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Article(id=1236693346983408267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312173, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780270572, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780270572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780270572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780270572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693347310563995, articleId=1236693346983408267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Full capacity long life peak shaving technology for thermal power units based on SOEC-OEC dual-process coupling, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The existing thermal power flexibility renovation plan is difficult to eliminate the thermal system life loss and unit safety operation risks caused by frequent and rapid load changes. In order to effectively ensure the safety, economy, and health of thermal power units participating in grid peak shaving, a full capacity and long life peak shaving technology scheme for thermal power units based on the coupling of solid oxide electrolysis cell hydrogen production technology (SOEC) and burner local oxygen enriched combustion technology (OEC) is proposed and constructed. Taking an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW secondary reheat unit as an example, energy efficiency calculation is conducted on the SOEC-OEC system participating in power grid peak shaving at a depth of 70%~100%, and the results are compared with that of the conventional alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production (ALK) system. The results show that, the energy efficiency of the extraction electrolysis hydrogen production system in SOEC-OEC is as high as 49.86%, which is about 26.40% higher than that of the ALK system. The oxygen enriched combustion system can reduce the boiler exhaust gas by up to 23.7%, reduce the unit coal consumption by 2.83 g/(kW·h), and reduce the carbon emissions by about 2.82 t/h. In addition, the SOEC-OEC system can also bring excess peak shaving subsidy benefits, hydrogen sales revenue, oxygen enrichment and coal saving and carbon reduction revenue, as well as equipment life extension benefits to the unit, fully ensuring the economic efficiency, safety, and environmental protection of the thermal power peak shaving process.

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现有火电灵活性改造方案难以消除频繁快速变负荷所带来的热力系统寿命折损与机组安全运行风险，为保障火电机组参与电网调峰的安全性、经济性与健康性，提出并构建了基于固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）制氢技术与燃烧器局部富氧燃烧（OEC）技术相耦合的火电机组全容量长寿命调峰技术方案。以某超超临界1 000 MW二次再热机组为计算示例，对SOEC-OEC系统参与70%~100%的电网深度调峰进行了能效计算，并与常规碱性水电解制氢（ALK）系统进行了比较。计算结果表明，SOEC-OEC技术方案中抽汽电解制氢系统的能效高达49.86%，相比ALK系统提高约26.40%；富氧助燃系统最大可减少锅炉排烟量达23.7%，降低机组供电煤耗2.83 g/(kW·h)，减少碳排放约2.82 t/h。此外，SOEC-OEC系统还可为机组带来超额的调峰补贴收益、氢气售卖收益、富氧节煤降碳收益以及设备延寿延保收益等，充分保障了火电调峰过程的经济高效、安全环保。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术，。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术，。

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王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术，。

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Thermal Power Generation, 2020, 49(3): 76-84., articleTitle=Effect of coal type on oxygen-enriched combustion boiler based on entropy analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359113335150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=34, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=28, authorNames=黄贺星, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄贺星. 富氧燃烧对350 MW机组热经济性影响的研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工程学院, 2018: 34-36., articleTitle=富氧燃烧对350 MW机组热经济性影响的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359213998453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=34, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=29, authorNames=HUANG Hexing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Hexing. Research on the influence of oxygen-enriched combustion on the thermal economy of 350 MW units[D]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the boiler

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项目BRL75%THA50%THA40%THA
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 7531 9851 2851 023
过热蒸汽温度/℃610610610610
屏过底部烟温/℃1 2501 1941 1011 035
低温过热器出口烟温/℃1 1641 067973904
燃料消耗量/((t·h–1)371.6275.3191.0152.2
锅炉计算热效率（低位发热量）/%95.3095.1994.9894.97
), ArticleFig(id=1236693353945952332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BRL75%THA50%THA40%THA
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 7531 9851 2851 023
过热蒸汽温度/℃610610610610
屏过底部烟温/℃1 2501 1941 1011 035
低温过热器出口烟温/℃1 1641 067973904
燃料消耗量/((t·h–1)371.6275.3191.0152.2
锅炉计算热效率（低位发热量）/%95.3095.1994.9894.97
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354034032721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Energy consumption of commercial SOEC devices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产厂商装置容量/kW制氢能耗/(kW·h)·m–3)
上海羿晶能源3 6003.60
美国Bloom Energy1003.37
北京质子动力254.20~4.50
德国SunFire2 6003.60
美国能源部3.48
北京思伟特<3.80
上海氢程科技2023.60
武汉华科福赛>6003.35
浙江氢邦科技3.50
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354130501721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

