Article(id=1236693165143544523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780227218, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780227218, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780227218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780227218, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693158340383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780225595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780311062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693166930318104, articleId=1236693165143544523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Influence of flow and heat dissipation behavior of air-cooling island under ambient wind on thermal economy of power unit, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air-cooling island platform in power station contains arrays of air-cooling cells with two direct air-cooling power units, and the flow and heat dissipation behaviors of air-cooling cells in each direction interacting with each other will have a direct and dissimilar effect on thermal economy of operation of the two units. Therefore, the thermodynamic model of direct air-cooling unit and the three-dimensional flow and heat dissipation numerical model of air-cooling island are coupled to study the correlation between the flow and heat dissipation behavior of each air-cooling cell, the cooling performances of the air-cooling cell groups, and the operating thermal economy of the two units in different ambient wind directions and wind speeds. The results show that, in any wind direction, the flow and heat dissipation behavior of the air-cooling cells on the windward side are poor and deteriorate rapidly, while the downstream air-cooling cells perform well and are less affected by the ambient wind. The phenomenon of hot wind reflux tends to occur on both sides and the windward side of the air-cooling cells. The cooling capacities of the two air-cooling cell groups in wind direction of -90° are equal and the worst, while the cooling performances of the two air-cooling cell groups in wind direction of 0° are one high and one low, and the downstream one is better than the upstream one. With the increase of wind speed in –90° wind direction from 0 m/s to 12 m/s, at 100% THA load, the power generation efficiency of the two units decreases by 2.46% and the weighted coal consumption increases by 15.91 g/(kW·h), while at 30% THA load, the efficiency decreases by 1.24% and the weighted coal consumption increases by 8.65 g/(kW·h). The overall operating economies of the two units in wind direction of 0° and 90° are similar, and the sensitivity of the thermal economic parameters of the two units to the change of the wind speed at the low load is also relatively small.

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电站空冷岛平台上往往包含有2台直接空冷发电机组的空冷单元阵列,各方位空冷单元相互作用下的通流散热行为会对2个机组运行的热经济性产生直接且异样的影响。为此,通过耦合直接空冷机组热力学模型和空冷岛三维通流散热数值模型,分析研究了不同环境风向风速下各空冷单元通流散热行为、空冷单元组群冷却性能及2个机组运行热经济性的关联关系。研究发现:任一风向下,迎风面空冷单元通流散热特性较差且迅速恶化,而下游空冷单元性能好且受环境风影响小;热风回流现象容易出现在两侧和迎风面空冷单元;炉后风下两机空冷单元冷却能力相等且均是最差,而在炉侧风下两机空冷单元冷却性能一高一低,下游的要好于上游;当炉后风风速由0 m/s增大到12 m/s,在100%THA负荷下两机发电效率下降2.46%,加权煤耗增大15.91 g/(kW·h),而在30%THA负荷下,两机发电效率下降1.24%,加权煤耗增大8.65 g/(kW·h);炉侧风和炉前风下两机整体运行经济性相近,且低负荷下两机运行的热经济性参数对风速变化的敏感度也相对较小。

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司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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谢家琪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电站直接空冷机组,

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谢家琪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电站直接空冷机组,

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谢家琪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电站直接空冷机组,

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Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 935-941., articleTitle=Study on variable working condition characteristics of 600 MW direct air cooling condenser, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236693178938609976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, awardId=52206007; 51976031, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007; 51976031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693179043467585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, awardId=52206007; 51976031, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693179110576455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, awardId=2022YFB4100700, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4100700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693179177685326, 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figureFileSmall=lNheV+/vX5JQj8h/3EMSEQ==, figureFileBig=qFYsVR5YuGj7Q3zEsv/JRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693176963092750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main thermal parameters of direct air-cooling unit at THA condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
额定功率/MW660主蒸汽压力/MPa23.07
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 996再热蒸汽温度/℃566.0
主蒸汽温度/℃566.0再热蒸汽压力/MPa5.12
额定背压/kPa10.00给水温度/℃292.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236693177072144661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

THA工况下直接空冷机组主要热力参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
