Article(id=1236693346224231069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780270391, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780270391, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780270391, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780270391, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693344525546092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780269986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780480647, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236694228160533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693344525546092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693346513638046, articleId=1236693346224231069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Overview of flue gas flow measurement methods in large-scale ducts, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2021, China launched its national carbon market. To enhance the accuracy of carbon trading, it is essential that carbon emission data are measurable, reportable, and verifiable. Against this backdrop, online monitoring systems for flue gas have gained significant attentions as a method of quantifying carbon emissions. The basis for the effective work of continuous emission monitoring systems is the accurate measurement of flue gas flow. However, the challenge in accurately measuring flue gas flow rates is significantly heightened by the large size of power plant chimneys and the complexity of the gas flow characteristics within them. This paper focuses on analyzing the current research status of Pitot tube flowmeters and ultrasonic flowmeters in large-scale duct flow measurement, and provides a detailed introduction to gas flow measurement technologies for large-scale ducts. Additionally, it introduces an independent flow measurement method, namely the tracer gas dilution method, and discusses its current development and potential as a flow calibration method.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zili XIE, Zhimin LU, Shunchun YAO, Zeming LIU, Yongru HUANG, Juehui MO, Jianwei YE, Yue LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1236693347893564092, articleId=1236693346224231069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢志民(1979),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效低污染利用,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4eX6LIzzvfwiuk7rVgyKSw==, magXml=+kDVkG8w4OglI4d0BT2tbg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=44WhObTwWLXh/uX4cC1GUQ==, pdfFileSize=1285414, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3G8ubqlm6fbjTJcV8MXD6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jHdB6PwEFuW4sbfN479djA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谢子立(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为烟气流量监测方法,

, authorsList=谢子立, 卢志民, 姚顺春, 刘泽明, 黄泳如, 莫爵徽, 叶建威, 林玥)}, authors=[Author(id=1236693348367520460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1195126285@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693348476572369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348367520460, language=EN, stringName=Zili XIE, firstName=Zili, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693348556264149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348367520460, language=CN, stringName=谢子立, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio={"content":"

谢子立(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为烟气流量监测方法,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

谢子立(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为烟气流量监测方法,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693348652733145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhmlu@scut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693348732424927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348652733145, language=EN, stringName=Zhimin LU, firstName=Zhimin, middleName=null, lastName=LU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693348803728097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348652733145, language=CN, stringName=卢志民, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693348870836964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693348984083180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348870836964, language=EN, stringName=Shunchun YAO, firstName=Shunchun, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349093135086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693348870836964, language=CN, stringName=姚顺春, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693349181215473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349311238902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349181215473, language=EN, stringName=Zeming LIU, firstName=Zeming, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349386736377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349181215473, language=CN, stringName=刘泽明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693349470622461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349600645891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349470622461, language=EN, stringName=Yongru HUANG, firstName=Yongru, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349718086411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349470622461, language=CN, stringName=黄泳如, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693349831332625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693349931995928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349831332625, language=EN, stringName=Juehui MO, firstName=Juehui, middleName=null, lastName=MO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Cntest Intelligent Scien-Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528313, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693350020076314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693349831332625, language=CN, stringName=莫爵徽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.佛山华谱测智能科技有限公司,广东 佛山 528313, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348279440071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348283634376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348279440071, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Cntest Intelligent Scien-Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528313, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348292022985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348279440071, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.佛山华谱测智能科技有限公司,广东 佛山 528313)])]), Author(id=1236693350200431391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693350317871907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693350200431391, language=EN, stringName=Jianwei YE, firstName=Jianwei, middleName=null, lastName=YE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693350431118122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693350200431391, language=CN, stringName=叶建威, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])]), Author(id=1236693350535975726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236693350653416244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693350535975726, language=EN, stringName=Yue LIN, firstName=Yue, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236693350749885241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, authorId=1236693350535975726, language=CN, stringName=林玥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1236693350896685887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=large-scale duct), Keyword(id=1236693350988960582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=flow rate measurement), Keyword(id=1236693351077040973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=flue gas flow field), Keyword(id=1236693351160927057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=tracer gas dilution method), Keyword(id=1236693351253201747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=大口径管道), Keyword(id=1236693351383225176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=流量测量), Keyword(id=1236693351517442908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=烟气流场), Keyword(id=1236693351601328993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=示踪气体稀释法)], refs=[Reference(id=1236693354478620677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=7, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=吴昊, 任鑫, 朱俊杰, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴昊, 任鑫, 朱俊杰. 发电行业二氧化碳排放监测技术现状与综述[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(7): 1-13., articleTitle=发电行业二氧化碳排放监测技术现状与综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693354776416268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=7, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WU Hao, REN Xin, ZHU Junjie, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Hao, REN Xin, ZHU Junjie. Current situation and review of carbon dioxide emission monitoring technology in power generation industry[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(7): 1-13., articleTitle=Current situation and review of carbon dioxide emission monitoring technology in power generation industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693354898051094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=60, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=毛俊杰, 郜小芳, journalName=电力勘测设计, refType=null, unstructuredReference=毛俊杰, 郜小芳. 电力行业对“双碳”目标的贡献、问题及对策探讨[J]. 电力勘测设计, 2022(5): 60-66., articleTitle=电力行业对“双碳”目标的贡献、问题及对策探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355023880223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=60, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=MAO Junjie, GAO Xiaofang, journalName=Electric Power Survey & Design, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAO Junjie, GAO Xiaofang. Discussion on the potential contribution, problems and countermeasures of the power industry to the “dual carbon” goal[J]. Electric Power Survey & Design, 2022(5): 60-66., articleTitle=Discussion on the potential contribution, problems and countermeasures of the power industry to the “dual carbon” goal, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355166486570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=1, pageStart=77, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=李鹏, 吴文昊, 郭伟, journalName=环境经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李鹏, 吴文昊, 郭伟. 连续监测方法在全国碳市场应用的挑战与对策[J]. 环境经济研究, 2021, 6(1): 77-92., articleTitle=连续监测方法在全国碳市场应用的挑战与对策, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355279732788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=1, pageStart=77, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LI Peng, WU Wenhao, GUO Wei, journalName=Journal of Environmental Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Peng, WU Wenhao, GUO Wei. The challenges and recommendations of application of the measurement-based monitoring methodology in national carbon market[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics, 2021, 6(1): 77-92., articleTitle=The challenges and recommendations of application of the measurement-based monitoring methodology in national carbon market, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355388784701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=10, pageStart=54, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=陈公达, 邹祥波, 卢锐, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈公达, 邹祥波, 卢锐, 等. 中外火电企业碳排放统计方法与质量控制现状分析[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(10): 54-60., articleTitle=中外火电企业碳排放统计方法与质量控制现状分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355472670790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=10, pageStart=54, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=CHEN Gongda, ZOU Xiangbo, LU Rui, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Gongda, ZOU Xiangbo, LU Rui, et al. Domestic and international statistical methods and quality control status for carbon emission from fossil-fired power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10): 54-60., articleTitle=Domestic and international statistical methods and quality control status for carbon emission from fossil-fired power plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355602694221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=18, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=董文福, 刘泓汐, 王秀琴, journalName=中国环境监测, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董文福, 刘泓汐, 王秀琴, 等. 美国温室气体强制报告制度综述[J]. 中国环境监测, 2011, 27(2): 18-22., articleTitle=美国温室气体强制报告制度综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355711746131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=18, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=DONG Wenfu, LIU Hongxi, WANG Xiuqin, journalName=Environmental Monitoring in China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Wenfu, LIU Hongxi, WANG Xiuqin, et al. Review of mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases in America[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2011, 27(2): 18-22., articleTitle=Review of mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases in America, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355791437912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stationary source emissions: Quality assurance of automated measuring systems: DS/EN 14181—2014[S]. 2014: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355875323998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=2, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=中华人民共和国生态环境部办公厅, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国生态环境部办公厅. 关于印发《碳监测评估试点工作方案》的通知: 环办监测函〔2021〕435号[Z]. 北京: 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2021: 2., articleTitle=关于印发《碳监测评估试点工作方案》的通知: 环办监测函〔2021〕435号, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693355984375911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=2, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Office of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Office of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. Notice on Pilot Work Plan for Carbon Monitoring and Assessment: HBJCH〔2021〕No.435[Z]. Beijing: Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, 2021: 2., articleTitle=Notice on Pilot Work Plan for Carbon Monitoring and Assessment: HBJCH〔2021〕No.435, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356064067694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=荣双, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=荣双. 大口径烟道气体流量测量方法的研究[D]. 天津: 天津工业大学, 2017: 1., articleTitle=大口径烟道气体流量测量方法的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356164731001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=RONG Shuang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RONG Shuang. Research on the measurement method of gas flow in large diameter flues[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin Polytechnic University, 2017: 1., articleTitle=Research on the measurement method of gas flow in large diameter flues, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356454137985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=BRYANT R A, JOHNSON A N, WRIGHT J D, journalName=Improving measurement for smokestack emissions: workshop summary, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRYANT R A, JOHNSON A N, WRIGHT J D, et al. Improving measurement for smokestack emissions: workshop summary[M]. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356579967114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=JAHNKE J A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JAHNKE J A. Operator’s guide to eliminating bias in CEM systems[R]. Source Technology Associates, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States); Cadmus Group, Inc., Raleigh, NC (United States); Environmental Protection Agency, Acid Rain Div., Washington, DC (United States), 1994., articleTitle=Operator’s guide to eliminating bias in CEM systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356680630418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=70, issue=3, pageStart=283, pageEnd=291, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA B J, journalName=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA B J, et al. Faster, more accurate, stack-flow measurements[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020, 70(3): 283-291., articleTitle=Faster, more accurate, stack-flow measurements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356793876634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=30, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=18, authorNames=GRAHAM D, SPENCE J, journalName=International Environmental Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRAHAM D, SPENCE J. Stationary source emissions emission monitoring and measurement of flue gas flow rate[J]. International Environmental Technology, 2019, 29(5): 30-35., articleTitle=Stationary source emissions emission monitoring and measurement of flue gas flow rate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356886151327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=21, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=19, authorNames=JOHNSON A, SHINDER I, MOLDOVER M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON A, SHINDER I, MOLDOVER M, et al. Progress towards accurate monitoring of flue gas emissions[C]//10th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Querétaro Mexico, March. 2018: 21-23., articleTitle=Progress towards accurate monitoring of flue gas emissions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693356978426025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=17, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=王万林, 齐小娟, journalName=浙江电力, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王万林, 齐小娟. 火电厂烟气排放流量测量方法研究[J]. 