商用SOEC装置能耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产厂商装置容量/kW制氢能耗/(kW·h)·m–3)
上海羿晶能源3 6003.60
美国Bloom Energy1003.37
北京质子动力254.20~4.50
德国SunFire2 6003.60
美国能源部3.48
北京思伟特<3.80
上海氢程科技2023.60
武汉华科福赛>6003.35
浙江氢邦科技3.50
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354243747937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Design parameters of the SOEC-OEC system

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项目数值
SOEC工作温度/℃950
SOEC工作压力/MPa0.6
SOEC制氢能耗/(kW·h)·m–3)3.6
SOEC额定功率/MW362.77
SOEC额定产氢量/(m3.h–1)100 719.4
SOEC蒸汽电料比9.743
SOEC蒸汽转换率/%85
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354373771369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SOEC-OEC系统的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
SOEC工作温度/℃950
SOEC工作压力/MPa0.6
SOEC制氢能耗/(kW·h)·m–3)3.6
SOEC额定功率/MW362.77
SOEC额定产氢量/(m3.h–1)100 719.4
SOEC蒸汽电料比9.743
SOEC蒸汽转换率/%85
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354457657459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Steam consumption of the SOEC device at different peak shaving depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网需求
负荷/MW		调峰
深度/%		SOEC原料
蒸汽/(t·h–1)		SOEC电源
蒸汽/(t·h–1)
010095.22927.78
1009071.42695.84
2008047.61463.90
3007023.81231.95
4006000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354549932149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同调峰深度下SOEC装置蒸汽用量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网需求
负荷/MW		调峰
深度/%		SOEC原料
蒸汽/(t·h–1)		SOEC电源
蒸汽/(t·h–1)
010095.22927.78
1009071.42695.84
2008047.61463.90
3007023.81231.95
4006000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354617041016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Hydrogen production efficiency of the SOEC-OEC system at different peak shaving depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%容量调峰90%容量调峰80%容量调峰70%容量调峰
产氢量/(mol·h–1)4 517 270.973 387 953.232 258 635.491 124 764.35
Q0/(kJ·h–1)71 509 442.5553 632 081.9135 754 721.2717877360.64
Qe/(kJ·h–1)1 311 377 635.0983 533 226.4655 688 817.6327844408.8
Q1/(kJ·h–1)55 379 206.3141 534 404.7327 689 603.1613844801.58
Q2/(kJ·h–1)105 105 635.3078 829 226.5052 552 817.6726276408.83
制氢能效/%49.84649.85749.84649.645
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354726092929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同调峰深度下SOEC-OEC系统制氢能效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%容量调峰90%容量调峰80%容量调峰70%容量调峰
产氢量/(mol·h–1)4 517 270.973 387 953.232 258 635.491 124 764.35
Q0/(kJ·h–1)71 509 442.5553 632 081.9135 754 721.2717877360.64
Qe/(kJ·h–1)1 311 377 635.0983 533 226.4655 688 817.6327844408.8
Q1/(kJ·h–1)55 379 206.3141 534 404.7327 689 603.1613844801.58
Q2/(kJ·h–1)105 105 635.3078 829 226.5052 552 817.6726276408.83
制氢能效/%49.84649.85749.84649.645
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354801590408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The reduced air volume and flue gas volume in the SOEC-OEC system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%容量
调峰		90%容量
调峰		80%容量
调峰		70%容量
调峰
产氧量/(kg·h–1)72 276.354 207.336 138.217 996.2
减少风量/(kg·h–1)311 267.6233 450.7155 633.877 503.1
风量降比/%23.7117.7811.865.90
减少烟气量/(kg·h–1)629 778.1561 853.7493 929.3425 731.0
烟气量降比/%23.717.811.95.9
), ArticleFig(id=1236693354914836623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