额定功率/MW660主蒸汽压力/MPa23.07
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 996再热蒸汽温度/℃566.0
主蒸汽温度/℃566.0再热蒸汽压力/MPa5.12
额定背压/kPa10.00给水温度/℃292.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236693177177002269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Verification results on thermodynamic model of the direct air-cooling unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况设计热耗率/ (kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗率/ (kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
100%THA7 759.07 752.50.08
75%THA7 900.07 874.80.32
50%THA8 186.08 137.20.59
40%THA8 409.08 345.50.76
), ArticleFig(id=1236693177256694053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

直接空冷机组热力学模型验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况设计热耗率/ (kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗率/ (kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
100%THA7 759.07 752.50.08
75%THA7 900.07 874.80.32
50%THA8 186.08 137.20.59
40%THA8 409.08 345.50.76
), ArticleFig(id=1236693177336385832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Verification results on the coupling model of the direct air-cooling unit and air-cooling island

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风向风速/(m·s–1)环境温度/℃实际热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
工况1近炉前风(约90°)2.119.87 985.97 825.12.01
工况2近炉后风(约–90°)3.825.77 999.68 071.7–0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1236693178787615024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693165143544523, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

直接空冷机组与空冷岛耦合模型验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风向风速/(m·s–1)环境温度/℃实际热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
工况1近炉前风(约90°)2.119.87 985.97 825.12.01
工况2近炉后风(约–90°)3.825.77 999.68 071.7–0.90
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环境风下空冷岛通流散热行为对发电机组热经济性的影响
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谢家琪 1 , 马欢 1 , 仝波 2 , 陶丁 2 , 司风琪 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(1): 108-119
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(1): 108-119
环境风下空冷岛通流散热行为对发电机组热经济性的影响
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谢家琪1 , 马欢1, 仝波2, 陶丁2, 司风琪1
作者信息
  • 1.东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
  • 2.苏晋朔州煤矸石发电有限公司,山西 朔州 038500
  • 谢家琪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电站直接空冷机组,

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
Influence of flow and heat dissipation behavior of air-cooling island under ambient wind on thermal economy of power unit
Jiaqi XIE1 , Huan MA1, Bo TONG2, Ding TAO2, Fengqi SI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  • 2.Sujin Shuozhou Coal Gangue Power Generation Co., Ltd., Shuozhou 038500, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404139
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电站空冷岛平台上往往包含有2台直接空冷发电机组的空冷单元阵列,各方位空冷单元相互作用下的通流散热行为会对2个机组运行的热经济性产生直接且异样的影响。为此,通过耦合直接空冷机组热力学模型和空冷岛三维通流散热数值模型,分析研究了不同环境风向风速下各空冷单元通流散热行为、空冷单元组群冷却性能及2个机组运行热经济性的关联关系。研究发现:任一风向下,迎风面空冷单元通流散热特性较差且迅速恶化,而下游空冷单元性能好且受环境风影响小;热风回流现象容易出现在两侧和迎风面空冷单元;炉后风下两机空冷单元冷却能力相等且均是最差,而在炉侧风下两机空冷单元冷却性能一高一低,下游的要好于上游;当炉后风风速由0 m/s增大到12 m/s,在100%THA负荷下两机发电效率下降2.46%,加权煤耗增大15.91 g/(kW·h),而在30%THA负荷下,两机发电效率下降1.24%,加权煤耗增大8.65 g/(kW·h);炉侧风和炉前风下两机整体运行经济性相近,且低负荷下两机运行的热经济性参数对风速变化的敏感度也相对较小。

直接空冷机组  /  空冷岛  /  通流散热行为  /  数值模拟  /  热经济性

Air-cooling island platform in power station contains arrays of air-cooling cells with two direct air-cooling power units, and the flow and heat dissipation behaviors of air-cooling cells in each direction interacting with each other will have a direct and dissimilar effect on thermal economy of operation of the two units. Therefore, the thermodynamic model of direct air-cooling unit and the three-dimensional flow and heat dissipation numerical model of air-cooling island are coupled to study the correlation between the flow and heat dissipation behavior of each air-cooling cell, the cooling performances of the air-cooling cell groups, and the operating thermal economy of the two units in different ambient wind directions and wind speeds. The results show that, in any wind direction, the flow and heat dissipation behavior of the air-cooling cells on the windward side are poor and deteriorate rapidly, while the downstream air-cooling cells perform well and are less affected by the ambient wind. The phenomenon of hot wind reflux tends to occur on both sides and the windward side of the air-cooling cells. The cooling capacities of the two air-cooling cell groups in wind direction of -90° are equal and the worst, while the cooling performances of the two air-cooling cell groups in wind direction of 0° are one high and one low, and the downstream one is better than the upstream one. With the increase of wind speed in –90° wind direction from 0 m/s to 12 m/s, at 100% THA load, the power generation efficiency of the two units decreases by 2.46% and the weighted coal consumption increases by 15.91 g/(kW·h), while at 30% THA load, the efficiency decreases by 1.24% and the weighted coal consumption increases by 8.65 g/(kW·h). The overall operating economies of the two units in wind direction of 0° and 90° are similar, and the sensitivity of the thermal economic parameters of the two units to the change of the wind speed at the low load is also relatively small.

