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Flue gas flow is one of the key factors affecting the accuracy of carbon monitoring, and the complex flow field environment with uneven velocity distribution and changing with unit load is the main factor impeding the accurate measurement of flue gas flow. By taking a chimney inlet flue of a 660 MW unit in a power plant as the research object, the influence of the number of points and the layout of the process on measurement accuracy of the flowmeter with four different measurement principles was compared and analyzed based on numerical simulation results of the flue gas flow field. The results show that, the multipoint Pitot tube flowmeter has better adaptability to the complex flow field environment compared with the matrix flowmeter. When the number of measuring points is 28, the deviation of the matrix flowmeter is 1.54 times that of the multipoint Pitot tube flowmeter. The measurement accuracy of the light scintillation flowmeter is greatly affected by the elevation of the installation position, with the maximum deviation being 23.3 times the minimum deviation. This indicates that the light scintillation flowmeter has poor adaptability to complex flow field environments. The ultrasonic flowmeter can be installed obliquely and in multiple channels, with a more flexible and varied process layout, significantly improving its adaptability to complex flow fields. The dual-channel arrangement can control the deviation within ± 1.5%. The research results provide important theoretical basis and data support for the selection of flow meter equipment and process design, and have important theoretical research and engineering application value.

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烟气流量是影响碳监测精度的关键因素之一,而分布不均、随机组负荷变化而改变的复杂流场环境是阻碍烟气流量精准计量的主要因素。以某电厂660 MW机组烟囱入口烟道为研究对象,基于烟气流场数值模拟结果对比分析了4种不同测量原理的流量计测量精度随点位数量、工艺布置形式等因素的影响变化规律。结果表明:与矩阵流量计相比,多点皮托管流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性更好;在测点数量同为28的情况下,矩阵流量计偏差是多点皮托管流量计的1.54倍;光闪烁流量计测量精度受安装位置标高影响较大,最大偏差是最小偏差的23.3倍,表明光闪烁流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性较差;超声波流量计可倾斜安装和多声道安装,工艺布置形式灵活多变,对复杂流场的适应性显著提高,双声道布置时可将偏差控制在±1.5%以内。研究成果为流量计设备选型及工艺设计提供了重要的理论依据和数据支撑,具有重要的理论研究及工程应用价值。

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马修元(1984),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为碳排放连续监测技术,

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马修元(1984),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为碳排放连续监测技术,

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Layout scheme of inclined installation process

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序号方案工艺布置方案声道数
1方案1左上右下1
2方案2左下右上1
3方案3左上右+下左下右上2
4方案4水平左声道H3+左下右上2
5方案5左上右下+水平右声道H32
), ArticleFig(id=1236693356689019027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346618495649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

倾斜安装工艺布置方案

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序号方案工艺布置方案声道数
1方案1左上右下1
2方案2左下右上1
3方案3左上右+下左下右上2
4方案4水平左声道H3+左下右上2
5方案5左上右下+水平右声道H32
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基于复杂流场的烟气流量测量技术数值模拟研究
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马修元 1, 2 , 韦飞 1 , 宣添星 1 , 王新培 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(4): 102-111
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(4): 102-111
基于复杂流场的烟气流量测量技术数值模拟研究
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马修元1, 2 , 韦飞1, 宣添星1, 王新培1
作者信息
  • 1.国电环境保护研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210031
  • 2.国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210023
  • 马修元(1984),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为碳排放连续监测技术,

Numerical simulation of flue gas flow measurement technology based on complex flow field
Xiuyuan MA1, 2 , Fei WEI1, Tianxing XUAN1, Xinpei WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Power Environmental Protection Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210031, China
  • 2.China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312180
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烟气流量是影响碳监测精度的关键因素之一,而分布不均、随机组负荷变化而改变的复杂流场环境是阻碍烟气流量精准计量的主要因素。以某电厂660 MW机组烟囱入口烟道为研究对象,基于烟气流场数值模拟结果对比分析了4种不同测量原理的流量计测量精度随点位数量、工艺布置形式等因素的影响变化规律。结果表明:与矩阵流量计相比,多点皮托管流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性更好;在测点数量同为28的情况下,矩阵流量计偏差是多点皮托管流量计的1.54倍;光闪烁流量计测量精度受安装位置标高影响较大,最大偏差是最小偏差的23.3倍,表明光闪烁流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性较差;超声波流量计可倾斜安装和多声道安装,工艺布置形式灵活多变,对复杂流场的适应性显著提高,双声道布置时可将偏差控制在±1.5%以内。研究成果为流量计设备选型及工艺设计提供了重要的理论依据和数据支撑,具有重要的理论研究及工程应用价值。