SOEC-OEC系统降低风量与烟气量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%容量
调峰		90%容量
调峰		80%容量
调峰		70%容量
调峰
产氧量/(kg·h–1)72 276.354 207.336 138.217 996.2
减少风量/(kg·h–1)311 267.6233 450.7155 633.877 503.1
风量降比/%23.7117.7811.865.90
减少烟气量/(kg·h–1)629 778.1561 853.7493 929.3425 731.0
烟气量降比/%23.717.811.95.9
), ArticleFig(id=1236693355019694233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

The G2000 equipment parameters

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项目数据
产氢量/(m3·h–1)2 000
操作压力/MPa1.6
直流电耗/((kW·h)·m–3)4.3~4.5
工作温度/℃90±5
电解液KOH质量分数/%30
), ArticleFig(id=1236693355145523359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346983408267, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

G2000设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数据
产氢量/(m3·h–1)2 000
操作压力/MPa1.6
直流电耗/((kW·h)·m–3)4.3~4.5
工作温度/℃90±5
电解液KOH质量分数/%30
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基于SOEC-OEC双工艺耦合的火电机组全容量长寿命调峰技术研究
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王林 1 , 高景辉 1 , 何信林 1 , 刘晓莎 2 , 胡平 3 , 邓春 4
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(4): 125-132
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(4): 125-132
基于SOEC-OEC双工艺耦合的火电机组全容量长寿命调峰技术研究
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王林1 , 高景辉1, 何信林1, 刘晓莎2, 胡平3, 邓春4
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 2.陕西工业职业技术学院，陕西　咸阳　712000
  • 3.咸阳市新能源及微电网重点实验室，陕西　咸阳　712000
  • 4.中国石油大学（北京），北京　102249

    • 王林（1989），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为氢储能辅助煤电调峰技术，。

Full capacity long life peak shaving technology for thermal power units based on SOEC-OEC dual-process coupling
Lin WANG1 , Jinghui GAO1, Xinlin HE1, Xiaosha LIU2, Ping HU3, Chun DENG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 3.Xianyang Key Laboratory of New Energy and Microgrid System, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 4.China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312173
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摘要
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现有火电灵活性改造方案难以消除频繁快速变负荷所带来的热力系统寿命折损与机组安全运行风险，为保障火电机组参与电网调峰的安全性、经济性与健康性，提出并构建了基于固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）制氢技术与燃烧器局部富氧燃烧（OEC）技术相耦合的火电机组全容量长寿命调峰技术方案。以某超超临界1 000 MW二次再热机组为计算示例，对SOEC-OEC系统参与70%~100%的电网深度调峰进行了能效计算，并与常规碱性水电解制氢（ALK）系统进行了比较。计算结果表明，SOEC-OEC技术方案中抽汽电解制氢系统的能效高达49.86%，相比ALK系统提高约26.40%；富氧助燃系统最大可减少锅炉排烟量达23.7%，降低机组供电煤耗2.83 g/(kW·h)，减少碳排放约2.82 t/h。此外，SOEC-OEC系统还可为机组带来超额的调峰补贴收益、氢气售卖收益、富氧节煤降碳收益以及设备延寿延保收益等，充分保障了火电调峰过程的经济高效、安全环保。