浙江电力, 2009, 28(6): 17-19., articleTitle=火电厂烟气排放流量测量方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357041340590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=17, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=21, authorNames=WANG Wanlin, QI Xiaojuan, journalName=Zhejiang Electric Power, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Wanlin, QI Xiaojuan. Study on the measurement method of the flue gas flow of coal-fired power plant[J]. Zhejiang Electric Power, 2009, 28(6): 17-19., articleTitle=Study on the measurement method of the flue gas flow of coal-fired power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357129420983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=58, issue=2, pageStart=333, pageEnd=348, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=SZMYD J, BRANNY M, KARCH M, journalName=Archives of Mining Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SZMYD J, BRANNY M, KARCH M, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of the air flow in T-shape channel flow[J]. Archives of Mining Sciences, 2013, 58(2): 333-348., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical analysis of the air flow in T-shape channel flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357280415937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=23, authorNames=GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, et al. Impact of swirl on flow measurement in stacks - CFD modelling[C]//17th International Flow Measurement Conference 2016, FLOMEKO 2016. 2016., articleTitle=Impact of swirl on flow measurement in stacks - CFD modelling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357376884939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=MURALI A S, SURESH C B, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MURALI A S, SURESH C B. Flow measurement in large ducts & pipes[C]// Innovative Solutions in Flow Measurement and Control - Oil Water and Gas, August 28-30, 2017, FCRI Palakkad, Kerala, India. 2017., articleTitle=Flow measurement in large ducts & pipes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357498519766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=25, authorNames=IX-ISO, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IX-ISO. Stationary source emissions: Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts: Part 2: Automated measuring systems: ISO 16911-2—2013[S]. 2013: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357590794462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Air quality: Measurement of stationary source emissions: Requirements for measurement sections and sites for the measurement objective, plan and report: NF EN 15259—2007[S]. 2007: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357792121065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=27, authorNames=IX-ISO, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IX-ISO. Stationary source emissions: Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts: Part 1: Manual reference method: ISO 16911-1—2013[S]. 2013: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693357892784368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=俞植馨, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=俞植馨. 热式气体质量流量计的改进研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=热式气体质量流量计的改进研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358014419189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=YU Zhixin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Zhixin. Improvement research on the thermal gas mass flowmeter[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Improvement research on the thermal gas mass flowmeter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358110888186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=3, pageStart=253, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=马世海, 刘思源, journalName=化工自动化及仪表, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马世海, 刘思源. 大口径通风管道流量测量技术的研究进展与趋势[J]. 化工自动化及仪表, 2022, 49(3): 253-258., articleTitle=大口径通风管道流量测量技术的研究进展与趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358236717312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=3, pageStart=253, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=MA Shihai, LIU Siyuan, journalName=Control and Instruments in Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Shihai, LIU Siyuan. Research progress and trend of flow measurement technology for ventilation ducts with large caliber[J]. Control and Instruments in Chemical Industry, 2022, 49(3): 253-258., articleTitle=Research progress and trend of flow measurement technology for ventilation ducts with large caliber, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358387712261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=67, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=黄延禄, 李初阳, 王庆标, journalName=自动化与仪表, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄延禄, 李初阳, 王庆标. 热式气体质量流量计的设计与计算[J]. 自动化与仪表, 2019, 34(5): 67-71., articleTitle=热式气体质量流量计的设计与计算, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358555484431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=67, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=33, authorNames=HUANG Yanlu, LI Chuyang, WANG Qingbiao, journalName=Automation & Instrumentation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Yanlu, LI Chuyang, WANG Qingbiao. Design and computation of a thermal gas mass flowmeter[J]. Automation & Instrumentation, 2019, 34(5): 67-71., articleTitle=Design and computation of a thermal gas mass flowmeter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358656147733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=67, issue=null, pageStart=10, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, LEE S H, journalName=Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, LEE S H, et al. The impact of geometric parameters of a S-type Pitot tube on the flow velocity measurements for greenhouse gas emission monitoring[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2019, 67: 10-22., articleTitle=The impact of geometric parameters of a S-type Pitot tube on the flow velocity measurements for greenhouse gas emission monitoring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358781976854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=国家环境保护局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家环境保护局. 固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法: GB/T 16157—1996[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693358903611676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=State Bureau of Environment Protection, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=State Bureau of Environment Protection. Determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source: GB/T 16157—1996[S]. Beijing: Standard Press of China, 1996: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359000080674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=129, issue=null, pageStart=167, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, journalName=Measurement, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, et al. Flow rate measurement in stacks with cyclonic flow–Error estimations using CFD modelling[J]. Measurement, 2018, 129: 167-183., articleTitle=Flow rate measurement in stacks with cyclonic flow–Error estimations using CFD modelling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359096549671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=71, issue=1, pageStart=46, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=38, authorNames=KNOTEK S, WORKAMP M, GERŠL J, journalName=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KNOTEK S, WORKAMP M, GERŠL J, et al. Narrow stack emissions: errors in flow rate measurement due to disturbances and swirl[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021, 71(1): 46-59., articleTitle=Narrow stack emissions: errors in flow rate measurement due to disturbances and swirl, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359205601581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=33, issue=6, pageStart=375, pageEnd=380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=39, authorNames=钱丛昊, 冯璇, 朱小良, journalName=发电设备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钱丛昊, 冯璇, 朱小良. 多线法测量烟气流速的CFD模拟研究[J]. 发电设备, 2019, 33(6): 375-380., articleTitle=多线法测量烟气流速的CFD模拟研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359331430704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=33, issue=6, pageStart=375, pageEnd=380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=QIAN Conghao, FENG Xuan, ZHU Xiaoliang, journalName=Power Equipment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN Conghao, FENG Xuan, ZHU Xiaoliang. CFD simulation study of a multi-line flue gas velocity measurement method[J]. Power Equipment, 2019, 33(6): 375-380., articleTitle=CFD simulation study of a multi-line flue gas velocity measurement method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359465648437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=67, issue=1, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=41, authorNames=许瑞祥, 翟恒涛, 王煦, journalName=计量科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许瑞祥, 翟恒涛, 王煦, 等. 基于S型皮托管的烟气流量计量方法研究[J]. 计量科学与技术, 2023, 67(1): 39-44., articleTitle=基于S型皮托管的烟气流量计量方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693359578894653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=67, issue=1, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=XU Ruixiang, ZHAI Hengtao, WANG Xu, journalName=Metrology Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Ruixiang, ZHAI Hengtao, WANG Xu, et al. Study on flue gas flow measurement method based on S-Type pitot tube[J]. Metrology Science and Technology, 2023, 67(1): 39-44., articleTitle=Study on flue gas flow measurement method based on S-Type pitot tube, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361072066888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=5, issue=6, pageStart=32, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=43, authorNames=刘宁锴, 李浙英, 沈建康, journalName=环境监控与预警, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘宁锴, 李浙英, 沈建康. 多点网格流速在线测量方法研究[J]. 环境监控与预警, 2013, 5(6): 32-34., articleTitle=多点网格流速在线测量方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361172730188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=5, issue=6, pageStart=32, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=44, authorNames=LIU Ningkai, LI Zheying, SHEN Jiankang, journalName=Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Ningkai, LI Zheying, SHEN Jiankang. Study on the online measurement method of the flue gas flow of multi-grid[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, 2013, 5(6): 32-34., articleTitle=Study on the online measurement method of the flue gas flow of multi-grid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361290170704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=5, issue=2, pageStart=28, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=尹卫萍, 陈非, 李哲英, journalName=环境监控与预警, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尹卫萍, 陈非, 李哲英. VPT511BF-SY多孔流速仪在烟气流量在线监测中的应用[J]. 环境监控与预警, 2013, 5(2): 28-31., articleTitle=VPT511BF-SY多孔流速仪在烟气流量在线监测中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361390834003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=5, issue=2, pageStart=28, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=46, authorNames=YIN Weiping, CHEN Fei, LI Zheying, journalName=Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Weiping, CHEN Fei, LI Zheying. The application of VPT511BF-SY porous flow meter in the flue gas flow monitoring system[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, 2013, 5(2): 28-31., articleTitle=The application of VPT511BF-SY porous flow meter in the flue gas flow monitoring system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361508274523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Appendix A-1 to Part 60, Title 40: Test methods 1 through 2F[EB/OL]. [2023-10-19]. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/appendix-Appendix%20A-1%20to%20Part%2060., articleTitle=Appendix A-1 to Part 60, Title 40: Test methods 1 through 2F, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361634103650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=48, authorNames=中国电力企业联合会, 华电电力科学研究院有限公司, 中国华电集团有限公司, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国电力企业联合会, 华电电力科学研究院有限公司, 中国华电集团有限公司. 火电厂烟气二氧化碳排放连续监测技术规范: DL/T 2376—2021[S]. 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693361759932779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=49, authorNames=China Electric Power Enterprise Federation, Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Huadian Group Co., Ltd., journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Electric Power Enterprise Federation, Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Huadian Group Co., Ltd.. Specification for continuous emissions monitoring of CO2 in the flue gas emitted from thermal power plants: DL/T 2376—2021[S]. 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362003202417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=44, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=50, authorNames=ZHANG L, WANG C, LI H, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG L, WANG C, LI H, et al. NIM’s research progress on flue gas flowrate measurement[C]// FLOMEKO 2016, Sydney, September 26-29, 2016: 44-52., articleTitle=NIM’s research progress on flue gas flowrate measurement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362082894197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=51, authorNames=谢金伟, 郭涛, 张京, journalName=实验流体力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢金伟, 郭涛, 张京, 等. 大梯度低速流场中五孔探针测量误差修正方法研究[J/OL]. 实验流体力学: 1-9[2024-01-18]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5266.V.20230619.2113.002.html., articleTitle=大梯度低速流场中五孔探针测量误差修正方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362200334713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=52, authorNames=XIE Jinwei, GUO Tao, ZHANG Jing, journalName=Journal of Experimental Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Jinwei, GUO Tao, ZHANG Jing, et al. Investigation on error correction method of five-holes probes used in flowfield with large velocity gradient[J/OL]. Journal of Experimental Fluid Mechanics: 1-9[2024-01-18]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5266.V.20230619.2113.002.html., articleTitle=Investigation on error correction method of five-holes probes used in flowfield with large velocity gradient, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362305192317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=48, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=53, authorNames=韩礼泽, 武锦涛, 代玉强, journalName=实验技术与管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩礼泽, 武锦涛, 代玉强. 五孔探针在气流速度测量中的应用[J]. 实验技术与管理, 2021, 38(1): 48-52., articleTitle=五孔探针在气流速度测量中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362380689793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=48, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=54, authorNames=HAN Lize, WU Jintao, DAI Yuqiang, journalName=Experimental Technology and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Lize, WU Jintao, DAI Yuqiang. Application of five-hole probe in airflow velocity measurement[J]. Experimental Technology and Management, 2021, 38(1): 48-52., articleTitle=Application of five-hole probe in airflow velocity measurement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362481353095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=27, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=55, authorNames=张晶辉, 布国亮, 张旭悦, journalName=西安航空学院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晶辉, 布国亮, 张旭悦, 等. 标定五孔气动探针的风洞及测控系统设计[J]. 西安航空学院学报, 2022, 40(5): 27-31., articleTitle=标定五孔气动探针的风洞及测控系统设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362569433484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=27, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=56, authorNames=ZHANG Jinghui, BU Guoliang, ZHANG Xuyue, journalName=Journal of Xi’an Aeronautical Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Jinghui, BU Guoliang, ZHANG Xuyue, et al. Design of wind tunnel and measurement and control system for calibrating five-hole pneumatic probe[J]. Journal of Xi’an Aeronautical Institute, 2022, 40(5): 27-31., articleTitle=Design of wind tunnel and measurement and control system for calibrating five-hole pneumatic probe, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362699456912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=57, authorNames=杨阳, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨阳. 烟道流量校准方法研究及装置开发[D]. 杭州: 中国计量大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=烟道流量校准方法研究及装置开发, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362791731606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=58, authorNames=YANG Yang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Yang. Research on stack flowrate calibration method and equipment development[D]. Hangzhou: China Jiliang University, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on stack flowrate calibration method and equipment development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693362917560729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=21, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=59, authorNames=SHINDER I, JOHNSON A, MOLDOVER M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHINDER I, JOHNSON A, MOLDOVER M, et al. Characterization of five-hole probes used for flow measurement in stack emission testing[C]//10th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Querétaro Mexico, March. 2018: 21-23., articleTitle=Characterization of five-hole probes used for flow measurement in stack emission testing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363009835421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=91, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=60, authorNames=IM S, NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, journalName=Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IM S, NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, et al. Smokestack gas velocity measurements using 3D pitot tubes in a coal-fired power plant[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2023, 91: 102347., articleTitle=Smokestack gas velocity measurements using 3D pitot tubes in a coal-fired power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363089527203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=61, authorNames=NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, IM S, journalName=Metrologia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, IM S, et al. Calibration process and uncertainty estimation for 3D pitot tubes to enhance greenhouse gas emission measurements in smokestacks[J]. Metrologia, 2022, 59(4): 045004., articleTitle=Calibration process and uncertainty estimation for 3D pitot tubes to enhance greenhouse gas emission measurements in smokestacks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363194384806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=73, issue=8, pageStart=600, pageEnd=617, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=62, authorNames=SHINDER I I, JOHNSON A N, FILLA B J, journalName=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHINDER I I, JOHNSON A N, FILLA B J, et al. Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023, 73(8): 600-617., articleTitle=Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363299242407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=63, authorNames=JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA J B, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA J B, et al. Non-nulling measurements of flue gas flows in a coal fired power plant stack[C]//FLOMEKO Conference Proceedings. Lisbon, Portugal: IMEKO: International Measurement Confederation. 2019., articleTitle=Non-nulling measurements of flue gas flows in a coal fired power plant stack, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363399905706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=64, authorNames=樊洁云, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=樊洁云. 烟气超声流量计非实流校准方法研究[D]. 保定: 河北大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=烟气超声流量计非实流校准方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363500569008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=65, authorNames=FAN Jieyun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN Jieyun. Research on dry calibration method of ultrasonic flowmeter for flue gas[D]. Baoding: Hebei University, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on dry calibration method of ultrasonic flowmeter for flue gas, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363609620919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=14, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=66, authorNames=JOHNSON A N, BOYD J T, HARMAN E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON A N, BOYD J T, HARMAN E, et al. Design and capabilities of NISTs scale-model smokestack simulator (SMSS)[C]//Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Arlington, VA, USA. 2015: 14-17., articleTitle=Design and capabilities of NISTs scale-model smokestack simulator (SMSS), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363680924090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=67, authorNames=柏逢明, journalName=过程检测及仪表技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=柏逢明. 过程检测及仪表技术[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2010: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363752227261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=68, authorNames=BAI Fengming, journalName=Process detection and instrumentation technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Fengming. Process detection and instrumentation technology[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2010: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363857084865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=93, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=69, authorNames=马建, 李泽芳, 张德胜, journalName=工矿自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马建, 李泽芳, 张德胜. 基于超声波时差法的管道流量测定仪设计[J]. 工矿自动化, 2021, 47(2): 93-97., articleTitle=基于超声波时差法的管道流量测定仪设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693363936776645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=93, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=70, authorNames=MA Jian, LI Zefang, ZHANG Desheng, journalName=Industry and Mine Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Jian, LI Zefang, ZHANG Desheng. Design of a pipeline flowmeter based on ultrasonic time difference method[J]. Industry and Mine Automation, 2021, 47(2): 93-97., articleTitle=Design of a pipeline flowmeter based on ultrasonic time difference method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693364033245639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=71, authorNames=JOHNSON A N, BRYANT R A, WONG T M, journalName=Measurement challenges and metrology for monitoring CO2 emissions from smokestacks: workshop summary, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON A N, BRYANT R A, WONG T M, et al. Measurement challenges and metrology for monitoring CO2 emissions from smokestacks: workshop summary[M]. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2015: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365497057738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=72, authorNames=唐晓宇, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐晓宇. 多声道超声波气体流量检测技术仿真与实验研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2016: 1., articleTitle=多声道超声波气体流量检测技术仿真与实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365580943819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=73, authorNames=TANG Xiaoyu, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Xiaoyu. Simulation and experiment study on multi-path ultrasonic gas flow measurement[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016: 1., articleTitle=Simulation and experiment study on multi-path ultrasonic gas flow measurement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365677412817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=74, authorNames=胡鹤鸣, 王池, 孟涛, journalName=仪器仪表学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡鹤鸣, 王池, 孟涛. 多声路超声流量计积分方法及其准确度分析[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2010(6): 6., articleTitle=多声路超声流量计积分方法及其准确度分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365773881812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=75, authorNames=HU Heming, WANG Chi, MENG Tao, journalName=Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Heming, WANG Chi, MENG Tao. Integration method of multi-chord ultrasonic flowmeter and its accuracy analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2010(6): 6., articleTitle=Integration method of multi-chord ultrasonic flowmeter and its accuracy analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365866156503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=76, authorNames=苗起森, 胡鹤鸣, 毛劲乔, journalName=水力发电学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=苗起森, 胡鹤鸣, 毛劲乔, 等. 超声测流在渐缩流道中的应用及其准确度分析[J]. 水力发电学报, 2020, 39(5): 81-89., articleTitle=超声测流在渐缩流道中的应用及其准确度分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693365945848283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=77, authorNames=MIAO Qisen, HU Heming, MAO Jinqiao, journalName=Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIAO Qisen, HU Heming, MAO Jinqiao, et al. Application of ultrasonic measurement of water flows in converging intakes and accuracy analysis[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2020, 39(5): 81-89., articleTitle=Application of ultrasonic measurement of water flows in converging intakes and accuracy analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366029734370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=198, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=78, authorNames=胡鹤鸣, 孟涛, 王池, journalName=计量学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡鹤鸣, 孟涛, 王池. 扰流流场对超声流量计积分误差的影响分析[J]. 计量学报, 2011, 32(3): 198-202., articleTitle=扰流流场对超声流量计积分误差的影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366142980582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=198, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=79, authorNames=HU Heming, MENG Tao, WANG Chi, journalName=Acta Metrologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Heming, MENG Tao, WANG Chi. Theoretical analysis of integration error of ultrasonic flowmeter in the disturbed flow condition[J]. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2011, 32(3): 198-202., articleTitle=Theoretical analysis of integration error of ultrasonic flowmeter in the disturbed flow condition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366264615404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=7, pageStart=1923, pageEnd=1929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=80, authorNames=唐晓宇, 张宏建, 谢翔, journalName=中南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐晓宇, 张宏建, 谢翔, 等. 多声道超声波气体流量计声平面安装角度对测量影响的模型仿真和实验研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 48(7): 1923-1929., articleTitle=多声道超声波气体流量计声平面安装角度对测量影响的模型仿真和实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366344307182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=7, pageStart=1923, pageEnd=1929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=81, authorNames=TANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Hongjian, XIE Xiang, journalName=Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Hongjian, XIE Xiang, et al. Model simulation and experimental research of acoustic-plane installation angle of multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2017, 48(7): 1923-1929., articleTitle=Model simulation and experimental research of acoustic-plane installation angle of multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366457553395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=754, pageEnd=760, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=82, authorNames=方昱雯, 张亮, 赵不贿, journalName=计量学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方昱雯, 张亮, 赵不贿, 等. 6种典型流场中超声流量计校准系数随企业污染源烟气排放量变化研究[J]. 计量学报, 2022, 43(6): 754-760., articleTitle=6种典型流场中超声流量计校准系数随企业污染源烟气排放量变化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366545633784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=754, pageEnd=760, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=83, authorNames=FANG Yuwen, ZHANG Liang, ZHAO Buhui, journalName=Acta Metrologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG Yuwen, ZHANG Liang, ZHAO Buhui, et al. Research on change of calibration coefficient of ultrasonic flowmeter with the amount of enterprise pollution source flue gas in six typical flow fields[J]. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 754-760., articleTitle=Research on change of calibration coefficient of ultrasonic flowmeter with the amount of enterprise pollution source flue gas in six typical flow fields, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366637908476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=84, authorNames=李海洋, 张亮, 刘幸, journalName=上海计量测试, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李海洋, 张亮, 刘幸, 等. 固定排放源烟气流量在线监测技术[J]. 上海计量测试, 2018, 45(5): 6-11., articleTitle=固定排放源烟气流量在线监测技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366746960384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=85, authorNames=LI Haiyang, ZHANG Liang, LIU Xing, journalName=Shanghai Measurement and Testing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Haiyang, ZHANG Liang, LIU Xing, et al. Research on on-line monitoring technology of flue gas flow in fixed emission source[J]. Shanghai Measurement and Testing, 2018, 45(5): 6-11., articleTitle=Research on on-line monitoring technology of flue gas flow in fixed emission source, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366839235076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=86, authorNames=BROWN G J, BARTON N A, MOORE P I, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BROWN G J, BARTON N A, MOORE P I. Installation effects on ultrasonic flowmeters[C]//Proceedings of the North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop. 1999., articleTitle=Installation effects on ultrasonic flowmeters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693366948286982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=321, pageEnd=344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=87, authorNames=BROWN-CAMERON J, JNR-CAMERON W R F, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BROWN-CAMERON J, JNR-CAMERON W R F. Qualification Testing of an 8-path Ultrasonic Gas Meter[C]//32nd international North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop. 2014: 321-344., articleTitle=Qualification Testing of an 8-path Ultrasonic Gas Meter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367023784458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=939, pageEnd=943, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=88, authorNames=ZHENG H, GUO T, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG H, GUO T. Relative accuracy test audit evaluation for flue gas continuous emission monitoring systems in power plant[C]//2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application. IEEE, 2008, 1: 939-943., articleTitle=Relative accuracy test audit evaluation for flue gas continuous emission monitoring systems in power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367095087632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=89, authorNames=NORFLEET S K, MUZIO L J, MARTZ T D, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NORFLEET S K, MUZIO L J, MARTZ T D. An examination of bias in method 2 measurements under controlled non-axial flow conditions[R]. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA (United States), 1997: 1., articleTitle=An examination of bias in method 2 measurements under controlled non-axial flow conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367174779409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Standard test method for volumetric and mass flow rate measurement in a duct using tracer gas dilution: ASTM E2029—2011 R2019[S]. 2011: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367237693972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=31, issue=4, pageStart=309, pageEnd=319, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=91, authorNames=NEDERHOFF E M, VAN DE VOOREN J, TEN CATE A J U, journalName=Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NEDERHOFF E M, VAN DE VOOREN J, TEN CATE A J U. A practical tracer gas method to determine ventilation in greenhouses[J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1985, 31(4): 309-319., articleTitle=A practical tracer gas method to determine ventilation in greenhouses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367334162969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=20, issue=3, pageStart=139, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=92, authorNames=SANDBERG M, BLOMQVIST C, journalName=Building and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANDBERG M, BLOMQVIST C. A quantitative estimate of the accuracy of tracer gas methods for the determination of the ventilation flow rate in buildings[J]. Building and Environment, 1985, 20(3): 139-150., articleTitle=A quantitative estimate of the accuracy of tracer gas methods for the determination of the ventilation flow rate in buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367418049052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=93, authorNames=LAUSSMANN D, HELM D, journalName=Air change measurements using tracer gases: methods and results. significance of air change for indoor air quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAUSSMANN D, HELM D. Air change measurements using tracer gases: methods and results. significance of air change for indoor air quality[M]. InTech Open, 2011: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367480963618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=5, issue=10, pageStart=85, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=94, authorNames=ALMEIDA R M S F, BARREIRA E, MOREIRA P, journalName=Infrastructures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALMEIDA R M S F, BARREIRA E, MOREIRA P. A discussion regarding the measurement of ventilation rates using tracer gas and decay technique[J]. Infrastructures, 2020, 5(10): 85., articleTitle=A discussion regarding the measurement of ventilation rates using tracer gas and decay technique, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367556461094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=95, authorNames=IX-ISO, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IX-ISO. 管道中气体流量的测量示踪法第1部分: 总则: ISO 4053-1—1977[S]. 1977: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367661318699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=96, authorNames=IX-ISO, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IX-ISO. Measurement of gas flow in conduits: Tracer methods: Part 1: General: ISO 4053-1-1977[S]. 1977: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367753593392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=30, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=97, authorNames=蔡武昌, journalName=世界仪表与自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蔡武昌. 从MICONEX2001看流量仪表的发展动向[J]. 世界仪表与自动化, 2001(12): 30-31., articleTitle=从MICONEX2001看流量仪表的发展动向, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367850062389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=30, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=98, authorNames=CAI Wuchang, journalName=World Instrumentation and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAI Wuchang. Development trends of flow meters from MICONEX2001 perspective[J]. World Instrumentation and Automation, 2001(12): 30-31., articleTitle=Development trends of flow meters from MICONEX2001 perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693367933948473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=154, pageEnd=175, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=99, authorNames=BUTLER P W, RUSSELLVILLE A R, FLEMING K M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BUTLER P W, RUSSELLVILLE A R, FLEMING K M. A comparison of tchebycheff, equal area and tracer gas air flow rate measurements[C]//Proceedings of the 29th NRC/DOE Nuclear Air Cleaning Conference, Cincinnati, July, 2006: 154-175., articleTitle=A comparison of tchebycheff, equal area and tracer gas air flow rate measurements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368026223166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=2154, pageEnd=2157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=100, authorNames=ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, ZHENG M G, journalName=Advanced Materials Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, ZHENG M G. Calibration for gas flowmeter with tracer gas dilution method[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, 204: 2154-2157., articleTitle=Calibration for gas flowmeter with tracer gas dilution method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368168829507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=101, authorNames=BRYANT R A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRYANT R A. The NIST 20 MW calorimetry measurement system–exhaust flow calibration using tracer gas dilution[EB/OL]. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2220., articleTitle=The NIST 20 MW calorimetry measurement system–exhaust flow calibration using tracer gas dilution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368248521286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=61, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=102, authorNames=BRYANT R A, journalName=Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRYANT R A. Uncertainty estimates of tracer gas dilution flow measurements in large-scale exhaust ducts[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2018, 61: 1-8., articleTitle=Uncertainty estimates of tracer gas dilution flow measurements in large-scale exhaust ducts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368344990282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1989, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=103, authorNames=GRIEVE P W, journalName=Measuring ventilation using tracer gases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRIEVE P W. Measuring ventilation using tracer gases[M]. Bruel & Kjaer, 1989: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368412099149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=36, issue=11, pageStart=1131, pageEnd=1138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=104, authorNames=SILVA A R, AFONSO C F, journalName=Energy and Buildings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVA A R, AFONSO C F. Tracer gas dispersion in ducts: study of a new compact device using arrays of sonic micro jets[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36(11): 1131-1138., articleTitle=Tracer gas dispersion in ducts: study of a new compact device using arrays of sonic micro jets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693368495985231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=347, issue=null, pageStart=3207, pageEnd=3210, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=105, authorNames=ZHENG M G, ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, journalName=Advanced Materials Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG M G, ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, et al. Numerical simulations of the mixing uniformity of tracer gas and air in 90 degree elbow duct[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2012, 347: 3207-3210., articleTitle=Numerical simulations of the mixing uniformity of tracer gas and air in 90 degree elbow duct, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693369938825808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=11, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=106, authorNames=李相方, 车仕华, 唐德钊, journalName=石油钻探技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李相方, 车仕华, 唐德钊, 等. 示踪法井漏位置测定技术[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2001, 29(3): 11-12., articleTitle=示踪法井漏位置测定技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370022711892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=11, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=107, authorNames=LI Xiangfang, CHE Shihua, TANG Dezhao, journalName=Petroleum Drilling Techniques, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xiangfang, CHE Shihua, TANG Dezhao, et al. Locating the lost circulation position using tracing method[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2001, 29(3): 11-12., articleTitle=Locating the lost circulation position using tracing method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370098209366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=6, issue=3, pageStart=129, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=108, authorNames=ETHERIDGE D W, STANWAY R J, journalName=Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ETHERIDGE D W, STANWAY R J. Application of the constant concentration technique for ventilation measurement in large buildings[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1985, 6(3): 129-133., articleTitle=Application of the constant concentration technique for ventilation measurement in large buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370186289752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=31, issue=8, pageStart=34, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=109, authorNames=TANG J S, journalName=Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG J S. Interwell tracer tests to determine residual oil saturation to waterflood at judy creek Bhl’a’pool[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 1992, 31(8): 34-42., articleTitle=Interwell tracer tests to determine residual oil saturation to waterflood at judy creek Bhl’a’pool, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370249204316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=110, authorNames=郑明广, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑明广. 示踪法测量大口径管道气体流量的研究[D]. 杭州: 中国计量学院, 2012: 1., articleTitle=示踪法测量大口径管道气体流量的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370320507484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=111, authorNames=ZHENG Mingguang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Mingguang. Research on the gas flow measurement in large diameter pipeline with tracer gas technique[D]. Hangzhou: China Jiliang University, 2012: 1., articleTitle=Research on the gas flow measurement in large diameter pipeline with tracer gas technique, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693370400199263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=161, pageEnd=165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[78], rfOrder=112, authorNames=DIMOPOULOS C, ROBINSON R A, COLEMAN M D, journalName=Accreditation and Quality Assurance, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DIMOPOULOS C, ROBINSON R A, COLEMAN M D. Mass emissions and carbon trading: a critical review of available reference methods for industrial stack flow measurement[J]. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 2017, 22: 161-165., articleTitle=Mass emissions and carbon trading: a critical review of available reference methods for industrial stack flow measurement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236693353530708941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=U22B20119, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B20119), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693353677509587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=U22B20119, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U22B20119), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693353790755802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=2021B1515020071, language=EN, fundingSource=Outstanding Youth Project of Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2021B1515020071), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693353933362144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=2021B1515020071, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021B1515020071), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693354059191276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=2013A061401005, language=EN, fundingSource=Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization(2013A061401005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693354134688752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=2013A061401005, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省能源高效清洁利用重点实验室(2013A061401005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693354239546357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=1920001000052, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Innovation Project of Foshan City(1920001000052), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693354356986877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, awardId=1920001000052, language=CN, fundingSource=佛山市科技创新项目(1920001000052), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693348174582466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348178776771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348187165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348174582466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236693348279440071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348283634376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348279440071, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Cntest Intelligent Scien-Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528313, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693348292022985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, companyId=1236693348279440071, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.佛山华谱测智能科技有限公司,广东 佛山 528313)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236693351840404330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of four types of gas flow in a stack, figureFileSmall=oRXz2iRPFmp3hUbQE8UbPw==, figureFileBig=3G8ubqlm6fbjTJcV8MXD6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693351941067631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=图1, caption=烟囱内烟气4种流动情况示意, figureFileSmall=oRXz2iRPFmp3hUbQE8UbPw==, figureFileBig=3G8ubqlm6fbjTJcV8MXD6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352205308794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Five-hole probes, figureFileSmall=DbzegDnXN/lWRLswWI6WZw==, figureFileBig=k7F9kJ/M68/z9+SsjBkZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352289194879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=图2, caption=五孔探针, figureFileSmall=DbzegDnXN/lWRLswWI6WZw==, figureFileBig=k7F9kJ/M68/z9+SsjBkZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352398246788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic illustration of the application of ultrasonic gas flow meters in stack, figureFileSmall=N8phWIKebX8Oa08TqAuoAA==, figureFileBig=f8VjpDcojo58pIwIREzGVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352503104393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=图3, caption=气体超声波流量计在烟囱中的应用示意, figureFileSmall=N8phWIKebX8Oa08TqAuoAA==, figureFileBig=f8VjpDcojo58pIwIREzGVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352658293652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principle of the transit-time method in ultrasonic flow meters, figureFileSmall=IleRWxL7Wg6SA1h6uPgZ2w==, figureFileBig=Lqdsvb0DKm+gIJSrSRjI5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352758956951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=图4, caption=气体超声波流量计时差法原理, figureFileSmall=IleRWxL7Wg6SA1h6uPgZ2w==, figureFileBig=Lqdsvb0DKm+gIJSrSRjI5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352830260125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principle of the tracer gas dilution method, figureFileSmall=jvYRU7ACQzHK9QNzBgTJ8w==, figureFileBig=twO0wen8dREsJDZbcGNhyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693352926729126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=图5, caption=示踪气体稀释法原理, figureFileSmall=jvYRU7ACQzHK9QNzBgTJ8w==, figureFileBig=twO0wen8dREsJDZbcGNhyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693353035781034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Informative guidance on monitoring methods selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
再现性波峰因数偏斜度测量方式备注
≤5%<1.3<1.2点测量或非贯穿线测量路径测量截面流场不容易发生变化
>5%≤1.3<1.21条贯穿管道的直径线测量路径测量截面流场预计会随流速发生变化
>1.3≤1.2在具有最高偏斜度的平面中设置1个贯穿管道的直径线测量路径测量截面流场预计会随流速发生显著变化
>1.3>1.22条贯穿管道的直径线测量路径(主测量路径和辅助测量路径)可能存在涡流,截面中最大流速点的位置会随截面高度和工况发生改变
), ArticleFig(id=1236693353102889905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

关于监测方法选择的信息指南

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
再现性波峰因数偏斜度测量方式备注
≤5%<1.3<1.2点测量或非贯穿线测量路径测量截面流场不容易发生变化
>5%≤1.3<1.21条贯穿管道的直径线测量路径测量截面流场预计会随流速发生变化
>1.3≤1.2在具有最高偏斜度的平面中设置1个贯穿管道的直径线测量路径测量截面流场预计会随流速发生显著变化
>1.3>1.22条贯穿管道的直径线测量路径(主测量路径和辅助测量路径)可能存在涡流,截面中最大流速点的位置会随截面高度和工况发生改变
), ArticleFig(id=1236693353220330424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of pitot tube flowmeters and gas ultrasonic flowmeters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目皮托管流量计气体超声波流量计
优点1)结构简单、制造使用方便、价格低廉;
2)通过校准可以实现较为准确的流速测量;
3)S型皮托管性能稳定、孔径较大不易堵塞、耐高温高湿
1)不与被测气体接触,因此气体无压损,测量装置无磨损,易安装维护;
2)量程宽且测量重复性高;
3)受被测气体温度、压力、密度、黏度等参数影响小,测量精度高;
4)适用于各种形状的大口径管道气体流量测量
缺点1)流场存在显著偏移时,测量误差大;
2)在微小的流速下,测量精度较低;
3)皮托管总压孔需正对来流
1)适用的温度范围不高,一般只能测量低于200 ℃的气体;
2)抗干扰能力较差,易受气泡、结垢以及噪声的干扰;
3)造价成本高
), ArticleFig(id=1236693353329382334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693346224231069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目皮托管流量计气体超声波流量计
优点1)结构简单、制造使用方便、价格低廉;
2)通过校准可以实现较为准确的流速测量;
3)S型皮托管性能稳定、孔径较大不易堵塞、耐高温高湿
1)不与被测气体接触,因此气体无压损,测量装置无磨损,易安装维护;
2)量程宽且测量重复性高;
3)受被测气体温度、压力、密度、黏度等参数影响小,测量精度高;
4)适用于各种形状的大口径管道气体流量测量
缺点1)流场存在显著偏移时,测量误差大;
2)在微小的流速下,测量精度较低;
3)皮托管总压孔需正对来流
1)适用的温度范围不高,一般只能测量低于200 ℃的气体;
2)抗干扰能力较差,易受气泡、结垢以及噪声的干扰;
3)造价成本高
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1766640759031, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=T, firstLetterEn=T, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, picEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1210942369256575009, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759052, updatedTime=1766640759052, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1210942369315295266, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759066, updatedTime=1766640759066, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944690380214659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641312451, updateTime=1766641312451, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690359243136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641312446, updateTime=1766641312446, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690401186182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312456, updateTime=1766641312456, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690346660223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641312443, updateTime=1766641312443, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690409574792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312458, updateTime=1766641312458, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690371826050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1766641312449, updateTime=1766641312449, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690405380487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312457, updateTime=1766641312457, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690367631745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1766641312448, updateTime=1766641312448, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690388603268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641312453, updateTime=1766641312453, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690392797573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641312454, updateTime=1766641312454, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944709317489283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641316966, updateTime=1766641316966, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709296517760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641316961, updateTime=1766641316961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709334266502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316970, updateTime=1766641316970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709288129151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641316959, updateTime=1766641316959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709346849416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316973, updateTime=1766641316973, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709309100674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1766641316964, updateTime=1766641316964, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709338460807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316971, updateTime=1766641316971, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709300712065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1766641316962, updateTime=1766641316962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709321683588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641316967, updateTime=1766641316967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709330072197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641316969, updateTime=1766641316969, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPhotoEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, journalFirstLetter=T, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述
收藏切换
PDF下载
谢子立 1 , 卢志民 1 , 姚顺春 1 , 刘泽明 1 , 黄泳如 1 , 莫爵徽 2 , 叶建威 1 , 林玥 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(4): 112-124
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(4): 112-124
大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述
全屏
谢子立1 , 卢志民1 , 姚顺春1, 刘泽明1, 黄泳如1, 莫爵徽2, 叶建威1, 林玥1
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641
  • 2.佛山华谱测智能科技有限公司,广东 佛山 528313
  • 谢子立(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为烟气流量监测方法,

通讯作者:

卢志民(1979),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效低污染利用,
Overview of flue gas flow measurement methods in large-scale ducts
Zili XIE1 , Zhimin LU1 , Shunchun YAO1, Zeming LIU1, Yongru HUANG1, Juehui MO2, Jianwei YE1, Yue LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 2.Cntest Intelligent Scien-Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528313, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176
文章导航
收藏切换

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。

大口径管道  /  流量测量  /  烟气流场  /  示踪气体稀释法

In 2021, China launched its national carbon market. To enhance the accuracy of carbon trading, it is essential that carbon emission data are measurable, reportable, and verifiable. Against this backdrop, online monitoring systems for flue gas have gained significant attentions as a method of quantifying carbon emissions. The basis for the effective work of continuous emission monitoring systems is the accurate measurement of flue gas flow. However, the challenge in accurately measuring flue gas flow rates is significantly heightened by the large size of power plant chimneys and the complexity of the gas flow characteristics within them. This paper focuses on analyzing the current research status of Pitot tube flowmeters and ultrasonic flowmeters in large-scale duct flow measurement, and provides a detailed introduction to gas flow measurement technologies for large-scale ducts. Additionally, it introduces an independent flow measurement method, namely the tracer gas dilution method, and discusses its current development and potential as a flow calibration method.