碳监测  /  复杂流场  /  流量计  /  数值模拟  /  工艺布置

Flue gas flow is one of the key factors affecting the accuracy of carbon monitoring, and the complex flow field environment with uneven velocity distribution and changing with unit load is the main factor impeding the accurate measurement of flue gas flow. By taking a chimney inlet flue of a 660 MW unit in a power plant as the research object, the influence of the number of points and the layout of the process on measurement accuracy of the flowmeter with four different measurement principles was compared and analyzed based on numerical simulation results of the flue gas flow field. The results show that, the multipoint Pitot tube flowmeter has better adaptability to the complex flow field environment compared with the matrix flowmeter. When the number of measuring points is 28, the deviation of the matrix flowmeter is 1.54 times that of the multipoint Pitot tube flowmeter. The measurement accuracy of the light scintillation flowmeter is greatly affected by the elevation of the installation position, with the maximum deviation being 23.3 times the minimum deviation. This indicates that the light scintillation flowmeter has poor adaptability to complex flow field environments. The ultrasonic flowmeter can be installed obliquely and in multiple channels, with a more flexible and varied process layout, significantly improving its adaptability to complex flow fields. The dual-channel arrangement can control the deviation within ± 1.5%. The research results provide important theoretical basis and data support for the selection of flow meter equipment and process design, and have important theoretical research and engineering application value.