火电调峰  /  SOEC  /  OEC  /  经济性  /  健康性

The existing thermal power flexibility renovation plan is difficult to eliminate the thermal system life loss and unit safety operation risks caused by frequent and rapid load changes. In order to effectively ensure the safety, economy, and health of thermal power units participating in grid peak shaving, a full capacity and long life peak shaving technology scheme for thermal power units based on the coupling of solid oxide electrolysis cell hydrogen production technology (SOEC) and burner local oxygen enriched combustion technology (OEC) is proposed and constructed. Taking an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW secondary reheat unit as an example, energy efficiency calculation is conducted on the SOEC-OEC system participating in power grid peak shaving at a depth of 70%~100%, and the results are compared with that of the conventional alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production (ALK) system. The results show that, the energy efficiency of the extraction electrolysis hydrogen production system in SOEC-OEC is as high as 49.86%, which is about 26.40% higher than that of the ALK system. The oxygen enriched combustion system can reduce the boiler exhaust gas by up to 23.7%, reduce the unit coal consumption by 2.83 g/(kW·h), and reduce the carbon emissions by about 2.82 t/h. In addition, the SOEC-OEC system can also bring excess peak shaving subsidy benefits, hydrogen sales revenue, oxygen enrichment and coal saving and carbon reduction revenue, as well as equipment life extension benefits to the unit, fully ensuring the economic efficiency, safety, and environmental protection of the thermal power peak shaving process.