large-scale duct  /  flow rate measurement  /  flue gas flow field  /  tracer gas dilution method
谢子立, 卢志民, 姚顺春, 刘泽明, 黄泳如, 莫爵徽, 叶建威, 林玥. 大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (4) : 112 -124 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176
Zili XIE, Zhimin LU, Shunchun YAO, Zeming LIU, Yongru HUANG, Juehui MO, Jianwei YE, Yue LIN. Overview of flue gas flow measurement methods in large-scale ducts[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (4) : 112 -124 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176
摸清碳排放底数、控制碳排放总量,对我国实现“双碳”战略目标至关重要。火电企业作为其中最主要的碳排放来源,其CO2排放量占我国排放总量的40%以上[1];且在未来相当长的一段时间内,一定体量的火电机组仍会得以保留,用于发挥保障供电和灵活调峰的作用[2]。因此,需加强对火电企业碳计量技术的研究,做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查,确保碳交易市场的高效、有序、公平运作。
CO2排放监测主要有核查法和在线监测法。在线监测法凭借其自动化程度高、时效性好、数据可靠性高以及可以与电力系统更有效地融合[3]等特点,在欧美地区已经有相对成熟的应用,并且得到当地法律的认可[4]。美国环境保护署(EPA)出台了《温室气体强制报告制度》,要求固体燃料装置必须安烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)[5]。欧盟标准化委员会(CEN)制定DS/EN 14181—2014标准,奠定了CEMS质量保证体系的基础[6]。尽管我国于2021年9月印发《碳监测评估试点工作方案》[7],在温室气体排放重点行业推行在线监测法的试点工作,但目前该项技术在国内的覆盖率仍然不高。本文所综述的烟气流量可由流速乘以截面面积得到,为湿烟气流量。在碳排放在线监测法所监测的参数中,烟气流速/流量的准确性是最低的[3]。考虑到火电企业碳排放量巨大,所以流量测量存在的偏差将会导致巨大的CO2计量偏差,这是碳排放在线监测法的关键难点。
目前大部分的流场和流量测量研究都是针对中小管径管道。而火电厂烟囱直径通常达到6 m以上,其流动雷诺数以及其他参量均与中小管径管道有很大区别,流动特性会复杂得多[8],因此给烟囱烟气流量准确测量带来很大的挑战,现场系统的流场研究工作也非常稀少。
本文首先介绍了烟囱内烟气流场分布情况。在此基础上,对皮托管和超声波流量计在大口径管道中的流量测量技术进行了详细总结。接着介绍示踪气体稀释法(tracer gas dilution method,TGDM)。它是一种测量原理独立的大口径管道气体流量测量方法。文中详细阐述了该技术的特点和实现过程,并总结了国内外的发展现状,分析其作为一种流量测量标定方法的潜力。最后,本文对大口径管道烟气流量测量技术的未来研究方向提出了展望,切实服务于我国碳交易市场和温室气体排放总量控制。
准确测量烟气流量对于温室气体排放的监管和控制至关重要,是量化排放的基础。常规的速度面积法流量测量通常假设测量段烟气处于理想的流动情况,但烟囱上游管道通常设计有弯管、异径管、风机以及阀门等;加上烟道和烟囱呈T型连接形式,会使烟囱内烟气流场发生扭曲和畸变,并且这种流场的扭曲和畸变还会蔓延至烟囱下游。图1列举出烟气在烟囱内的几种复杂流动特性。目前大部分烟气流量计的测量精度都受烟气流场复杂特性的影响,其影响程度能使测量误差达到25%甚至更多,因此想做到烟气流量的准确测量是十分具有挑战性的[9-10]
Johnson等人[11]对某燃煤电厂的烟囱内烟气流场进行了实测,得到测量截面上的速度分布是偏斜的,平均流动偏航角约为−18°,且在靠近壁面处具有接近−30°的最大负偏航角,因此认为烟气的流动具有显著的涡流水平[12],对测量结果有显著影响。他在另外一个研究工作中,在弯角下游12倍管道直径处沿2条正交的直径分别布置了12个测点,用于测量速度剖面和气流流动角度,测量结果表明,测点处的速度偏差范围为−10%~25%,流动角范围为−20°~40°[13],流动特性复杂。王万林等[14]在某电厂烟气排放管道中的在线流量仪安装测点附近设置10个人工测试孔,每个测试孔上有6个测点,分析烟道测试孔处截面流场分布。由于安装场地受限,该测试孔位置距离上游拐角和下游烟囱入口都较短。研究得到测点处流速相对标准偏差高达82.9%。Szmyd等人[15]对T型通道内的流场进行了分析。T型接头的左侧为1个空腔,右侧则是出口管道。流体由入口管道流进后,在左侧会形成1个新的再循环区,在右侧会形成巨大的速度分离区。这些复杂的流动特性都会使得流量的准确测量变得十分困难,该流动情况可以类比到烟道和烟囱中。Geršl等人[16]利用数值模拟方法直观地展示出在3种不同水平来流烟道条件下烟囱内的涡流分布情况。研究表明,当水平烟道存在弯角时,烟囱内会存在不对称涡流,在弯角下游9倍管道直径位置处仍存在−30°~15°的偏航角。该涡流在不同烟囱高度处的分布情况不同,从而导致速度分布随烟囱高度变化而变化,流量计的测量误差随着高度的变化而产生震荡。Murali等人[17]对管径为0.6~1.6 m的管道流场分布进行了测量,由文中提供的测量截面处测点速度分布图可以得到,各管道速度相对标准偏差的平均值约为13%,最大的速度相对标准偏差达到28%。
从上述分析可得,烟囱内烟气流场分布不规整,这给烟气的流量测量造成了很大困难。目前烟气流量测量的重点和难点是选择合适的流量测量方法和流量计安装形式,而这一工作的开展又受到烟囱内烟气流场分布情况的影响,因此需要对烟气流场进行调查和分析。
烟囱内烟气流场不仅十分复杂,而且可能会随着机组运行条件的变化而变化,而测量截面上的速度分布变化又是系统误差的主要来源。因此为了确定测量截面的主要流动特征,并评估其稳定性,在测量之前需要对流场进行预调查。标准ISO 16911-2—2013[18]和NF EN 15259—2007[19]都提到在安装流量监测器前,应对流场进行预调查。烟气流场预调查应在烟气流速尽量高和尽量低2种工况下进行,根据标准ISO 16911-1—2013[20]中所述方法对截面流速分布进行测量。
烟气流场预调查主要评估以下3个参数:
1)再现性(reproducibility) 在2种工况下截面归一化速度分布的偏差;
2)波峰因数(crest factor) 截面上最大速度与平均速度的比值;
3)偏斜度(skewness) 管道中心线两侧半平面的平均速度之比(大于1)。
根据上述3个参数,表1[20]提供了有助于选择流量监测方式的信息指南。
烟气流场实测难度大,操作复杂以及人力物力成本高,因此标准ISO 16911-2—2013允许在实际测量无法进行或者无法获得足够测量数据的情况下,使用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)进行烟气流场预调查。相比于用实测方法,CFD方法具有灵活、经济、直观以及能获取更丰富流场信息的优点,因此在实测法能进行的同时,CFD也能作为一种补充方法,从而获得更完整的烟气流场信息,对烟气流量测量方法的选择提供更明确的指导,进一步提高烟气流量测量的准确性。
常用的烟气流量测量方法大多是基于速度面积法原理,在固定排放端对烟气的流量进行测量。烟囱内烟气温度一般较高,且存在着颗粒物的扰动,因此选择合适的流量测量设备对于保证测量的准确性是至关重要的。流量测量设备的选择又根据截面平均流速测量方式的不同而不同。目前烟囱烟气流速的测量方法主要有直接法和点流速测量积分法2种。直接法以超声波流量计为例,它可以直接测得某一个声道的平均流速,再根据权重积分获得截面的流量值;点流速测量积分法以皮托管流量计为例,该方法是测量截面上测量点的流速,利用积分获得该截面平均流速,再乘以截面积获得管道流量。由于在实际测量中,无法测量截面上每一个点的流速,因此需选择有代表性的测量截面以及恰当的测量方法。
在大口径管道烟气流量测量中,常见有差压式流量计、超声波流量计和热式流量计。热式流量计是根据介质传热原理制成的,有着精度高、压损小、量程大等优点[21],但其检测响应速度一般较慢,测量精度受温度、湿度、压力的影响,并且国内在热式流量计领域起步较晚,因此在国内的使用率不如差压式流量计和超声波流量计[22-23]。差压式流量计又包含有皮托管流量计、节流变压降流量计等,在大口径管道烟气流量测量中最常用的为皮托管流量计。
本文主要总结皮托管流量计以及气体超声波流量计在大口径管道烟气流量测量中的研究与应用。表2具体列出了2种流量计的优缺点。
目前工程上常将皮托管流量计用于大口径管道烟气的流速测量。皮托管流量计的测量原理为伯努利方程,由压孔测量出气流的总压强和静压强,然后根据式(1)计算得到管道流量。
Q=A2Δpρ
式中:Q为管道气体流量,m3/s;A为测量处截面面积,m2ρ为气流密度,kg/m3;∆p为总、静压孔压差,Pa。
由式(1)可知,流量的测量结果取决于皮托管测量得到的压差值。式(1)的∆p是假设理想不可压缩流体在定常流动下的压差值,但是实际的应用中,管道内流体存在黏性力等作用,因此需引进一个皮托管修正系数K,式(1)变为式(2):
Q=KA2Δpρ
式中:对于标准(L型)皮托管K取0.99~1.01,对于S型皮托管K取0.81~0.86。
尽管皮托管流量计结构和功能已经非常完善,但是传统的皮托管在大口径管道烟气流量测量中仍存在着较大的局限性:1)皮托管只能测量某一点的流速。然而,正如本文第1节所述,烟囱内烟气流速分布十分复杂,因此单点的流速往往无法代表被测截面的平均流速,从而导致较大的测量误差。2)传统的皮托管无法辨别气体来流方向,即无法识别气流的涡流角度,当烟气流动存在非轴向速度分量时,使用S型皮托管可能会使烟气流量被高估达到10%[24]。因此必须保证总压孔正对气流来流方向才能确保测量的准确性,然而这在实际测量中难以实现。
针对2.1.1节提到的第1个问题,可采用多测点布置方法进行流量测量,如多点布置的皮托管或均速管。其中均速管由皮托管测量原理发展而来,与单点测量的皮托管相比,均速管可以测量径向的多点平均全压与平均静压之差。标准NF EN 15259—2007对测点布置形式和测点数量以及测量位置的选择进行了说明,同时国内在该方面也制定了《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157—1996)[25]。此外,国内外学者也对流量测点数量和测点布置方案进行了深入的研究。Geršl等人[26]利用3种不同来流烟道模拟管道内存在的3种不同涡流,并采用S型皮托管网格测速法测量烟囱流量,分析管道内涡流对测量结果的影响。Knotek等人[27]讨论了烟囱中测点数量和测点安装位置对流量测量误差的影响,得出由测点数量和安装位置所引起的误差明显大于由复杂流动特性引起的误差,单点测量造成的误差能达到多点测量的2倍左右。钱丛昊等[28]通过数值模拟方法寻找矩形烟道截面上接近真实流速值的直线区域进行多测点布置,一方面克服了单点测量精度不足的缺点,另一方面相对于矩阵式流量测量方法减少了所需的测点数。许瑞祥等[29]在直径为400 mm这种较小口径的风洞实验装置中用S型皮托管进行流量测量测点布置方案的研究,分析圆形管道中等面积测点布置法和等距离测点布置法的流量测量误差。结果表明,等面积测点布置法的最大测量偏差为2.3%,等距离测点布置法的最大测量偏差为2.8%,均具有较高的测量精度。而对于大口径的管道,测量的误差则会更大。刘宁锴等[30]利用CFD的辅助,分析尺寸为6 m×5 m的矩形烟道流场,从而指导多点测速方案的测点布置,提高测量精度,得到测量结果与手工测试值的相对误差为4%。Johnson等人[13]用S型皮托管在直径为1.2 m的烟囱模拟器中进行流量测量试验。试验分别设置了12、24、48个测点的测量方案,在管道弯角下游12倍管道直径处进行流量监测,得到测量误差分别为6.6%、6.0%、5.1%。尹卫萍等[31]用均速管对烟道流速进行测量,该烟道设有5个测试孔,分布在烟道的上、左、右3侧,测试孔位置并不满足GB/T 16157—1996中的“前6后3”要求。测试结果表明,由于监测断面存在流速分层、旋流等现象,仅在2个侧孔中安装均速管不足以代表整个断面的平均流速,在3个测试孔中安装均速管时,其测量结果能否代表截面平均流速取决于采样点位的选择,当在4个或5个采样孔中安装均速管时,流速测量误差分别为±8%和±6%。
可见,测点的数量和位置对测量精度有显著影响。对于大口径管道,想要准确测量其流量则会更加困难,因为它总是伴随着更复杂的流动特性。而CFD模拟可以使我们了解管道内的流场分布,从而达到指导实际测点布置方案的效果,提高流量测量的准确性。
针对2.1.1节提到的第2个问题,可采用三维皮托管(五孔探针)代替传统皮托管。EPA的方法2F[32]描述如何使用三维皮托管确定烟囱中气流的偏航角、俯仰角、轴向流速和体积流量。DL/T 2376—2021[33]中也已将三维皮托管作为烟气流量测量的参比方法。中国计量科学研究院使用烟囱比例模型进行试验,开发了一套应用于现场测试的三维皮托管系统[34]。谢金伟等[35]讨论了大梯度流场中三维皮托管的应用,并分析速度梯度和气体来流角度对测量误差的影响,提出了减小测量误差的方法。韩礼泽等[36]对五孔探针在高速流场中的流速测量标定方法进行了完整的研究。然而三维皮托管标定工作复杂且困难,往往会耗费大量的时间和精力,因此,大量学者对三维皮托管校准装置和系统展开研究。张晶辉等[37]开发了一个用于标定三维皮托管的控制平台,并在风洞中进行标定实验,评估测量的准确性。杨阳[38]设计一种角度控制准确度小于0.1°的三维皮托管校准装置,用于测量火电厂烟道烟气流量。相比于国内,国外对于三维皮托管装置的研究更深入,且与现场测量联系更加紧密。Shinder等人[39]在燃煤电厂烟囱中评估了三维皮托管在大范围俯仰角度下的测量性能,并分析其测量不确定度。他们对棱形和球形三维皮托管进行多次校准,得出再现性对不确定度的贡献最大,超过50%。韩国标准与科学研究院[40]使用三维皮托管测量烟囱烟气的流速,并开发了一种用于三维皮托管的偏航角自动调零装置应用于现场测量,相对于S型皮托管,测量精度有了较大提升。Nguyen等人[41]基于归零法建立了一个三维皮托管校准系统。该校准系统可以生成精确的俯仰角和速度校准曲线,根据校准曲线又可以校正管道中的涡流或旋流,提高烟囱中三维皮托管测量轴向速度的准确性。Shinder等人[42]使用风洞、差压传感器和激光多普勒风速计(laser Doppler anemometer,LDA)开发了三维皮托管的非零校准系统,生成了包括轴向速度、偏航角、俯仰角和静压的校准曲线,并确定了4条校准曲线的扩展不确定度分别为1.53%、0.86°、0.96°以及0.011。Johnson等人[43]开发一种用于三维皮托管的非调零装置(图2),在燃煤电厂烟囱中将其与目前测量精度最高的EPA方法2F进行比较,经过4轮测量得出2种方法测得平均流速差异仅为0.1%,具有很好的一致性,并且非调零技术不需要手动旋转探针,可以消除不完全调零所带来的误差。他们在进一步工作中得出,应用非调零装置的测量速度是应用方法2F测量速度的5倍,但测量精度相同甚至更好[11]。基于上述各种优势,三维皮托管的非调零技术被认为最有希望在现场测量或校准中得到应用。