carbon monitoring  /  complex flow field  /  flowmeter  /  numerical simulation  /  process layout
马修元, 韦飞, 宣添星, 王新培. 基于复杂流场的烟气流量测量技术数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 102 -111 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312180
Xiuyuan MA, Fei WEI, Tianxing XUAN, Xinpei WANG. Numerical simulation of flue gas flow measurement technology based on complex flow field[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 102 -111 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312180
2021年,中国启动碳排放交易市场,“碳资产”被正式赋予市场价值和流动性[1-2]。其中,碳排放量的精准计量是实现“碳资产”公平交易的先决条件[3-5]。目前,固定污染源碳排放量的计量方法主要包括质量平衡法、排放因子法和连续监测法[6-8]。美国要求容量超过25 MW的火电机组必须采用连续监测法进行碳排放量计量。截至2015年底,美国安装二氧化碳连续监测系统(CO2-CEMS)的机组数量占总量的95%以上[9]。欧盟自2013年开始将CO2-CEMS应用于不同燃料掺烧企业,并制定法律文件认可连续监测法获取的碳排放量数据[10-11]。中国从2020年开始探索CO2排放连续监测试点,2022年开始进一步扩大火电行业碳监测试点范围,旨在逐步将碳排放量计量由核算法向监测法过渡[12]
影响火电机组碳排放连续监测精度的因素主要包括CO2浓度、烟气流量、湿度、温度、压力等[8]。其中,烟气流量是影响碳排放连续监测精度的核心因素[13]。一方面,目前火电机组烟气流量计多依据《固定污染源烟气(SO2、NOx、颗粒物)排放连续监测技术规范》(HJ 75—2017)进行安装、建设、运维等,在烟气流速高于10 m/s时,相对标准偏差要求不超过±10%,烟气流速不高于10 m/s时,相对标准偏差不超过±12%。2022年颁布的《火电厂烟气二氧化碳排放连续监测技术规范》(DL/T 2376—2021)根据机组近3年碳排放量划分为A、B、C 3类,现役300 MW及以上机组大多属于B类和C类,烟气流量相对标准偏差分别要求不超过±8%和±6%,高于HJ 75—2017标准。另一方面,我国火电机组已基本全部完成超低排放改造,烟囱入口烟道普遍比较紧凑,安装在烟囱入口烟道的烟气连续监测系统(CEMS)很难满足DL/T 2376—2021要求的“前4后2”或者气流分布相对标准偏差小于0.15的技术指标。现有火电机组烟气流量计大多存在诸如测点位置代表性不足、测点数量少、工艺布置不合理等问题,导致烟气流量计测量精度低,对机组变工况运行及复杂烟道结构诱发的复杂流场环境的适应性差,恶劣工况下会有烟气流量测量精度不满足DL/T 2376—2021要求的风险[14-15]。目前,国内外学者对烟气流量精准计量的研究大多集中在仪器设备精度、量值传递、量值溯源等方面。许瑞祥等[16]依托实验室风洞装置开展了烟气流量计量试验研究,提出了利用S型皮托管测量烟气流量的方法。柳亚贤[17]针对多点阵列式烟气流量测量及流量标定方法进行了研究,并在实际工程中进行了应用验证。张亮等[18]采用4种不同积分方法研究了烟气体积流量测量的相对误差,认为等面积法仅适合稳定流场环境的烟气流量测量。黄焰[19]针对光闪烁法烟气流量测量进行了研究,给出了光闪烁法流量测量的信号及数据处理办法。樊洁云等[20]针对管径为1 m的小尺寸管道内超声波流量计流量积分误差随烟气流速、声道角度、声道数量、安装角度等因素的变化规律。综上可知,针对大型火电机组复杂流场环境下流量计的工艺布置研究还比较匮乏。因此,有必要针对复杂流场环境下烟气流量精准计量开展相关研究。
本文选取某电厂660 MW机组烟囱入口烟道为研究对象,采用数值模拟手段,对烟道内的流场分布进行了研究分析,并基于数值模拟结果针对多点皮托管流量计、矩阵流量计、光闪烁流量计、单声道超声波流量计、多声道超声波流量计等测量精度随点位数量、工艺布置形式的变化规律进行了详细研究,掌握了不同流量计的最佳点位设置数量、工艺布置形式,获得了不同流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性和测量结果的可靠性。研究成果同样适用于流量计安装于竖直烟道或烟囱的应用场景,为火电机组碳排放连续监测的精准计量及工程设计优化提供了依据与参考。