direct air-cooling unit  /  air-cooling island  /  flow and heat dissipation behavior  /  numerical simulation  /  thermal economy
谢家琪, 马欢, 仝波, 陶丁, 司风琪. 环境风下空冷岛通流散热行为对发电机组热经济性的影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404139
Jiaqi XIE, Huan MA, Bo TONG, Ding TAO, Fengqi SI. Influence of flow and heat dissipation behavior of air-cooling island under ambient wind on thermal economy of power unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404139
中国“三北”地区存在富煤贫水的问题[1],火力发电机组多为采用空冷技术的燃煤发电机组。目前,火电机组频繁深度调峰[2]以及“三北”地区环境风变化大,均造成直接空冷机组冷端参数大范围波动,机组面临夏季出力不足[3]和冬季防冻[4-5]等实际运行问题,因此亟待对直接空冷机组尤其其冷端进行深入研究。
直接空冷机组空冷凝汽器所在平台被称为空冷岛,由多个空冷单元组成。每个空冷单元由2组翅片管束和1台轴流风机组成[6]。水海波等[7]通过对单一空冷单元建模,发现其内部回流会导致流动阻力增加及换热效能下降。王淼等[8]对单列空冷单元进行三维流场模拟,发现单列空冷单元总通流量随风速增大而下降,但对空冷岛整体的流场没有较全的认知,因此逐步发展了空冷岛三维建模手段。
空冷单元通流散热行为受到环境温度、风速和风向[9-11]等环境因素以及集群效应[12-13]的影响。杨立军等[14]研究了不同环境风向下的空冷岛热风回流现象,发现热风回流率随着风速增大而提高。梁涛等[15]研究发现任一炉侧风风速下,迎风侧的第一个空冷单元风机性能最差。罗智凌等[16]研究了空冷单元通流量与位置、风速的关系,研究表明受集群效应影响,边缘风机进风量相对内部风机的低,迎风侧风机通流量随着风速增大而下降,背风侧的则刚好相反。
空冷单元的通流散热能力决定了直接空冷机组的背压,而机组背压又会影响机组发电的热经济性[17-18]。张学镭等[19]研究发现直接空冷机组排汽压力随着风速的增加而升高。李健等[20]采用灰色差分微增量关联度方法,分析空冷岛风机群转速调节对机组背压影响的关联程度。梁伟平等[21]根据机组运行历史数据拟合出机组发电量、空冷风机功率与背压的关系曲线,求取最佳经济背压。
目前对于直接空冷机组运行热经济性与不同空冷单元通流散热行为之间的耦合关系还缺乏深入研究,考虑相邻两机组空冷岛的研究更加稀少,核心是缺乏有效手段构建机组运行与空冷岛运行的桥梁。在此背景下,本文对某2台660 MW直接空冷机组空冷岛进行三维数值建模,分析空冷岛在环境风影响下复杂的通流散热行为,得到各空冷单元及组群的冷却性能指标。其次,根据汽水流程搭建直接空冷机组热力学模型,并与空冷岛通流散热模型耦合,挖掘空冷单元通流散热-空冷组群冷却性能-发电机组热经济性之间的耦合关系及其在环境风变工况影响下的演变规律。
本文以某电厂2台超临界660 MW直接空冷机组为研究对象。汽轮机通流部分由高、中、低压3部分组成。2台机组的回热系统均由3个高压加热器、3个低压加热器以及1个除氧器组成,其在THA工况下的主要热力参数见表1