综上所述,皮托管流量计有着非常完善的结构和功能,且有很多的学者针对皮托管在测量上存在的局限性进行了大量的研究,使其应用范围更广,测量精度和准度更高。但烟气湿度较高,且灰尘颗粒较多,皮托管作为一种接触式流量计,在测量的过程中仍需要面对设备磨损、腐蚀以及堵塞问题。
气体超声波流量计是一种非接触式的新型电子智能流量计,通过测量管道内声路的线平均速度,再根据积分方法计算得出流量。目前该方法已经在大口径管道气体流量测量中得到了广泛的应用[44]。在美国,气体超声波流量计占烟气流量测量的市场份额达60%以上[45]。气体超声波流量计有很多种分类方式,最常见的是根据超声信号检测原理将其分为传播速度差法、波速偏移法、多普勒法、互相关法、空间滤波法以及噪声法等[46],传播速度法又分为时差法、频差法和相位差法。基于超声波时差法的流量计因其在测量精度和准度上的优势备受关注,因此目前气体超声波流量计测量方法多采用时差法[47]图3[48]是时差法气体超声波流量计在烟囱中的应用示意。图3中,T1T2分别表示超声波信号顺流和逆流的传播时间,L代表声道长度。
时差法通过测量超声波脉冲顺流传播和逆流传播时间差来计算得到管道流量,测量原理如图4所示。当流体流动对超声波信号的方向性造成的影响忽略不计时,超声波信号在超声传感器A、B之间沿直线传播[49],信号传播路径与管道轴线成一定角度θ,测出超声波信号由A传递到B的顺流传播时间T1以及由B传递到A的逆流传播时间T2,则该声道线上的声道平均流速为:
Vi=Li2cosθ×T2T1T1T2
管道内的流体体积流量Q为:
Q=D2i=1NWiViLisinθi
式中:Li为声道长度,m;D为管道直径,m;Wi为第i个声道上的权重系数;Vi为第i个声道线上的声道平均流速,m/s;N为声道数量。
由上述测量原理可得,流量测量的准确性主要取决于声道线上声道平均流速的测量以及声道的加权求和。显然,气体超声波流量计的声路数量越多,其积分精度就越高,测量也就越准确,但声路数量的增加极大程度地提高了测量成本以及计算的复杂程度[50]。因此,选择合理的声路数量、声路安装形式以及最佳的积分权重系数具有很大的工程实际意义。目前国际上常用Gauss-Jacobi或最优圆形截面算法(optimized weighted integration method for circular sections,OWICS)来获得圆形管道的积分权重系数,用Gauss-Legendre或矩形截面的优化加权积分(optimized weighted integrations for rectangular sections,OWIRS)来获得矩形管道的积分权重系数[51]
实际的大口径管道内烟气流场复杂,而气体超声波流量计又对流场有着较高的依赖性,因此流量测量存在较大的误差[52]。针对这个问题,国内外有许多学者都对气体超声波流量计做过声道数量和声道安装形式选择方面的研究。唐晓宇等[53]采用6个声道,组成3个平行的声道平面,研究上游阻件对下游声道安装位置的影响,并在此基础上探究声道平面安装角度对测量的影响规律。方昱雯等[54]采用4种不同的声道布置方案,通过数值分析的手段对6种典型烟道流场中超声波流量计校准系数随负荷的变化情况进行研究。结果显示,四声道超声波流量计的测量精度总高于双声道超声波流量计的测量精度,而四声道中平行四声道布置的测量精度又高于交叉四声道布置。李海洋等[55]将2×3声道应用于某燃煤电厂的矩形烟道中,并与矩阵式皮托管流量计的测量结果进行对比。结果表明,在低流速时,超声波流量计的测量偏差比皮托管小2.07%,且前者的测量重复性为0.8%,后者为1.5%,因此认为多声道超声波流量计在测量精度和准度方面均优于阵列式皮托管。Geršl等人[26]在存在涡流的管道中,对比分析不同声道方向、不同声道数量以及不同声道安装高度下的流量测量偏差,得出的结论是,在该文章中设计的烟囱模型中,正确选择流量计的安装方式可以将测量精度提高10%。Johnson等人[13]在流动复杂的烟气管道中对X型布置超声波流量计、单声道超声波流量计以及阵列式S型皮托管的测量结果进行对比,得到X型布置超声波流量计的流量测量偏差仅为0.5%,单声道超声波流量计达到14%~17%,阵列式S型皮托管为5%~6%。Brown等人[56]使用3种不同的声道安装方法研究其对测量结果造成的影响,分析了管内扰动如何影响测量精度,并提出了应对管内扰动的方法。Brown-Cameron等人[57]使用8声路超声波流量计对单弯管和双弯管下游进行流速测量试验。结果表明,在弯管下游5倍管道直径处,即可达到测量的精度标准。加装扰流板的情况下,下游5倍管道直径处的测量误差也仅为±0.22%。
测量方案的合理选择,能极大程度地优化流量测量结果。多声道气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中有着独特的优势和极为广阔的发展前景,但也存在一定局限性。气体超声波流量计的测量精度容易受结垢影响,且目前国内尚无大口径烟气气体流量计现场校准装置,加之气体超声波流量计的造价成本高,导致其在国内的使用率低。
在大口径的烟气排放管道中,无法保证流量计测量的准确性及其长期工作的稳定性,因此需要定期对其进行一次校准计量。目前美国CEMS流量计的测量精度按照EPA的相对准确性测试审计程序(RATA)进行评估。该评估程序是联邦法规(CFR)第40篇要求的一种测试方法,它要求每年必须对已安装的CEMS或流量监测系统进行一次RATA测试。在大多数的情况下,RATA程序使用S型皮托管进行[58],但由于S型皮托管无法辨别来流的俯仰角,因此其测量性能容易受到烟囱中非理想流动特性的影响[59]。EPA批准的五孔探针可在RATA程序中代替S型皮托管,从而提供更高的测量精度,但五孔探针在使用过程中需要经历繁琐的调零过程,这不仅增加成本,也耗费大量的时间,因此在实际中很少应用。相比于国外,国内的流量校准计量体系在操作规范和质量评价上仍有着一定的差距,且缺乏三维皮托管测量与标定的标准程序。
针对以上提及的问题,本文介绍一种测量原理独立于速度面积法的大口径管道气体流量测量方法——示踪气体稀释法。它是一种体积流量测量方法,与常用的测量方法相比,无需要求流量计安装位置处的前后直管段长度,除回流外,对前面提及的非理想流动特性不敏感。相反,管内气流的扭曲、偏斜和涡流程度越高,示踪剂与被测气体混合得越充分,测量精度则越高。此外,该方法对管道气流的压强和流速均无要求。由于示踪气体稀释法具有上述优点,它常被作为一种大口径管道流量测量替代方案进行研究,并与其他流量测量方案进行比较,以评估其作为一种质量检查或现场校准方法的潜力。
美国材料与试验学会(ASTM)标准E2029所描述的示踪气体稀释法采用恒定注入技术将示踪剂以恒定的速率注入管道上游,示踪剂在管道流动过程中与管道气流混合并被稀释,在管道下游对管内气流进行采样,并将其输送至分析仪测量示踪气体的体积分数[60]。测量原理如图5所示。
在操作过程中,首先,要对注入的示踪剂进行精确的计量;其次,示踪剂与管道气流需充分混合;最后,要准确检测混合稀释后示踪剂的体积分数。当满足以上条件时,管道内的气流体积流量可以由以下方程计算得到:
V=XT,1XT,DXT,DXT,UVT,1
式中:XT,1为所注射示踪剂的体积分数;XT,D为下游收集到的样品中示踪剂的体积分数;XT,U为注射点上游或周围环境中测量到的示踪剂体积分数;VT,1为注入示踪剂的体积。当注入的示踪剂为纯净物时,XT,1=1。
示踪气体稀释法最早被应用于建筑通风量测量,经过几十年的发展,该方法已经得到了广泛的应用[61-64]。在大口径管道气体流量测量方面,20世纪70年代,国际标准化组织颁发了标准《封闭管道中气体流量测量—示踪法》[65]
尽管已有相关标准提出,但是示踪气体稀释法在大口径管道气体流量测量方面的相关研究仍不多。在2001年举办的第十二届多国仪器仪表展览会(MICONEX2001)上,美国Kurg仪表公司介绍了他们采用示踪气体稀释法现场校准热式气体质量流量计的方法,该方法采用了SF6作为示踪剂[66]。Butler等人[67]在特制的圆形和矩形管道中分别采用等面积法、25点切贝切夫法布置的热线风速计测量管道流速从而得到流量,再分别将其与示踪气体稀释法测量所得结果进行比较。结果表明,热线风速计与示踪气体稀释法所得测量结果偏差在2%,具有很好的一致性,示踪气体稀释法有作为流量测量设备现场校准方法的潜力。Zeng等人[68]以CO作为示踪剂在90°弯管内开展对气体流量计的标定实验研究。实验设置了3个采样截面,在每个采样截面上又根据距离轴心位置不同,设置了3个不同位置的采样点,分析每种采样方案的流量测量误差,提出了进一步提高测量精度的建议。Bryant等人[69]使用示踪气体稀释法对美国国家火灾研究实验室中直径为2.424 m的排气管道流量进行测量,并与等面积法布置皮托管流量计(16测点)测量结果进行比较,测量位置处于弯角下游10倍管道直径处。结果表明,二者测量结果随时间变化的曲线有很高的一致性。Harman在美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)一次关于烟囱流量测量的研讨总结会上对他们团队所作的一项工作进行了汇报。他们分别对示踪气体稀释法、4声道、双声道、单声道、单声道部分插入式超声波流量计和单点光学流量计的测量偏差进行分析,其中示踪气体稀释法的测量误差为6%~10%,相比于其他几种测量方法,当管道存在弯管或其它扰流元件时,它是一种流量测量的优质方案,但当管道为直管时,它的测量表现则处于劣势[9]。这是因为在直管中管内气体流动情况理想,一般流量计也可以得到精准的测量结果,而对于示踪气体稀释法而言,弯管或扰流元件的存在可以促进示踪剂与管内气体的混合,从而提高测量精度,在直管中则无这个优势。在存在1个弯管或扰流元件的管道中,弯管或扰流元件下游10倍管径长度的直管段可以实现示踪剂与管内气体的充分混合,而直管管道则需要25倍的管径长度。但结合实际考虑,工业生产管道中往往会存在弯管和各种扰流元件,因此,示踪气体稀释法在流量测量中具有很大的发展潜能和应用前景。
以上提到的一些研究讨论了示踪气体稀释法相对于其他流量测量方法的优势。但示踪气体稀释法作为一种测量方法,有必要对其进行详细的不确定度分析。文献[70]评估了大口径排气管道中示踪气体稀释法的测量不确定度。结果表明,对不确定度贡献最大的为下游示踪剂体积分数的测量,接着是测量的重复性、示踪剂与管道内气体的混合程度。在该论文实验中的流量范围和实验条件下,以上3个参数对测量不确定度的贡献分别为67.7%、19.5%以及12.5%,而注入示踪剂的体积对测量不确定度的贡献仅为0.3%,总的测量不确定度小于±2.8%。该文章还通过均速管测量排气管道流量,将2种方法的结果进行比较,2种方法测量结果之间的平均偏差在示踪气体稀释法的扩展不确定度范围内,因此证明这2种方法有较好的一致性。上述研究中,示踪气体的混合程度对不确定度的贡献超过10%,然而这种因素引起的测量不确定度可以通过合理制定实验方案来减小。因此,Bryant在此基础上,在排气管道下游安装多端口取样装置,通过各端口所得示踪剂浓度求平均值的方法来降低由下游示踪气体不均匀分布所引起的测量误差;此外,还进行了实验来确定充分混合和多端口采样对于降低流量测量误差的有效性[69]
示踪气体稀释法的测量准确性也受示踪剂与管内气流混合程度的影响。ASTM E2009中指出,在采样平面处,示踪剂的浓度变化应小于10%。但在大口径排气管道的流量测量中,要使示踪剂与管内气体充分混合则需要较长的直管道[71]。而示踪剂的注入方式能在一定程度上影响其混合效果。Silva等人[72]开发了一种新型示踪剂注入装置。该注射装置具有紧凑的管状形状,且可以依靠磁性固定在管道壁,易于安装。注射探头由4个分配室提供200 μm直径的阵列声波射流,并且可以绕主轴进行角运动,以促进示踪剂在短距离内与管内气流充分混合。Zheng等人[73]分别采用1点和5点注入的方式向管道内注入示踪剂,研究2种注入方式下下游管道采样截面处的示踪剂浓度分布情况。结果表明,在15倍管道直径的下游截面,1点注入时,截面浓度分布的相对偏差为9.3%;而5点注入时相对偏差为1.2%。可以看出注入方式的不同,会导致下游采样截面示踪剂浓度分布有很大的差异,从而引起较大的流量测量偏差。
在示踪剂选择方面的研究,从最初的化学示踪技术发展到20世纪90年代的稳定同位素示踪技术[74],再发展到现在各种气体示踪剂[75],这整个过程非常迅速。有学者提出,在实验室或者现场的应用中,示踪剂应该具有安全性、稳定性、唯一性、易测量性和无显著影响性等特点[76]
1)安全性 所选示踪剂不应对应用范围内的人和动物产生任何危害,同时也要尽量减少对环境的污染,此外要求示踪剂在应用空间内不易燃易爆、无刺激性等。
2)稳定性 示踪剂需要与被测气体混合流动,因此示踪剂不应与被测气体中的任一组分发生化学或物理反应。
3)唯一性 一般要求示踪剂不应选择被测气体中所含有的组分。
4)易测量性 样品中的示踪剂浓度应能容易被检测仪器检测出来。
5)无显著影响性 示踪剂注入被测气体后,对被测气体的流向、流速和密度等方面基本不产生影响。
以上是理想示踪气体该满足的5个特点,但在实际中尚未有哪一种示踪剂能很好地全部满足以上要求。目前实验室中常用的示踪气体主要有H2、He、N2O、CO2、CH4、O2、C2H2、SF6和氟利昂等[77]。国外的示踪剂研究中,以SF6为主,但这类示踪气体的价格偏高,且密度较大,混合后对大口径排气管道的流量测量结果会有较大的影响。
综上所述,示踪气体稀释法在大口径管道气体流量测量中有着其独特的优势,因此其在火电厂烟囱烟气流量测量方面有着极为广阔的发展前景。但该项技术在国内起步较慢,目前将该技术应用于实际工业生产的更是少之又少。
流量测量的准确性一直是大口径管道内直接监测法的重点与难点,国内外学者也就此做了大量的研究。主要的研究方向有管道内流场的复杂特性对烟气流量测量的影响、流速测量中俯仰角和偏航角引入的流速测量不确定度问题、测量装置重复性和不确定度问题等。我国在大口径管道流量测量领域的研究也取得了一定的进展,但相比于国外,仍存在一定的差距。对于测量位置的选定,我国现行标准中缺乏关于测量位置烟气流动流场预调查及流场均匀性检验的相关指南和程序。对于测量准确度,缺乏三维皮托管的相关测量标准和现场应用案例,缺乏对测量结果的测量不确定度分析。
针对上述问题,本文提出以下几点建议:
1)对烟气流动流场进行均匀性检验和预调查,充分考虑测量位置处的涡旋流对测量准确度的影响,并且可以结合数值模拟方法获得完整的烟气流场信息。
2)结合数值模拟方法,在不同机组容量和现场情况的条件下,进行不同流量测点布置方案的研究,对比分析得出不同情况下适用的流量计类型和现场布置方案。并在应用过程中对监测系统的运行情况进行跟踪,研究其长期工作的稳定性和准确性。
3)加快三维皮托管烟气流量测量相关标准的制定,推广三维皮托管在国内的应用,结合计算机科学与自动控制开发能在现场测量中应用的三维皮托管校准装置。
4)建立流量测量不确定度分析模型,量化其中引入较大不确定度的因素。
已有研究表明,示踪气体稀释法与常规的速度面积法流量测量手段有着良好的一致性。且该方法相比于常规流量测量方法,有着以下优势:首先,对管内气体流动的复杂特性不敏感,相反地,这些复杂流动特性会提高示踪气体稀释法的测量性能。其次,示踪气体稀释法无需测量管道截面面积。当管道尺寸与标注尺寸存在误差或无法准确测量管道截面面积时,特别是对于一些年代久远的烟囱,管内壁存在灰尘颗粒附着或者腐蚀等,会导致常规的速度面积法测量结果产生较大的测量误差。最后,考虑到烟气速度在贴近壁面处会急剧减小甚至接近静止,而常规流量测量方法无法测量到贴近壁面处的速度,从而导致烟气的平均速度被高估,而示踪气体稀释法可避免这一误差[20,78]。综上所述,该方法具有作为大型烟气排放管道流量测量校准方法的潜力。