thermal power peak shaving  /  SOEC  /  OEC  /  economy  /  health
王林, 高景辉, 何信林, 刘晓莎, 胡平, 邓春. 基于SOEC-OEC双工艺耦合的火电机组全容量长寿命调峰技术研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 125 -132 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312173
Lin WANG, Jinghui GAO, Xinlin HE, Xiaosha LIU, Ping HU, Chun DENG. Full capacity long life peak shaving technology for thermal power units based on SOEC-OEC dual-process coupling[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 125 -132 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312173
正文
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国家能源局数据显示，截至2022年12月底，全国累计发电装机容量约25.6亿kW，其中新能源发电占比约29.7%，同比增长19.3%。具有清洁环保优势的风电、太阳能发电在快速发展的同时，其存在的不稳定、不可靠、不可控等先天缺陷也得到进一步暴露。《中国电力发展报告2023》指出：我国新能源大规模发展，但实际运行中能够提供的可靠容量不超过5%。新能源电力在日常应用中的巨大波动性[1-3]，必然导致常规火电机组承担更加频繁艰巨的深度调峰任务。
大容量、高参数的超（超）临界机组在最小技术出力工况下的煤耗、汽耗、厂用电率、碳排放等指标均处于较差水平[4]，其高效环保优势在深度调峰期间难以发挥。此外，频繁升降负荷也会给热力系统带来潜在的寿命折损，并增加机组的安全运行风险[5]。因此，现阶段火电机组承担电网深度调峰难以实现经济性、安全性、健康性的统一。
此外，近年来煤电行业亏损态势持续。《2023年上半年全国电力供需形势分析预测报告》指出，1—5月，四大发电集团煤电板块利润总额合计亏损89亿元，煤电企业亏损面为56.5%。火电企业对于丰富业务板块、增加收入来源有迫切的现实需求。
综上所述，提出并构建一套既能保障火电机组在深度调峰期间的安全性、经济性，又能增加营业收入、降低运营成本的综合技术方案，对增强电力保供能力、促进火电行业健康发展具有重要意义。
1　电解制氢储能
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利用容量可调的储能系统消纳火电机组发出的超过电网需求的多余电量，从而保证锅炉、汽轮机实际运行于高效率区间（40%~100%额定出力），就能彻底解决大型火电机组深度调峰时经济性变差、安全运行风险升高的问题。
考虑到机组深度调峰容量达到百兆瓦级，同时满足“大规模、可推广、易结合”要求的储能装置中，电解制氢储能系统更具实际应用优势[6]。
2022年3月23日，国家发改委发布《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》，将氢能定位为国家未来能源体系的重要组成部分，用能终端实现绿色低碳转型的重要载体。现有的电解制氢技术主要包括碱水（ALK）制氢、质子交换膜纯水电解（AEM）制氢、固体聚合物阴离子交换膜水电解（PEM）制氢、固体氧化物电解槽（solid oxide electrolytic cell，SOEC）制氢。其中，SOEC制氢具有显著的高效节能优势[7-9]。图1为不同方案的制氢能耗对比。
SOEC装置工作温度区间为800~1 000 ℃，通过电解高温水蒸气生产氢气与氧气，其需要的高温条件与水蒸气原料与电站锅炉的结合性强，所得氢气对外出售增加收入，氧气则可通过燃烧器开展富氧燃烧（oxygen enrich combustion，OEC），用于提高锅炉效率，改善调峰经济性。雷云红等[10]对200 MW燃煤锅炉实施了局部富氧燃烧改造，发现富氧燃烧工况下锅炉效率提高了0.65%~0.72%，每年可减少碳排放1 506~2 515 t。
基于此，本文将蒸汽电解制氢与锅炉富氧燃烧技术相耦合，提出并构建了SOEC-OEC的双工艺耦合系统。一方面利用氢储能装置实现全容量的极限深度调峰，赚取超额补贴；另一方面利用富氧增效技术，助力机组节煤降碳，此外，SOEC-OEC系统还能增加火电企业的氢气售卖收益、设备延寿延保收益等，综合技术优势显著。
2　SOEC+OEC技术方案的构建
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2.1　装置启停规则
根据锅炉热力计算书，某超超临界1 000 MW二次再热锅炉（型号SG-2983/32.14-M7054）在40%额定出力下的设计效率为94.97%，与满负荷工况仅相差约0.3百分点，这表明该型号锅炉在40%额定出力下，依然具有优秀的性能指标。因此，设计该机组启动SOEC-OEC系统的负荷点为40%额定出力。