采用热力学建模的方法,参照汽水流程,利用EBSILON软件中热力循环模块建立直接空冷机组热力学模型,具体如图1所示,该模型包含锅炉、汽轮机、回热系统及空冷凝汽器等主要设备。
锅炉模型仅考虑主蒸汽和再热蒸汽的热质守恒,给定主蒸汽的温度和压力与再热蒸汽的温度,计算得到锅炉的换热量。汽轮机压力级的变工况运算主要依据弗留格尔公式。回热系统主要为表面式加热器。基于质量守恒和能量守恒对锅炉、汽轮机和回热系统进行建模[22]
空冷凝汽器饱和压力与饱和温度存在一一对应关系,如式(1)所示:
pn=0.00981×(tn+10057.66)7.46
式中:pn为凝汽器冷凝压力,kPa;tn为凝汽器乏汽冷凝温度,℃。
乏汽在空冷凝汽器中凝结时进行放热,放热量由式(2)计算:
Qc=1000Dc(hchc')
式中:Qc为乏汽的散热量,kJ/h;Dc为进入凝汽器的乏汽量,t/h;hc为乏汽的比焓,kJ/kg;hc为凝结水的比焓,kJ/kg。
每台直接空冷机组的冷端均包含了8排8列的空冷散热单元,根据实际结构与尺寸建立几何模型。仅考虑空冷岛、锅炉房和汽轮机房等主要建筑物,合理简化后的空冷岛几何模型如图2所示,方形计算域尺寸为2 100 m×2 800 m×500 m(x×y×z)。各主要建筑物结构呈几何对称,因此给出3种风向,并对各风向空冷岛通流散热行为进行研究。1号机组空冷单元为1—8列,2号机组空冷单元为9—16列。
在热质输运过程中,空冷单元周围空气视为不可压缩理想气体。采用计算效率高且精度合理的标准k-ε湍流模型来进行模拟。在数值模拟过程中采用控制方程,其方程式如式(3)所示:
(ρvφΓφφ)=Sφ+Sφ'
式中:ρ为空气密度,kg/m3v为速度矢量;φ为标量;Γφ为扩散系数;Sφ为内部源项;Sφ′为自定义项。
忽略翅片管束内部几何结构,采用多孔介质模型和热量体积源项法对空冷单元翅片管束的通流散热进行模拟[23],空气流经翅片管束的压损由式(4)计算:
ΔpL=12kLρvf2
式中:∆pL为流动压降,Pa;vf为空气通过翅片管束的法向速度,m/s;kL为无量纲损失系数。
因空冷单元传热热阻集中在空气侧,根据式(5)计算空气流经翅片管束时的传热量:
Qa=Ahd(TsTa)
式中:Qa为翅片管束的换热量,W;A为翅片管束面积,m2hd为翅片管束对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Ts为空冷凝汽器乏汽冷凝温度,K;Ta为翅片管束进口空气温度,K;空冷单元翅片管束的性能参数kLhd可由实验测得[24]
基于集总参数思想,将空冷风机简化为一个无限薄面,用Fan模型表征,并输入压升和迎风风速的函数关系,如式(6)所示:
Δpf=n=1N3anvf1n1
式中:∆pf为风机压升,Pa;vf1为流体经风扇法相速度,m/s;N3=4;an为多项式系数[25]a1=205.34,a2=-6.85,a3=-0.28,a4=-0.07。
风机切向速度uθ采用式(7)计算:
uθ=15.1r1+25.7611.791r+4.32r20.354r3
对于单台机组,初设乏汽冷凝温度,通过直接空冷机组热力学计算模型得到机组冷端散热量Qc,通过空冷岛数值计算模型计算单机空冷岛各空冷单元翅片管束换热量Qa相加得到总散热量Qacc,两散热量进行对比,并不断更新乏汽冷凝温度和迭代计算,最终使机组和空冷岛模型计算得到的散热量在合理误差范围内。
为了验证模型的准确性,分别对直接空冷机组热力学计算模型和空冷岛通流散热三维数值模型进行验证。使用直接空冷机组设计工况参数对机组进行仿真,结果见表2,模拟得到了机组热耗率与设计值的相对误差均小于1%,说明机组热力学仿真模型准确性较高。