以某电厂660 MW火电机组安装CO2-CEMS系统的烟囱入口烟道为研究对象,其物理模型如图1所示。烟囱入口烟道包含2段竖直烟道和1段水平烟道,竖直烟道在水平烟道入口非对称布置。其中,水平烟道截面尺寸为11.2 m×6.4 m,当量直径为8.15 m。CO2-CEMS布置在水平烟道,测点所在断面与竖直烟道的水平距离为33 m,大于水平烟道当量直径的4倍;测点下游烟道长度为9.5 m,小于水平烟道当量直径的2倍,测点位置不满足DL/T 2376—2021“前4后2”的烟道长度要求。本文重点研究CO2-CEMS烟气流量计的点位数量、工艺布置形式等对烟气流量测量精度的影响。为反映烟道内烟气的真实流动情况,做如下假设[21]:1)烟气为定常、不可压缩流体;2)烟道入口烟气流速分布均匀一致;3)不考虑烟道内撑杆、流量计组件、横梁等结构对烟气流场分布的影响。
烟囱入口烟道烟气流动连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程如式(1)所示[22]
(ρϕ)t+div[puϕ]=div(Γϕgradϕ)+Sϕ
式中:ρ为烟气密度,kg/m3u为烟气速度,m/s;t为时间,s;Γϕ为广义扩散系数;ϕ为通用变量;Sϕ为广义源项。
烟囱入口烟道烟气流动为湍流流动,本文采用标准k-ε湍流模型来模拟。
湍动能方程为:
xj(ρkuj)=xj[(μ+μtσk)kxj]+Gkρε
耗散率ε方程为:
xj(ρεuj)=xj[(μ+μtσε)kxj]+            C1εεkGkC2ερε2k
式中:Gk为湍流动能;C1εC2ε为常量;σkσε分别为k方程和ε方程的湍流普朗特数。
烟道入口设为速度入口边界条件,速度数值大小为15.05 m/s。烟道出口设为压力出口边界条件,压力数值大小为0 Pa。烟道壁面设为标准无滑移壁面边界条件[23-25]
烟囱入口烟道内的流场分布特性是影响烟气流量精准计量的主要因素之一。相对均匀一致的烟气流场分布对流量计的设备选型、点位设置数量及位置、工艺布置方案等要求均较低,无论是基于差压测量原理流量计的单点测量、多点测量,或者基于时差测量原理的超声波流量计和光闪烁流量计的单通道测量、多通道测量,均可获得较高的烟气流量测量精度。然而,现役机组CO2-CEMS测点所在烟道上游大多存在变径、弯头、异型管等复杂烟道结构,导致CO2-CEMS测点位置处的流场环境复杂多变,以至于因烟气流量计的测点位置代表性差、点位数量不足、工艺布置设计不合理等导致烟气流量测量精度低,不能满足碳监测对烟气流量测量精度的要求。
本文采用数值模拟手段对烟囱入口烟道内的流场分布进行了计算,为CO2-CEMS烟气流量计的工艺布置设计提供了数据支撑。图2图3分别给出了烟囱入口烟道内的烟气流线分布和速度分布情况。由图2可知,由于两竖直烟道与水平烟道非对称布置,烟气由竖直烟道汇流进入水平烟道后,烟气呈旋流式运动状态,流线发生明显的偏转,导致烟气速度分布显著不均匀,存在明显的高速区和低速区,不利于流量计安装点位的选取以及烟气流量的精准测量。
图3可知:CO2-CEMS测点所在烟道截面的速度分布不均匀,该断面的烟气平均速度为15.13 m/s,气流分布相对标准偏差为0.178,大于DL/T 2376—2021要求的0.15;同时,CO2-CEMS测点也不满足“前4后2”的烟道长度条件,这大大增加了烟气流量计设备选型、点位设置以及工艺布置的难度。
由烟囱入口烟道流场分布分析可知,CO2-CEMS测点所在烟道截面流场分布严重不均,传统皮托管流量计、热式流量计等单点流量计对点位设置要求较高,代表性点位选取难度大,对机组变负荷运行的适应性差。因此,本文选取多点皮托管流量计、矩阵流量计等作为研究对象,重点分析监测断面位置和点位数量对烟气流量测量精度的影响。多点皮托管流量计和矩阵流量计均为多点测量,但二者的测量原理有所不同。多点皮托管流量计与手工测量原理相似,取多个测点位置的烟气流速进行算术平均;而矩阵流量计则测量整个烟道断面的平均压差,然后根据伯努利方程计算烟气流速。多点皮托管流量计和矩阵流量计的烟气流速计算公式如式(4)和式(5)所示。
V=i=0nVi/(n+1)
V=KV×K×2×i=0nΔpi/(n+1)/ρs
式中:V为烟气平均流速,m/s;KV为速度场系数;K为烟气流量测量装置流量系数;∆pii测点压差,Pa;ρS为工况湿烟气密度,kg/m3Vii测点烟气流速,m/s。
图4为流量计点位设置示意。CO2-CEMS监测断面位置选择是影响流量计测量精度的主要因素之一。本文分别选取距竖直烟道水平距离为32、33、34 m的3个烟道截面作为研究对象,考察多点皮托管流量计和矩阵流量计在不同断面安装时的测量精度,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,当流量计安装在33 m烟道断面处时,测量精度最高,前移或后移均因流场分布的变化导致测量精度不同程度的降低。由此可见,CO2-CEMS监测断面设置在33 m位置处是合理的,在烟道直段长度不能满足“前4后2”的客观条件下,通过模拟计算选取最佳监测断面位置,有利于提升流量计测量精度。