电网调度的负荷需求记为Ldemand，机组的额定出力记为Lrated，SOEC-OEC系统的功率记为Ldevice。制定如下规则。
1）Ldemand≥40%×Lrated
此时火电机组以常规方式运行，SOEC-OEC调峰系统不启动，即Ldevice=0。
2）Ldemand<40%×Lrated
此时SOEC-OEC系统启动，锅炉实际出力降低到其40%额定蒸发量后维持不变，超出Ldemand以外的发电量，由SOEC-OEC系统消纳利用，此时有Ldevice=40%×Lrated–Ldemand。
2.2　方案设计
SOEC-OEC双工艺耦合调峰系统原理性设计如图2所示。
其工艺为：调峰期间，SOEC-OEC装置抽取一部分电站锅炉所产出高温蒸汽作为制氢原料，吸收一部分汽轮发电机组发出的电能作为电解电力，制取的氢气用于售卖，制取的氧气则进入炉膛完成富氧燃烧过程。
3　SOEC-OEC调峰系统的性能评估
收起
选择某火电机组作为SOEC-OEC系统的落地示范工程，对双工艺耦合调峰系统的效能进行分析评价。
3.1　示例机组的选择
机组容量越大，效率越高，参与深度调峰所带来的经济指标、能效指标损失越大。本文选择某地区近期投产的超超临界1 000 MW二次再热高效燃煤发电机组为工程示范机组。该机组选用的锅炉型号SG-2983/32.14-M7054，为超超临界直流塔式炉，根据其设计参数计算SOEC-OEC系统的能效指标。锅炉的设计参数见表1。
3.2　SOEC-OEC性能参数选择
SOEC-OEC系统主要性能参数包括：
1）制氢电耗　指SOEC装置制取1 m3（标准状态下，下同）氢气所消耗的电能。目前已经商用的SOEC装置实际能耗见表2。
根据表2，选取本方案中SOEC装置的制氢能耗为3.6 (kW·h)/m3。
2）SOEC电料比　SOEC装置工作时，其需要的电源蒸汽流量与原料蒸汽流量的比例。根据SOEC制氢能耗展开计算。
1 m3氢气标准状态下分子数为44.643 mol，对应于需要44.643 mol的原料水蒸气来生成。假设电解过程中水蒸气的转化率为85%，那么本系统的SOEC装置消耗3.6 kW·h的电能，需要原料水蒸气为0.945 kg。
根据表1数据，40%额定出力下机组的汽耗为2.557 5 kg/(kW·h)，汽轮发电机组每发3.6 kW·h的电能，就需要消耗9.207 kg水蒸气，这部分用于发电的水蒸气即为SOEC的电源蒸汽。
综上，SOEC装置的电料比取为9.743。
3）装置容量　为实现火电机组的全容量调峰，SOEC-OEC系统需要能消纳机组40%额定出力下发出电能，即为400 MW，对应的蒸汽量为1 023 t/h，根据电料比计算的电源蒸汽量为927.78 t/h，对应的功率为362.77 MW。因此，SOEC-OEC系统的功率为362.77 MW。
3.3　方案的细化
为进一步提高系统能效，设计了余热回收利用环节，SOEC-OEC系统的工质流程如图3所示。在工艺参数设计中，SOEC装置的工作温度定为950 ℃，因此生产的氢气和氧气也具有很高的温度，设计了2级“产物气余热加热器”对其进行冷却，回收热量用于预热SOEC蒸汽、加热锅炉给水。
为满足SOEC装置的工作温度，设计了1级烟气加热器（热源来自屏式过热器底部烟气）用于进一步提升原料水蒸气的温度至950 ℃，低温烟气则重新回到锅炉烟道。
SOEC原料蒸汽来自高压旁路管道抽汽，蒸汽参数605 ℃/12.3 MPa，为满足SOEC装置的正常工作压力（<1.0 MPa），设计了小背压机组对主蒸汽进行降压。系统的参数设计见表3。
利用Aspen HYSYS V11软件对上述工艺进行建模。为避免混合后高温的氢气与氧气发生爆炸，SOEC装置出口的产物分成了2支分别进入2个余热加热器，彼此独立地与水、水蒸气等进行换热[11]。该流程软件模拟如图4所示。
3.4　能效的计算
首先定义SOEC-OEC系统的能效指标。系统从火电机组吸收的能量包括烟气加热器的加热Q0和消耗的电能Qe。返回给火电机组的能量包括小背压机组消耗的能量Q1和2号余热加热器加热锅炉给水Q2。制取的氢气的总高位发热量为QH2。定义系统制氢能效α，则有：
α=QH2Q0+Qe−(Q1+Q2）
式中：氢气的高位发热量为285.8 kJ/mol[12]。
对机组参与深度为60%~100%容量的电网调峰分别计算其原料蒸汽流量，作为工艺模拟的输入参数。计算结果见表4。
Aspen HYSYS是一款广泛应用于化工过程仿真和优化的软件，由美国AspenTech公司开发，可用于建立各种化工流程模型，并进行流程仿真、优化、设计和分析。Aspen HYSYS软件支持多种物理性质计算和多阶段化学反应仿真，并提供了热力学、传质、分离、管道、仪表和控制等方面的建模功能。通过使用该软件，用户可以优化工艺方案、节约成本、提高生产效率和产品质量。
利用Aspen HYSYS V11对上述4种调峰工况进行模拟，计算结果如图5所示。
结合式(1)，分别计算示例机组的能效。机组发电效率取为设计值48.95%。最终结果见表5。
由表5可知，SOEC-OEC系统应用期间的最高能效为49.857%，表明其具有较高的能量利用/转换效率。
电解生产的氧气，用于供应锅炉开展燃烧器内的局部富氧燃烧（富氧体积分数设计为30%）。一方面高氧量下火焰温度升高，煤粉燃烧更充分，另一方面，高氧量下风量需求减少，产生的烟气量减少，因此排烟的热损失也显著降低。