空冷岛通流散热模型使用空冷岛设计工况参数验证,设计环境风速为4 m/s,此时单机空冷岛散热量为858.58 MW,模型计算结果为854.80 MW,相差0.44%。同时,模拟得到炉侧风不同风速条件下的两机组空冷岛散热量并进行无量纲化,模拟结果与文献[26]结果趋势一致,具体如图3所示,由图3可见,空冷岛模型准确性较高。
将空冷岛与直接空冷机组进行耦合仿真计算,并与机组实际运行数据进行对比,结果见表3。由表3可见,模拟得到的单机组热耗率与实际热耗率的相对误差均小于3%,说明耦合直接空冷机组和空冷岛的仿真模型准确性较高。
随着环境温度提高,机组整体发电效率会相应降低,在较高环境温度下,机组背压受到环境风速影响变化范围也较大[27-28]。因此本文选取高环境温度(32 ℃)开展研究,在THA工况下,研究炉后风、炉侧风和炉前风以及不同风速下的空冷岛通流散热行为和直接空冷机组运行特性。以100%THA负荷条件及无风、典型4 m/s环境风工况为例具体阐述空冷岛通流散热行为。
图4为无风条件下空冷岛通流散热行为。无风条件下,空冷岛最外圈的空冷单元由于受到集群效应的影响,通流量和散热量较其他单元低,具体如图4a)和图4b)所示,其中离锅炉房、汽轮机房最远的第1排空冷单元通流量和散热量最低,分别平均为525.5 m3/s和10.5 MW,第8排空冷单元由于受到锅炉房和汽轮机房的庇护,通流量和散热量较第1排空冷单元的有所提升,平均升至669.3 m3/s和13.1 MW。由于受到空冷风机旋转方向的影响,第1列空冷单元的通流量和散热量比第16列的分别高10.0%和8.8%,其中第1列平均通流量和散热量分别为649.9 m3/s和12.7 MW,第16列平均通流量和散热量分别为590.6 m3/s和11.7 MW。随着空冷单元方位由外圈向内圈靠近,空冷单元的通流量和散热量也随之增加,除去最外2圈外的其他空冷单元通流量和散热器较高,分别平均为712.5 m3/s和13.8 MW。
无风环境下各个空冷单元风机进口温度都在环境温度32 ℃左右,即无热风回流现象发生(图4c))。最外圈(尤其第1排和第16列)的空冷单元由于集群效应的影响,翅片管束迎面风速较低且分布不均较严重(图4d))。并且由于通流性不佳的影响,该处翅片管散发的热量不易被带走,造成翅片管处风温较高,受到风机旋转方向的影响,第1排和第16列的空冷单元翅片管迎面风速最低,换热后风温也最高(图4e))。从图4f)可以看出,空气经过空冷单元翅片换热后,径直且收缩向上流动,无环境风的影响,也没有热风回流现象。
图5为炉后风速4 m/s时空冷岛通流散热行为。在炉后风及风速4 m/s条件下,空冷岛迎风侧和两侧的空冷单元通流量和散热量较低,具体如图5a)和图5b)所示。其中,第8排空冷单元由于受到锅炉房、汽轮机房的直接阻挡,通流量和散热量最低,相较于无风条件下第8排空冷单元,其通流量和散热量分别下降62.9%和53.0%。空冷岛两侧第1列空冷单元通流量和散热量比无风条件分别下降了31.1%和28.1%。第16列空冷单元通流量和散热量比无风条件分别下降了26.3%和26.4%。沿着风向,空冷单元的通风量和散热量逐步提升,尤其是最下游第1排空冷单元通流量和散热量最高,与无风条件下相比,分别增加了27.3%和41.7%。
炉后风速4 m/s工况下,第8排中间列的空冷单元和下游外圈2个角上的多个空冷单元有严重的热风回流现象,风机进口温度最高在50 ℃左右(图5c))。第8排和第1列、第16列的空冷单元由于受到环境风和集群效应的影响,翅片管束迎面风速较低(图5d))。一方面通流性不佳导致该处翅片管风温较高,另一方面热风回流的影响导致下游外圈2个角上多个空冷单元处进风温度较高,从而引起换热后风温较高(图5e))。