在考察点位数量对流量计测量精度影响变化规律时,监测点位均采用等距方式布置。图6给出了多点式流量计点位数量与烟气流速测量精度的变化规律曲线。由图6可知,随着点位数量的增大,多点式流量计测得的烟气流速与烟道内真实烟气流速的偏差逐渐降低。其中,多点皮托管流量计在点位数量大于8的情况下,烟气流速的相对标准偏差已经小于6%,达到DL/T 2376—2021的最高技术标准要求。矩阵流量计在点位数量大于16的情况下,烟气流速的相对标准偏差也降低至6%以下,但仍高于8点多点皮托管流量计测量的烟气流速相对标准偏差。在点位数量同为28的情况下,矩阵流量计烟气流速相对标准偏差为4.27%,多点皮托管流量计烟气流速相对标准偏差为2.77%,矩阵流量计烟气流速相对标准偏差是多点皮托管流量计的1.54倍。结果表明,多点皮托管流量计比矩阵流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性更好,测量精度更高,点位数量要求更少,设计和工程应用施工难度较小。其原因在于,多点皮托管流量计与矩阵流量计均采用差压原理,二者区别在于多点皮托管流量计首先根据伯努利方程将各测点压力换算成流速,然后根据式(4)获取平均流速,而矩阵流量计则先对测点压力取平均,依据式(5)换算成流速。从数学推导的角度分析,二者不能直接划等号,导致二者测量结果存在偏差,尤其是在流场环境复杂,各测点压力变化较大的情况下,偏差将增大,以至于在测点数量相等的情况下,矩阵流量计测量精度低于多点皮托管流量计。
光闪烁流量计基于时差法测量原理,其通过记录烟气内流动标识点经过气流方向上2个固定点距离所用的时间计算烟气流速。光闪烁流量计的工艺布置形式为水平布置,测量的是收发探头之间的线平均速度。图7给出了5种不同烟道标高位置的光闪烁流量计的工艺布置方案。其中,H3方案布置在水平烟道的中心标高处,H1—H5的标高间距为1 m。图8给出了光闪烁流量计不同工艺布置方案的烟气流速相对标准偏差。由图8可知,H1方案线平均速度与真实烟气平均速度的相对标准偏差小于1%,在5种工艺布置方案中最小,烟气流量测量精度最高,为最佳方案。在实际工程应用中,可将光闪烁流量计布置在烟道中心标高上方2 m位置处。同时由5种方案的结果对比分析可知,安装位置标高对光闪烁流量计的测量精度影响较大,5种方案最大相对标准偏差为7.45%,最小相对标准偏差为0.32%,最大偏差是最小偏差的23.3倍。并且H3方案和H4方案的相对标准偏差超过了DL/T 2376—2021要求的6%,表明光闪烁流量计的工艺布置方案受烟道测点位置标高影响较大,对复杂流场环境的适应性较差,在机组变工况运行流场分布不断发生变化的情况下,烟气流量测量精度会跟随发生变化,存在测量精度不满足DL/T 2376—2021要求的风险。因此,单通道光闪烁流量计不适宜在烟道条件不满足“前4后2”的环境使用,建议将光闪烁流量计应用于烟道长度满足“前4后2”或气流分布相对标准偏差小于0.15的环境。
超声波流量计也是时差法测量原理流量计,其是基于超声波脉冲延迟时间差原理进行烟气流速测量。与光闪烁流量计相比,超声波流量计可倾斜安装和多声道安装,工艺布置形式更灵活多变。图9给出了不同形式的超声波流量计水平工艺布置方案,主要包括5种烟道标高的左声道工艺布置方案(单声道)、右声道工艺布置方案(单声道)和左右交叉双声道工艺布置方案。不同工艺布置方案在H1—H5 5种烟道标高对比如图10所示。其中,H3方案布置在水平烟道的中心标高处,H1—H5的标高间距为1 m。由图10a)、图10b)可知,单声道布置时左声道工艺布置方案与右声道工艺布置方案测量结果相差较大。左声道工艺布置方案最小偏差位置在烟道中心标高下方2 m处,烟气流速相对标准偏差为−0.15%;右声道工艺布置方案最小偏差位置在烟道中心标高上方2 m处,烟气流速相对标准偏差为4.35%。结果表明,在流场分布不均匀的复杂流场环境下,超声波流量计的工艺布置方向及烟道标高对测量结果影响较大,单一声道的测点代表性不足以反映出整个烟道断面的平均流速。
多声道烟气流速计算公式如式(6)所示。
Vultrasonic=j=0mVj/(m+1)
式中:Vultrasonic为超声波流量计平均流速,m/s;Vjj声道烟气平均流速,m/s。
双声道超声波流量计工艺布置方案为左右声道同标高水平交叉布置。与单声道超声波流量计工艺布置方案相比,双声道超声波流量计测量偏差大于左声道工艺布置方案,小于右声道工艺布置方案(图10c))。双声道工艺布置方案弥补了单声道工艺布置方案烟气流速水平分布不均导致测量不准的缺陷,测点可以具有更好的代表性,提高了流量计对复杂流场环境的适应性,但测点标高依然是影响双声道工艺布置方案测量精度的主要因素。
为进一步考察超声波流量计工艺布置形式对烟气流量测量精度的影响,弥补安装位置标高影响烟气流量测量精度的不足,本文设计5种超声波流量计倾斜安装工艺布置方案,具体工艺布置方案见表1图11
图12给出了超声波流量计不同倾斜工艺布置方案的烟气流量测量偏差。由图12可知,5种倾斜工艺布置方案的测量偏差差距较大。方案2的偏差最小,为−1.27%,成功将偏差控制在±1.5%以内;方案1的偏差最大,为13.4%,是方案2的10.6倍,小于光闪烁流量计23.3倍的偏差值。综合对比分析图10图12可知,在所有超声波流量计工艺布置方案里,左上右下的单声道倾斜工艺布置方案偏差最大,表明倾斜工艺布置方案代表的烟气流速区域更多,不同工艺布置方案间的结果差异更大,代表性测点选取更复杂。主要原因包括:1)超声波流量计倾斜安装既可以穿过烟气上下不同流速层,同时可以穿过烟气左右不同流速层;2)超声波流量计收发探头不在同一竖直截面,探头安装位置点选取更复杂,收发探头的标高、前后距离、上下距离、声道数量、倾斜角度、收发探头斜线距离等均会对测量结果产生较大影响。此外,由于超声波流量计倾斜工艺布置方案可以穿插更多的流速层,流场代表性更好,因而该工艺布置方案对复杂流场的适应性显著提高,大大降低现场安装位置与设计不一致带来的偏差,尤其适用于变径、弯头等烟道异型件下游容易产生烟气流速上下分层、左右分层的复杂流场环境的烟气流量精准测量。
