部采用膜式水冷壁结构,炉膛为方形截面,炉膛总高20 500 mm,炉膛下部截面尺寸4 640 mm×2 320 mm,上部截面尺寸4 640 mm×4 640 mm。
锅炉的工艺流程如图1所示。锅炉主要包括煤粉储供系统、预热燃烧系统、烟风系统、余热回收系统、烟气净化系统、给水系统、点火燃烧系统和自动控制系统等。
煤粉储供系统包括煤粉储备和输送系统。煤粉储备系统包括2个粉仓,单个粉仓容积300 m3,粉仓设置了惰性气体安全保护装置,煤粉通过叶轮给粉机落入送粉管,由送粉风携带送入2只预热燃烧器。为确保锅炉的稳定运行,储仓和输送系统均设置2套,1用1备。
2只预热燃烧器位于锅炉炉膛两侧墙下部,对冲布置,左侧为预热燃烧器A,右侧为预热燃烧器B。预热燃烧器为循环流化床式,包括提升管、分离器和返料器等关键部件。
锅炉采用分级配风方式,各路风均为冷风,一次风通入预热燃烧器提升管底部,送粉风携带煤粉通入提升管,2路风与煤粉在预热燃烧器中反应生成高温预热燃料,预热燃料经喷口通入炉膛下部,全截面的二次风均匀布置于炉膛底部,与预热燃料均匀混合后燃烧。为了避免局部高温,炉膛中上部设置2层燃尽风,实现空间分级燃烧,2层燃尽风距离喷口高度分别为6 500、12 500 mm。燃烧产生的高温烟气从炉膛出口依次流经凝渣管束、过热器、旗式受热面、SCR脱硝反应器和省煤器后,进入布袋除尘器,经引风机引至脱硫塔净化后排至烟囱。再循环烟气从引风机后引出送入炉膛底部,必要时与二次风混合后进入炉膛,以调节炉膛温度和NOx排放。
每只预热燃烧器各配置1台液化气点火器,分别设置在预热燃烧器底部,单只预热燃烧器冷态启动点火消耗液化气量为80~120 m3
试验使用的燃料为烟煤,煤质分析见表1,粒径分布如图2所示,煤粉粒径为0~120 μm,d50和d90分别为16、63 μm。预热燃烧器所用的启动床料为石英砂,粒径分布为212~425 μm。
在60 t/h煤粉锅炉上开展了6个不同负荷下的预热燃烧器运行特性、锅炉运行特性和NOx排放特性试验研究,并开展了能效和环保测试,测试时间均为4 h。锅炉10%、20%负荷运行时仅单只预热燃烧器运行,30%及以上负荷时2只预热燃烧器同时运行。试验过程中控制预热燃烧器温度在850~ 950 ℃,控制炉膛温度不超过1 200 ℃,同时,通过调整配风如二次风、燃尽风、烟气再循环风来降低NOx排放,试验工况见表2
试验过程实际给水温度为102 ℃。锅炉能效测试执行《电站锅炉性能试验规程》(GB/T 10184—2015)、《工业锅炉热工性能试验规程》(GB/T 10180—2017),环保测试执行《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13271—2014)。本文试验过程中NOx排放测试均在SCR入口前,且NOx测试中炉内SNCR未投用,即NOx排放数值为原始排放数值。
在预热燃烧器运行过程中,一次风、送粉风提供床料和燃料流化所需空气,并与煤粉发生部分燃烧和气化反应,最初的升温及引燃过程完成后,煤粉通过循环稳定地实现自持预热。细颗粒燃料随气流带出预热燃烧器,从喷口送入炉膛,少量粗颗粒燃料随石英砂被旋风分离器分离,直至返送回提升管后再次预热。
为实时监测运行状态,单只预热燃烧器设置4个温度测点,分别位于提升管底部、中部、上部和返料器处,并在提升管底部设置1个压力测点。
单只预热燃烧器运行时,另一只处于压火备用状态,当需要2只同时运行时,处于压火备用状态的预热燃烧器快速启动,进入运行状态。为了保证炉膛两侧温度分布均匀,通过调整运行参数,使2只预热燃烧器的配风、给煤量接近。在上述调整下,6个锅炉负荷分别对应6个预热燃烧器运行负荷,预热燃烧器的运行参数见表3,预热燃烧器的运行工况1—工况6分别与表2中锅炉的运行工况1—工况6对应,工况1—工况2为单只预热燃烧器的运行参数,工况3—工况6为2只预热燃烧器运行参数的平均值,其中,预热燃烧器温度为提升管底部、中部和上部温度点的平均值。本次试验预热燃烧器的输入热功率范围为5.5~23.5 MW,各工况下预热温度均在900 ℃左右,运行状态满足要求。