图5f)中可以看到,空气经过空冷单元翅片管换热后,受到炉后风的影响,向-90°方向倾斜向上流动,同时在空冷岛迎风侧以及下游两侧都见热风回流现象。
图6为炉侧风速4 m/s下空冷岛通流散热行为。在炉侧风条件下,空冷岛迎风第16列和两侧第1排和第8排空冷单元通流量和散热量较低,具体如图6a)和图6b)所示。其中,第16列空冷单元通流量和散热量最低,相比其在无风条件下的分别下降了42.9%和31.9%。炉侧风条件下,两机组空冷单元通流与换热呈现明显差异,背风的机组1空冷单元通流量较高,而机组2空冷单元迎风的几列受侧风影响严重,通流和换热能力较弱。机组1空冷单元通流强且均匀,因此散热量也较高且均匀。相比而言,机组2空冷单元通流差、换热差,而且不均匀。由于两机组负荷相同,冷端总散热量也相近,而机组2外圈空冷单元散热量低,因此内圈空冷单元的散热量高,代价是机组2空冷单元内乏汽冷凝温度升高。
炉侧风速4 m/s工况下,第1排和第8排中间的空冷单元产生明显的热风回流现象,尤其是靠近锅炉、汽轮机房的第8排中间列风机进口温度最高可达40 ℃左右,具体如图6c)所示,而空冷岛迎风的第16列空冷单元风速较低,具体如图6d)所示。由于机组乏汽冷凝温度高,相对翅片管处风温普遍较高,具体如图6e)所示。从图6f)中可以看到,空气经过空冷单元翅片换热后,随炉侧风向上倾斜流动,在空冷岛两侧有明显的热风回流现象,且机组2上方的空气温度明显较高。
图7为炉前风速4 m/s下空冷岛通流散热行为。在炉前风4 m/s风速条件下,空冷岛迎风的前几排空冷单元通流量和散热量较低,如图7a)和图7b)所示。其中第1排空冷单元通流量和散热量最低,相较于无风条件下的通流量和散热量,分别下降了58.6%和48.3%。沿炉前风向下游,空冷单元的通流量和散热量逐步提升,尤其是靠近锅炉汽轮机房的第8排空冷单元,相比无风条件下的通流量和散热量分别提升了11.2%和20.2%。此外,外圈两侧的第1列和第16列空冷单元较其他列的性能稍弱。
炉前风4 m/s风速工况下,第1列和第16列下游几个空冷单元产生微弱的热风回流现象(图7c)、图7f))。迎风的第1排空冷单元进气速度较小,造成翅片管处风温较高(图7d)、图7e))。
图8图9分别给出了100%THA和30%THA工况下不同风向风速影响下两机组空冷单元总通流量、总散热量和乏汽冷凝温度。
图8图9可见,除炉侧风外的其余两风向下,两机组空冷单元总通流量、总散热量和乏汽冷凝温度均相差不大。在无风条件及100%THA负荷工况下,机组1空冷单元总通流量43 032.9 m3/s,总散热量838.3 MW,乏汽冷凝温度58.77 ℃。机组2空冷单元的总通流量为42 799.6 m3/s,总散热量为837.7 MW,乏汽冷凝温度为58.87 ℃。当负荷降至30%THA时,机组1空冷单元的总通流量为41 355.6 m3/s,总散热量为280.9 MW,乏汽冷凝温度为41.09 ℃。机组2空冷单元的总通流量为41 194.3 m3/s,总散热量为280.9 MW,乏汽冷凝温度为41.14 ℃。
炉后风来流在锅炉房和汽轮机房后方形成尾流会削弱空冷单元进气,使得机组1、机组2空冷单元总通流量减小并在炉后风速8 m/s时降至最小,在100%THA负荷与30%THA负荷下相较无风条件均降低19%左右。随着风速继续增加,尾涡区逐渐扩大并覆盖到更多的空冷单元,导致机组1、机组2空冷单元的总通流量又随着风速的增加而增大。在12 m/s炉后风条件下,由于热风回流严重影响,多个空冷单元进口温度偏高、换热变差,因此中和了通流量增大的有利影响,导致机组1、机组2空冷单元乏汽冷凝温度升高,相较于无风条件,在100%THA负荷下乏汽冷凝温度分别升高20.12 ℃和20.01 ℃,在30%THA负荷下,温度分别升高8.15 ℃和8.58 ℃。