图13给出了多点皮托管流量计、矩阵流量计、光闪烁流量计、单声道超声波流量计、双声道超声波流量计等不同流量计最优工艺布置方案结果的综合对比分析。
图13可知,多点式流量计的测量精度低于光闪烁流量计和超声波流量计。一方面,这主要是由于多点式流量计采用的是有限数量点位置处的速度或压力代表整个烟道截面的测量结果,点的数量及位置对测量结果影响较大,非均匀布点可以提升测量精度,但选点难度和工程应用施工难度增大;另一方面,多点皮托管流量计与矩阵流量计均采用差压原理测流速,不适用于流速低于5 m/s的低负荷工况。光闪烁流量计与超声波流量计测量的是线平均流速,测点覆盖面更广、代表性更好。但光闪烁流量计与超声波流量计受安装位置标高、通道数量、工艺布置形式等因素影响较大,工艺布置方案设计难度大。2种线平均流量计均可用于流速大于0.1 m/s的低负荷工况和高负荷工况,适用范围更广。
同时由图13可以看出,随着机组负荷降低,不同类型流量计的测量精度均得到提升。这主要是因为,机组负荷降低,流场分布变化趋缓,无论是压力平均还是速度平均,亦或是多点平均和线平均,都会因流场变化的平缓而减小烟气扰动导致的烟气流量测量数据偏差,从而提高流量计测量精度。其中,多点皮托管流量计与矩阵流量计在25%负荷时测量精度较75%负荷和50%负荷有所降低,这也证明了多点皮托管流量计与矩阵流量计对低负荷适用性较差,线平均流量计更适用于深度调峰机组,较精准地测量低负荷工况下的烟气流量。
在实际工程应用中,为了解决因复杂流场而导致流量计测量结果偏差大的问题,通常会赋予流量计一个合理的速度场系数,以提高流量测量的精度。图14给出了不同类型流量计的速度场系数。
图14可以看出:线平均流量计的速度场系数更接近于1,表明线平均流量计测量结果更趋于真实值,相对于点测量线测量穿过的速度层更多,代表性更强,在工艺布置方面更简单;而点测量则需要通过提高测点数量或精准找寻代表性点位来提高测量精度和可靠性。
本文采用数值模拟手段对某电厂660 MW机组烟囱入口烟道进行了数值模拟,并基于数值模拟结果对比分析了多点皮托管流量计、矩阵流量计、光闪烁流量计、单声道超声波流量计、多声道超声波流量计等不同类型流量计测量精度随点位数量、工艺布置形式等因素的影响变化规律。结论如下:
1)矩阵流量计是基于多点压力平均测烟气流速;多点皮托管流量计是多点流速算术平均,与手工测量一致,对复杂流场环境的适应性更好,测量精度更高。在测点数量同为28的情况下,矩阵流量计烟气流速相对标准偏差是多点皮托管流量计的1.54倍。
2)光闪烁流量计测量精度受安装位置标高影响较大,5种工艺布置方案的最大相对标准偏差是最小偏差的23.3倍。因此,单通道光闪烁流量计不适宜在烟道条件不满足“前4后2”或气流分布相对标准偏差大于0.15的环境使用。
3)与光闪烁流量计相比,超声波流量计可倾斜安装和多声道安装,工艺布置形式更灵活多变,对复杂流场的适应性显著提高,大大降低现场安装位置与设计不一致带来的偏差,尤其适用于变径、弯头等烟道异型件下游容易产生烟气流速上下分层、左右分层的复杂流场环境的烟气流量精准测量。超声波流量计双声道布置可将偏差控制在±1.5%以内,若继续增加声道数量,将大幅提升测量精度,是未来发展趋势之一。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701504)
  • 国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司科技项目(HB2023Y05)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312180
  • 接收时间:2023-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-07
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3701504)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701504)
Technology Project of China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.(HB2023Y05)
国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司科技项目(HB2023Y05)
作者信息
    1.国电环境保护研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210031
    2.国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210023
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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