示例锅炉40% THA下总风量1 312 779 kg/h。空气中氧气的质量分数为23.22%，据此计算SOEC-OEC系统降低的风量及烟气量，结果见表6。
由表6可知，SOEC-OEC系统在机组深度调峰（0~30%负荷）期间，可降低排烟量5.9%~23.7%，而排烟热损失是影响锅炉效率的各项损失中占比最大的部分，烟气量的大幅降低，必然带来锅炉效率的提升。此外，风量需求的降低，也会带来风机组电耗的减少，有利于改善厂用电率指标。
张智羽等[13]利用锅炉热力计算对某600 MW燃煤锅炉在不同氧量下的效率进行了计算，结果表明，30%氧气体积分数条件下，锅炉排烟损失相比21%氧气体积分数（空气气氛）降低0.15%，锅炉热效率提高0.15%。
肖卓楠等[14]研究计算了480 t/h循环流化床锅炉富氧燃烧工况下的热效率，发现30%氧气体积分数相比空气气氛燃烧，锅炉排烟损失降低1.0%，效率提升1.08%。
黄贺星[15]利用现场试验结合仿真计算，得出350 MW机组锅炉在体积分数30%富氧情况下相比空气燃烧效率提高约1.8%。
综合上述结论，考虑富氧燃烧及风机组电耗降低的双重影响，保守估计SOEC-OEC系统投用后可提高锅炉效率约1.0%，由此得出机组供电煤耗由271.62 g/(kW·h)降低至268.79 g/(kW·h)，每小时可节省标煤1.13 t，减少碳排放约2.82 t。SOEC-OEC系统的节能降碳效果显著。
3.5　方案的对比评价
选择某公司生产的G2000型碱水电解制氢（ALK）设备构建辅助火电调峰系统。G2000设备的基本参数见表7。
依托1 000 MW示例机组，计算ALK系统的制氢能效。G2000设备制氢电耗取为4.4 (kW·h)/m3，从机组吸收的能量为电能，无返回机组的能量，因此有：
α=QH2Qe
式中：α为制氢能效，%；QH2为氢气的总高位发热量，kJ/h；Qe为消耗的电能，kJ/h；机组效率取设计值48.95%。计算得到α=39.437%。
比较可知，SOEC-OEC系统相比ALK调峰系统，能效提高约26.40%，高效优势显著。
3.6　方案的收益
SOEC-OEC耦合调峰系统能够为机组提供：
1）超额的电力市场辅助服务收益　目前电网对于调峰的补贴按照机组容量高低实行梯度定价，深度越深，价格越高。相比常规机组20%~30%的最小技术出力，SOEC-OEC系统可提供100%容量的极限调峰服务，对电网输出功率降低为零（称为“假停机”模式），因而可为火电企业赚取超额的补贴收益。
2）氢气售卖收益　氢气作为绿色清洁能源及重要化工原料，其用途十分广泛。电厂调峰期间制取的氢气（价格60~70元/kg，部分地区政府补贴后达到30~50元/kg），对外出售可获得较高经济收益。
3）富氧助燃收益　燃烧器区域局部富氧燃烧有效减少了风量，降低了风机组电耗；降低了烟气量，提高了燃尽率，锅炉效率、供电煤耗、碳排放等指标得到显著改善。
4）设备延寿延保的收益　SOEC-OEC系统投用后，机组主辅机均长期稳定运行在高效率区间（40%额定出力），热力系统及其附属设备避免了频繁变负荷引发的疲劳失效与机械冲击，设备降低了故障率。
4　结语
收起
本文提出并构建的SOEC-OEC新型火电调峰系统，将SOEC与OEC工艺两相耦合，与传统火电机组实施有机集成，该系统具有以下技术优势：
1）SOEC-OEC系统能效高达49.86%，相比常规ALK构建的调峰系统，提高约26.40%；
2）SOEC-OEC系统在机组调峰期间，可降低烟气量最大23.7%，提高锅炉效率约1.0%，降低供电煤耗2.83 g/(kW·h)；
3）SOEC-OEC系统还具有提供超额调峰补贴收益、氢气售卖收益、富氧节煤降碳收益、设备延寿延保收益等，保证了机组参与深度调峰期间的经济性、安全性与健康性。
基金
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  • 西安热工研究院研发基金项目(TR-23-TYK05)
文献
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2024年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312173
  • 接收时间：2023-12-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-05
基金
Research and Development Fund of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute(TR-23-TYK05)
西安热工研究院研发基金项目(TR-23-TYK05)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    2.陕西工业职业技术学院，陕西　咸阳　712000
    3.咸阳市新能源及微电网重点实验室，陕西　咸阳　712000
    4.中国石油大学（北京），北京　102249
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