图3为预热燃烧器在不同负荷下的运行温度曲线,各负荷下预热燃烧器各点温度分布稳定、均匀,预热空气当量比在0.15~0.21时可保证将煤粉稳定连续地预热至850~950 ℃。
预热燃烧器在各负荷下料层压差曲线如图4所示,主要集中在2~3 kPa,稳定的料层压差表明预热燃烧器内气、固流动特性和物料循环状态良好。
煤粉在预热燃烧器中生成了大量的可燃气体和焦炭等,由一元固体燃料转化为二元高温气固混合燃料,挥发分释放率达到了80%~92%。分别对各稳定工况的可燃气体进行取样分析,主要可燃气体组分CO、CH4、H2的体积分数和热值如图5所示,由于在实际调节过程中不同负荷下预热燃烧器的预热空气当量比、预热温度、反应停留时间等的差异,导致燃料在预热燃烧器中发生的部分燃烧和气化的份额不完全一致,从而进一步导致可燃气体的相对组分差异,在冷干基下可燃气体的热值集中在2.3~2.9 MJ/m3。同时,固体燃料的特性也发生了变化,经过预热后预热焦炭的孔隙结构变得发达、活性点位增加[26,30-31]
炉膛温度是判断锅炉燃烧是否稳定最直接的参数之一[32],该锅炉炉膛共布置有9个温度测点,距离预热燃料喷口5个不同高度布置分别为–500、1 500、6 500、10 500、15 500 mm,其中–500 mm处有1个温度测点,其余高度位置有2个温度测点,15 500 mm处为炉膛出口。图6为锅炉10%、20%负荷的炉膛温度分布。由图6可以看出,各负荷下炉膛温度变化平稳,波动较小,进一步验证了预热燃烧技术在超低负荷运行的优越性。高活性的预热燃料喷入炉膛后自身温度已经达到800 ℃以上,高于预热燃料自身的着火点,喷入炉膛后与全截面的二次风在该处发生主要的燃烧反应,无需强烈掺混即可实现着火和稳燃,2个工况均在距离喷口1 500 mm高度处出现炉膛温度的最高点,平均温度分别为871、1 015 ℃。综合可燃气体的易燃性、高热值与焦炭的高物理显热、丰富的孔隙结构、碳活性点位的增加,预热过程有利于提高燃料在低负荷下的着火稳定性。
锅炉10%、20%负荷时单只预热燃烧器运行,炉膛两侧温差较大,投运预热燃烧器对侧的炉膛温度偏高,单只预热燃烧器运行时,烟气存在一定的偏斜,预热燃烧器A运行射流如图7所示。由图7可以看到,A侧墙的热电偶位于燃料射流的回流区内,测得的温度较低,而B侧墙的热电偶被射流冲刷到,测得了较高的温度。沿烟气流向炉膛温度、两侧炉膛温差逐渐降低,沿炉膛沿程高度越向上,烟气在炉膛中的充满度越好,炉膛两侧温度趋于均匀。
锅炉在不同负荷下炉膛沿程的温度分布如图8所示。10%、20%负荷取较高一侧的炉膛温度,30%及以上负荷运行时,由于2只预热燃烧器的运行负荷相当,炉膛两侧温度偏差较小,因此取炉膛两侧温度的平均值。由图8可以看出,随着锅炉负荷的提升,炉膛温度逐渐上升,炉膛沿程的温度逐渐趋于均匀。
传统煤粉锅炉主燃烧区的火焰中心温度一般超过1 400 ℃,为确保煤粉能够实现着火和稳燃,二次风当量不低于0.6~0.8,主燃烧区总空气当量比在1.0左右[33],虽然实现了煤粉的高温高氧燃烧,但也容易促进热力型NOx生成。该锅炉炉膛各负荷下温度整体偏低,锅炉的配风方式不同,各负荷下二次风当量比集中在0.35~0.50,主燃区总空气当量比在0.5~0.7之间,经过预热后燃料的反应活性整体提升,高热量可燃气体的燃烧有利于预热焦炭的进一步引燃,在较低的二次风比例下便可实现较大份额的燃烧,同时能够维持合理的还原区气氛和相对较低的炉膛温度水平。锅炉各负荷下温度参数见表4。由表4可知,随着锅炉负荷的提升,炉膛出口烟温、排烟温度逐渐趋于升高。
对不同负荷的锅炉热效率和NOx原始排放进行了测试,测试结果见表5。锅炉在各负荷下燃烧效率均在97%以上,与传统煤粉锅炉相比,低负荷下锅炉热效率得到了显著提升,在10%的超低负荷下锅炉热效率仍高于85%,30%及以上负荷锅炉热效率均在90%以上,但从气体和固体未完全燃烧热损失来看,该锅炉在燃烧组织、燃料热改性方面依然有较大的优化空间。NOx排放随着锅炉负荷的提升而升高,这与锅炉氮总输入量的增加、炉膛温度的升高有关,但锅炉在各工况下NOx原始排放质量浓度均低于50 mg/m3φ(O2)=9%),主要原因包括以下3方面。