在炉侧风条件下,2台机组空冷单元总通流量、总散热量均相差较大,背风机组1空冷单元通流能力强于迎风机组2空冷单元,导致机组1乏汽冷凝温度显著低于机组2。在低速炉侧风条件下,机组1空冷单元的通流能力还有所提升,随着风速继续增加,机组1空冷单元通流量转为逐渐下降、乏汽冷凝温度转为逐渐升高。在炉侧风影响下,机组2空冷单元通流能力急剧下降、乏汽冷凝温度急剧升高,当风速增大至12 m/s,2种负荷工况下机组2空冷单元通流量均下降近33.9%。在30%THA负荷下,机组1空冷单元的通流能力与其在100%THA负荷下的相似,随着风速的增加先上升后下降,但空冷单元总散热量随着风速的增加逐渐上升。此外,在炉侧风影响下,机组1空冷单元较机组2空冷单元的性能优势也随着风速增大而显著扩大,导致两机组乏汽冷凝温度之差也随风速增大而显著提升。当环境风速4 m/s时,在100%THA负荷下,两机乏汽冷凝温度相差4.99 ℃,而在30%THA负荷下,两者相差0.78 ℃;当环境风速12 m/s时,100%THA负荷下该差距增大至10.19 ℃,而在30%THA负荷下该差距仅增大至2.48 ℃。因此,在炉侧风条件下,两机组低负荷运行时空冷单元的性能差距明显要小于两机组在高负荷运行时的。
在炉前风条件下,随着风速的增加,机组1、机组2空冷单元的总通流量逐渐下降,总散热量和乏汽冷凝温度逐渐上升,受环境风速的影响相对于炉后风下的明显减小,即性能指标的变化幅度相对较小。当炉前风风速由0 m/s增大到12 m/s时,2种负荷工况下机组1、机组2空冷单元总通流量均分别下降近26.8%和25.5%,在100%THA负荷下,两机组乏汽冷凝温度分别上升了10.49 ℃和9.87 ℃,而在30%THA负荷下,两机组乏汽冷凝温度分别上升了3.21 ℃和3.02 ℃。
总体而言,在炉后风条件下,两机组空冷单元冷却能力相等且均最差;在炉侧风条件下,迎风机组2空冷单元冷却性能明显弱于下游机组1空冷单元冷却性能,且两者的差距随着风速增大而扩大。此外,炉侧风条件下机组1空冷单元冷却能力要好于炉前风条件下机组1或机组2空冷单元的冷却能力。因强制通风机制,低负荷30%THA工况下每台机组空冷单元总通流量相比高负荷100%THA工况下的降幅较小,但低负荷下机组总散热量以及乏气冷凝温度均明显低于高负荷下,且随风速增大的变化幅度也相对较小。
通过将空冷岛通流散热模型和直接空冷机组热力学模型耦合,模拟计算得到各风向风速影响下2台机组热经济性,其中不同负荷下机组发电效率、煤耗以及加权煤耗如图10图11所示。
图10图11可见:在100%THA负荷及无风条件下,机组1发电效率44.86%,煤耗274.14 g/(kW·h);机组2的发电效率为44.85%,煤耗为274.22 g/(kW·h),加权煤耗为274.18 g/(kW·h)。在30%THA负荷以及无风条件下,机组1的发电效率为42.67%,煤耗为288.23 g/(kW·h);机组2的发电效率为42.66%,煤耗为288.29 g/(kW·h),加权煤耗为288.26 g/(kW·h)。