然而关于该方法在大型排气管道中的研究较少,目前其在发电厂中也尚未得到应用。因此可以加大在该方面的投入,进行深入研究,探索该技术在更大规模排气管道,如火力发电厂烟囱中的烟气流量测量表现,评估该方法在未来应用中的优势。此外,还应该加强测量专家或研究学者与现场监测专家之间的分享交流,推动示踪气体稀释法的现场应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U22B20119)
  • 广东省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021B1515020071)
  • 广东省能源高效清洁利用重点实验室(2013A061401005)
  • 佛山市科技创新项目(1920001000052)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
吴昊, 任鑫, 朱俊杰. 发电行业二氧化碳排放监测技术现状与综述[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(7): 1-13.
WU Hao, REN Xin, ZHU Junjie. Current situation and review of carbon dioxide emission monitoring technology in power generation industry[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(7): 1-13.
[2]
毛俊杰, 郜小芳. 电力行业对“双碳”目标的贡献、问题及对策探讨[J]. 电力勘测设计, 2022(5): 60-66.
MAO Junjie, GAO Xiaofang. Discussion on the potential contribution, problems and countermeasures of the power industry to the “dual carbon” goal[J]. Electric Power Survey & Design, 2022(5): 60-66.
[3]
李鹏, 吴文昊, 郭伟. 连续监测方法在全国碳市场应用的挑战与对策[J]. 环境经济研究, 2021, 6(1): 77-92.
LI Peng, WU Wenhao, GUO Wei. The challenges and recommendations of application of the measurement-based monitoring methodology in national carbon market[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics, 2021, 6(1): 77-92.
[4]
陈公达, 邹祥波, 卢锐, 等. 中外火电企业碳排放统计方法与质量控制现状分析[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(10): 54-60.
CHEN Gongda, ZOU Xiangbo, LU Rui, et al. Domestic and international statistical methods and quality control status for carbon emission from fossil-fired power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10): 54-60.
[5]
董文福, 刘泓汐, 王秀琴, 等. 美国温室气体强制报告制度综述[J]. 中国环境监测, 2011, 27(2): 18-22.
DONG Wenfu, LIU Hongxi, WANG Xiuqin, et al. Review of mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases in America[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2011, 27(2): 18-22.
[6]
Stationary source emissions: Quality assurance of automated measuring systems: DS/EN 14181—2014[S]. 2014: 1.
[7]
中华人民共和国生态环境部办公厅. 关于印发《碳监测评估试点工作方案》的通知: 环办监测函〔2021〕435号[Z]. 北京: 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2021: 2.
Office of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. Notice on Pilot Work Plan for Carbon Monitoring and Assessment: HBJCH〔2021〕No.435[Z]. Beijing: Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, 2021: 2.
[8]
荣双. 大口径烟道气体流量测量方法的研究[D]. 天津: 天津工业大学, 2017: 1.
RONG Shuang. Research on the measurement method of gas flow in large diameter flues[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin Polytechnic University, 2017: 1.
[9]
BRYANT R A, JOHNSON A N, WRIGHT J D, et al. Improving measurement for smokestack emissions: workshop summary[M]. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018: 1.
[10]
JAHNKE J A. Operator’s guide to eliminating bias in CEM systems[R]. Source Technology Associates, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States); Cadmus Group, Inc., Raleigh, NC (United States); Environmental Protection Agency, Acid Rain Div., Washington, DC (United States), 1994.
[11]
JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA B J, et al. Faster, more accurate, stack-flow measurements[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020, 70(3): 283-291.
[12]
GRAHAM D, SPENCE J. Stationary source emissions emission monitoring and measurement of flue gas flow rate[J]. International Environmental Technology, 2019, 29(5): 30-35.
[13]
JOHNSON A, SHINDER I, MOLDOVER M, et al. Progress towards accurate monitoring of flue gas emissions[C]//10th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Querétaro Mexico, March. 2018: 21-23.
[14]
王万林, 齐小娟. 火电厂烟气排放流量测量方法研究[J]. 浙江电力, 2009, 28(6): 17-19.
WANG Wanlin, QI Xiaojuan. Study on the measurement method of the flue gas flow of coal-fired power plant[J]. Zhejiang Electric Power, 2009, 28(6): 17-19.
[15]
SZMYD J, BRANNY M, KARCH M, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of the air flow in T-shape channel flow[J]. Archives of Mining Sciences, 2013, 58(2): 333-348.
[16]
GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, et al. Impact of swirl on flow measurement in stacks - CFD modelling[C]//17th International Flow Measurement Conference 2016, FLOMEKO 2016. 2016.
[17]
MURALI A S, SURESH C B. Flow measurement in large ducts & pipes[C]// Innovative Solutions in Flow Measurement and Control - Oil Water and Gas, August 28-30, 2017, FCRI Palakkad, Kerala, India. 2017.
[18]
IX-ISO. Stationary source emissions: Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts: Part 2: Automated measuring systems: ISO 16911-2—2013[S]. 2013: 1.
[19]
Air quality: Measurement of stationary source emissions: Requirements for measurement sections and sites for the measurement objective, plan and report: NF EN 15259—2007[S]. 2007: 1.
[20]
IX-ISO. Stationary source emissions: Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts: Part 1: Manual reference method: ISO 16911-1—2013[S]. 2013: 1.
[21]
俞植馨. 热式气体质量流量计的改进研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2020: 1.
YU Zhixin. Improvement research on the thermal gas mass flowmeter[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2020: 1.
[22]
马世海, 刘思源. 大口径通风管道流量测量技术的研究进展与趋势[J]. 化工自动化及仪表, 2022, 49(3): 253-258.
MA Shihai, LIU Siyuan. Research progress and trend of flow measurement technology for ventilation ducts with large caliber[J]. Control and Instruments in Chemical Industry, 2022, 49(3): 253-258.
[23]
黄延禄, 李初阳, 王庆标. 热式气体质量流量计的设计与计算[J]. 自动化与仪表, 2019, 34(5): 67-71.
HUANG Yanlu, LI Chuyang, WANG Qingbiao. Design and computation of a thermal gas mass flowmeter[J]. Automation & Instrumentation, 2019, 34(5): 67-71.
[24]
NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, LEE S H, et al. The impact of geometric parameters of a S-type Pitot tube on the flow velocity measurements for greenhouse gas emission monitoring[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2019, 67: 10-22.
[25]
国家环境保护局. 固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法: GB/T 16157—1996[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996: 1.
State Bureau of Environment Protection. Determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source: GB/T 16157—1996[S]. Beijing: Standard Press of China, 1996: 1.
[26]
GERŠL J, KNOTEK S, BELLIGOLI Z, et al. Flow rate measurement in stacks with cyclonic flow–Error estimations using CFD modelling[J]. Measurement, 2018, 129: 167-183.
[27]
KNOTEK S, WORKAMP M, GERŠL J, et al. Narrow stack emissions: errors in flow rate measurement due to disturbances and swirl[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021, 71(1): 46-59.
[28]
钱丛昊, 冯璇, 朱小良. 多线法测量烟气流速的CFD模拟研究[J]. 发电设备, 2019, 33(6): 375-380.
QIAN Conghao, FENG Xuan, ZHU Xiaoliang. CFD simulation study of a multi-line flue gas velocity measurement method[J]. Power Equipment, 2019, 33(6): 375-380.
[29]
许瑞祥, 翟恒涛, 王煦, 等. 基于S型皮托管的烟气流量计量方法研究[J]. 计量科学与技术, 2023, 67(1): 39-44.