首先,各工况下炉膛温度水平整体较低,抑制了热力型NOx的生成,此时主要生成燃料型NOx。其次,预热过程的强还原型气氛有利于炉前脱氮,利用灰平衡法[34]对预热焦炭中的氮含量进行了计算,通过差减可以得到预热过程中挥发份中氮的释放率,计算表明45%~83%的燃料氮以挥发分形式析出,由于预热燃烧器内为强还原性气氛,主要产物为N2、HCN和NH3,大部分以N2形式存在[35]。最后,燃料进入炉膛主燃区后含氮物质将进行氧化和还原反应。氧化反应主要包括高温预热煤气中HCN、NH3以及焦炭氮的氧化过程(式(1)—式(2));还原反应主要分为同相还原和异相还原[36],同相还原为气体之间发生的还原性反应(式(3)—式(5)),异相还原为在焦炭表面上氮进行的还原反应(式(6)),而主燃区为强的还原性气氛进一步促进了挥发分和焦炭氮向N2的还原。
NH3,HCN+O2NO+
Nf+O2NO
NO+CHiHCN+
NO+COCO2+1/2 N2
NO+HCNN2+
NO+CfC(O)+1/2 N2
以烟煤为燃料,在60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉上开展了宽负荷运行特性研究,获得了不同锅炉负荷下的预热燃烧器运行特性、锅炉运行特性和NOx排放特性。主要结论如下:
1)26 MW预热燃烧器在20%~100%负荷范围内运行状态稳定、气固流动特性和循环状态良好,能够满足锅炉宽负荷的运行要求;
2)60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉10%~100%宽负荷运行稳定、炉膛温度分布合理,实现了10%超低负荷稳定运行,验证了预热燃烧技术在煤粉锅炉超低负荷稳燃方面的优越性;
3)各负荷下60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉的燃烧效率均在97%以上,10%负荷时锅炉热效率大于85%,30%负荷以上锅炉热效率均大于90%;
4)60 t/h煤粉预热燃烧锅炉在10%~100%负荷范围NOx原始排放质量浓度均低于50 mg/m3φ(O2)=9%),低氮燃烧效果显著。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题(XDA21040100; XDA29010200)
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2024年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308135
  • 接收时间:2023-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-24
基金
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21040100; XDA29010200)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题(XDA21040100; XDA29010200)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院工程热物理研究所,煤炭高效低碳利用全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2.大同市煤炭清洁高效利用研究所,煤灵活燃烧与热转化山西省重点实验室,山西 大同 037000
    3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

通讯作者:

朱建国(1977),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤炭高效清洁利用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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