XU Ruixiang, ZHAI Hengtao, WANG Xu, et al. Study on flue gas flow measurement method based on S-Type pitot tube[J]. Metrology Science and Technology, 2023, 67(1): 39-44.
[30]
刘宁锴, 李浙英, 沈建康. 多点网格流速在线测量方法研究[J]. 环境监控与预警, 2013, 5(6): 32-34.
LIU Ningkai, LI Zheying, SHEN Jiankang. Study on the online measurement method of the flue gas flow of multi-grid[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, 2013, 5(6): 32-34.
[31]
尹卫萍, 陈非, 李哲英. VPT511BF-SY多孔流速仪在烟气流量在线监测中的应用[J]. 环境监控与预警, 2013, 5(2): 28-31.
YIN Weiping, CHEN Fei, LI Zheying. The application of VPT511BF-SY porous flow meter in the flue gas flow monitoring system[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, 2013, 5(2): 28-31.
[32]
Appendix A-1 to Part 60, Title 40: Test methods 1 through 2F[EB/OL]. [2023-10-19]. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/appendix-Appendix%20A-1%20to%20Part%2060.
[33]
中国电力企业联合会, 华电电力科学研究院有限公司, 中国华电集团有限公司. 火电厂烟气二氧化碳排放连续监测技术规范: DL/T 2376—2021[S]. 2021.
China Electric Power Enterprise Federation, Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Huadian Group Co., Ltd.. Specification for continuous emissions monitoring of CO2 in the flue gas emitted from thermal power plants: DL/T 2376—2021[S]. 2021.
[34]
ZHANG L, WANG C, LI H, et al. NIM’s research progress on flue gas flowrate measurement[C]// FLOMEKO 2016, Sydney, September 26-29, 2016: 44-52.
[35]
谢金伟, 郭涛, 张京, 等. 大梯度低速流场中五孔探针测量误差修正方法研究[J/OL]. 实验流体力学: 1-9[2024-01-18]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5266.V.20230619.2113.002.html.
XIE Jinwei, GUO Tao, ZHANG Jing, et al. Investigation on error correction method of five-holes probes used in flowfield with large velocity gradient[J/OL]. Journal of Experimental Fluid Mechanics: 1-9[2024-01-18]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5266.V.20230619.2113.002.html.
[36]
韩礼泽, 武锦涛, 代玉强. 五孔探针在气流速度测量中的应用[J]. 实验技术与管理, 2021, 38(1): 48-52.
HAN Lize, WU Jintao, DAI Yuqiang. Application of five-hole probe in airflow velocity measurement[J]. Experimental Technology and Management, 2021, 38(1): 48-52.
[37]
张晶辉, 布国亮, 张旭悦, 等. 标定五孔气动探针的风洞及测控系统设计[J]. 西安航空学院学报, 2022, 40(5): 27-31.
ZHANG Jinghui, BU Guoliang, ZHANG Xuyue, et al. Design of wind tunnel and measurement and control system for calibrating five-hole pneumatic probe[J]. Journal of Xi’an Aeronautical Institute, 2022, 40(5): 27-31.
[38]
杨阳. 烟道流量校准方法研究及装置开发[D]. 杭州: 中国计量大学, 2020: 1.
YANG Yang. Research on stack flowrate calibration method and equipment development[D]. Hangzhou: China Jiliang University, 2020: 1.
[39]
SHINDER I, JOHNSON A, MOLDOVER M, et al. Characterization of five-hole probes used for flow measurement in stack emission testing[C]//10th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Querétaro Mexico, March. 2018: 21-23.
[40]
IM S, NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, et al. Smokestack gas velocity measurements using 3D pitot tubes in a coal-fired power plant[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2023, 91: 102347.
[41]
NGUYEN D T, CHOI Y M, IM S, et al. Calibration process and uncertainty estimation for 3D pitot tubes to enhance greenhouse gas emission measurements in smokestacks[J]. Metrologia, 2022, 59(4): 045004.
[42]
SHINDER I I, JOHNSON A N, FILLA B J, et al. Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023, 73(8): 600-617.
[43]
JOHNSON A N, SHINDER I I, FILLA J B, et al. Non-nulling measurements of flue gas flows in a coal fired power plant stack[C]//FLOMEKO Conference Proceedings. Lisbon, Portugal: IMEKO: International Measurement Confederation. 2019.
[44]
樊洁云. 烟气超声流量计非实流校准方法研究[D]. 保定: 河北大学, 2020: 1.
FAN Jieyun. Research on dry calibration method of ultrasonic flowmeter for flue gas[D]. Baoding: Hebei University, 2020: 1.
[45]
JOHNSON A N, BOYD J T, HARMAN E, et al. Design and capabilities of NISTs scale-model smokestack simulator (SMSS)[C]//Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Arlington, VA, USA. 2015: 14-17.
[46]
柏逢明. 过程检测及仪表技术[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2010: 1.
BAI Fengming. Process detection and instrumentation technology[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2010: 1.
[47]
马建, 李泽芳, 张德胜. 基于超声波时差法的管道流量测定仪设计[J]. 工矿自动化, 2021, 47(2): 93-97.
MA Jian, LI Zefang, ZHANG Desheng. Design of a pipeline flowmeter based on ultrasonic time difference method[J]. Industry and Mine Automation, 2021, 47(2): 93-97.
[48]
JOHNSON A N, BRYANT R A, WONG T M, et al. Measurement challenges and metrology for monitoring CO2 emissions from smokestacks: workshop summary[M]. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2015: 1.
[49]
唐晓宇. 多声道超声波气体流量检测技术仿真与实验研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2016: 1.
TANG Xiaoyu. Simulation and experiment study on multi-path ultrasonic gas flow measurement[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016: 1.
[50]
胡鹤鸣, 王池, 孟涛. 多声路超声流量计积分方法及其准确度分析[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2010(6): 6.
HU Heming, WANG Chi, MENG Tao. Integration method of multi-chord ultrasonic flowmeter and its accuracy analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2010(6): 6.
[51]
苗起森, 胡鹤鸣, 毛劲乔, 等. 超声测流在渐缩流道中的应用及其准确度分析[J]. 水力发电学报, 2020, 39(5): 81-89.
MIAO Qisen, HU Heming, MAO Jinqiao, et al. Application of ultrasonic measurement of water flows in converging intakes and accuracy analysis[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2020, 39(5): 81-89.
[52]
胡鹤鸣, 孟涛, 王池. 扰流流场对超声流量计积分误差的影响分析[J]. 计量学报, 2011, 32(3): 198-202.
HU Heming, MENG Tao, WANG Chi. Theoretical analysis of integration error of ultrasonic flowmeter in the disturbed flow condition[J]. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2011, 32(3): 198-202.
[53]
唐晓宇, 张宏建, 谢翔, 等. 多声道超声波气体流量计声平面安装角度对测量影响的模型仿真和实验研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 48(7): 1923-1929.
TANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Hongjian, XIE Xiang, et al. Model simulation and experimental research of acoustic-plane installation angle of multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2017, 48(7): 1923-1929.
[54]
方昱雯, 张亮, 赵不贿, 等. 6种典型流场中超声流量计校准系数随企业污染源烟气排放量变化研究[J]. 计量学报, 2022, 43(6): 754-760.
FANG Yuwen, ZHANG Liang, ZHAO Buhui, et al. Research on change of calibration coefficient of ultrasonic flowmeter with the amount of enterprise pollution source flue gas in six typical flow fields[J]. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 754-760.
[55]
李海洋, 张亮, 刘幸, 等. 固定排放源烟气流量在线监测技术[J]. 上海计量测试, 2018, 45(5): 6-11.
LI Haiyang, ZHANG Liang, LIU Xing, et al. Research on on-line monitoring technology of flue gas flow in fixed emission source[J]. Shanghai Measurement and Testing, 2018, 45(5): 6-11.
[56]
BROWN G J, BARTON N A, MOORE P I. Installation effects on ultrasonic flowmeters[C]//Proceedings of the North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop. 1999.
[57]
BROWN-CAMERON J, JNR-CAMERON W R F. Qualification Testing of an 8-path Ultrasonic Gas Meter[C]//32nd international North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop. 2014: 321-344.
[58]
ZHENG H, GUO T. Relative accuracy test audit evaluation for flue gas continuous emission monitoring systems in power plant[C]//2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application. IEEE, 2008, 1: 939-943.
[59]
NORFLEET S K, MUZIO L J, MARTZ T D. An examination of bias in method 2 measurements under controlled non-axial flow conditions[R]. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA (United States), 1997: 1.
[60]
Standard test method for volumetric and mass flow rate measurement in a duct using tracer gas dilution: ASTM E2029—2011 R2019[S]. 2011: 1.
[61]
NEDERHOFF E M, VAN DE VOOREN J, TEN CATE A J U. A practical tracer gas method to determine ventilation in greenhouses[J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1985, 31(4): 309-319.
[62]
SANDBERG M, BLOMQVIST C. A quantitative estimate of the accuracy of tracer gas methods for the determination of the ventilation flow rate in buildings[J]. Building and Environment, 1985, 20(3): 139-150.
[63]
LAUSSMANN D, HELM D. Air change measurements using tracer gases: methods and results. significance of air change for indoor air quality[M]. InTech Open, 2011: 1.
[64]
ALMEIDA R M S F, BARREIRA E, MOREIRA P. A discussion regarding the measurement of ventilation rates using tracer gas and decay technique[J]. Infrastructures, 2020, 5(10): 85.
[65]
IX-ISO. 管道中气体流量的测量示踪法第1部分: 总则: ISO 4053-1—1977[S]. 1977: 1.
IX-ISO. Measurement of gas flow in conduits: Tracer methods: Part 1: General: ISO 4053-1-1977[S]. 1977: 1.
[66]
蔡武昌. 从MICONEX2001看流量仪表的发展动向[J]. 世界仪表与自动化, 2001(12): 30-31.
CAI Wuchang. Development trends of flow meters from MICONEX2001 perspective[J]. World Instrumentation and Automation, 2001(12): 30-31.
[67]
BUTLER P W, RUSSELLVILLE A R, FLEMING K M. A comparison of tchebycheff, equal area and tracer gas air flow rate measurements[C]//Proceedings of the 29th NRC/DOE Nuclear Air Cleaning Conference, Cincinnati, July, 2006: 154-175.
[68]
ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, ZHENG M G. Calibration for gas flowmeter with tracer gas dilution method[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, 204: 2154-2157.
[69]
BRYANT R A. The NIST 20 MW calorimetry measurement system–exhaust flow calibration using tracer gas dilution[EB/OL]. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2220.
[70]
BRYANT R A. Uncertainty estimates of tracer gas dilution flow measurements in large-scale exhaust ducts[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2018, 61: 1-8.
[71]
GRIEVE P W. Measuring ventilation using tracer gases[M]. Bruel & Kjaer, 1989: 1.
[72]
SILVA A R, AFONSO C F. Tracer gas dispersion in ducts: study of a new compact device using arrays of sonic micro jets[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36(11): 1131-1138.
[73]
ZHENG M G, ZENG X Y, CHI Z H, et al. Numerical simulations of the mixing uniformity of tracer gas and air in 90 degree elbow duct[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2012, 347: 3207-3210.
[74]
李相方, 车仕华, 唐德钊, 等. 示踪法井漏位置测定技术[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2001, 29(3): 11-12.
LI Xiangfang, CHE Shihua, TANG Dezhao, et al. Locating the lost circulation position using tracing method[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2001, 29(3): 11-12.
[75]
ETHERIDGE D W, STANWAY R J. Application of the constant concentration technique for ventilation measurement in large buildings[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1985, 6(3): 129-133.
[76]
TANG J S. Interwell tracer tests to determine residual oil saturation to waterflood at judy creek Bhl’a’pool[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 1992, 31(8): 34-42.
[77]
郑明广. 示踪法测量大口径管道气体流量的研究[D]. 杭州: 中国计量学院, 2012: 1.
ZHENG Mingguang. Research on the gas flow measurement in large diameter pipeline with tracer gas technique[D]. Hangzhou: China Jiliang University, 2012: 1.
[78]
DIMOPOULOS C, ROBINSON R A, COLEMAN M D. Mass emissions and carbon trading: a critical review of available reference methods for industrial stack flow measurement[J]. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 2017, 22: 161-165.
2024年第53卷第4期
PDF下载
120
55
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B20119)
国家自然科学基金项目(U22B20119)
Outstanding Youth Project of Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2021B1515020071)
广东省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021B1515020071)
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization(2013A061401005)
广东省能源高效清洁利用重点实验室(2013A061401005)
Science and Technology Innovation Project of Foshan City(1920001000052)
佛山市科技创新项目(1920001000052)
作者信息
    1.华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510641
    2.佛山华谱测智能科技有限公司,广东 佛山 528313

通讯作者:

卢志民(1979),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效低污染利用,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202312176
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