在炉后风、炉侧风和炉前风3种典型风向中,炉后风对机组影响最大。在100%THA负荷下,当炉后风风速由0 m/s增大至12 m/s,机组1和机组2发电效率分别下降了2.47%和2.45%,煤耗分别提升了15.95 g/(kW·h)和15.86 g/(kW·h);在30%THA负荷下,机组1和机组2的发电效率分别下降了1.21%和1.27%,煤耗分别提升了8.43 g/(kW·h)和8.88 g/(kW·h),对于任一指定风速,炉后风下机组1、机组2的发电效率均是最低、煤耗均是最高。在炉侧风风向下,机组2空冷单元位于迎风侧,因此随着环境风速的增加,机组2发电效率急剧下降,煤耗急剧上升,并且炉侧风下机组2接近炉后风下的机组性能。机组1在炉侧风下位于背风侧,空冷单元通流散热性能较好,机组1发电效率相比于机组2的高,随着炉侧风风速增加到12 m/s,在100%THA负荷下,机组1发电效率比机组2的高1.25%,煤耗低8.20 g/(kW·h),但在30%THA负荷下,机组1发电效率比机组2的仅高0.37%,煤耗低2.57 g/(kW·h)。在炉前风风向下,机组1、机组2发电效率随风速增加相对缓慢下降。当炉前风速由0 m/s增大至12 m/s,100%THA负荷下机组1、机组2发电效率分别下降至43.58%和43.65%,煤耗分别增大至282.19 g/(kW·h)和281.78 g/(kW·h)。在30%THA负荷下,2台机组发电效率和煤耗随风速变化趋势与100%THA负荷下的相似,发电效率分别下降至42.19%和42.21%,煤耗分别增大至291.50 g/(kW·h)和291.35 g/(kW·h)。
由于炉后风风向是最不利风向,对于任一风速,炉后风影响下2台机组加权煤耗始终大于其他2个风向,且随着风速增加,机组加权煤耗急剧上升。当炉后风风速增大至12 m/s,在100%THA负荷下,机组加权煤耗升高至290.09 g/(kW·h),相比无风条件增加了15.91 g/(kW·h);在30%THA负荷下,机组加权煤耗升高至296.91 g/(kW·h),相比无风条件增加了8.65 g/(kW·h),增幅小于100%THA负荷下的。炉侧风和炉前风影响下的机组加权煤耗随着风速的增加而缓慢上升,在100%THA负荷下,当风速低于8 m/s时;炉侧风影响下的机组加权煤耗小于炉前风影响下的,当风速高于8 m/s时则情况相反。在炉侧风12 m/s风速下,机组加权煤耗为283.63 g/(kW·h),相比无风条件增加9.45 g/(kW·h)。炉前风速12 m/s时机组加权煤耗281.98 g/(kW·h),相比无风条件增加了7.80 g/(kW·h)。而在30%THA负荷下,炉侧风条件下的机组加权煤耗始终略大于炉前风条件下的,且两者均随风速增大而缓慢上升。低负荷30%THA工况与高负荷100%THA工况相比,机组发电效率、煤耗以及加权煤耗随风速变化趋势相近,但是低负荷下的机组热经济性参数变化幅度较小。
针对某电厂2台660 MW直接空冷机组,通过耦合建模手段,研究了典型风向风速下空冷岛通流散热行为和两机组运行热经济性,主要结论如下。
1)在集群效应的影响下,无风条件下最外围空冷单元通流量和散热量相对较低。任一风向下,迎风面空冷单元受环境风压制和集群效应影响通流量较低,导致翅片管处风温较高并形成高温区域。热风回流现象容易发生在两侧面空冷单元和迎风面空冷单元。位于下游背风面的空冷单元通流散热行为普遍较好,且受环境风影响较小。
2)在炉后风条件下,两机组空冷单元冷却能力相等且均最差;在炉侧风条件下,迎风的机组2空冷单元冷却性能明显弱于下游机组1空冷单元的冷却性能,且两者间的差距随着风速增大而扩大。此外,炉侧风条件下机组1空冷单元冷却能力还要好于炉前风条件下机组1或机组2空冷单元的冷却能力。随炉后风速由0 m/s增大到12 m/s,100%THA负荷下两机组发电效率下降2.46%,而炉前风下降1.24%,侧风下,机组1下降0.87%,机组2下降2.11%;当30%THA负荷时炉后风下两机组发电效率降幅为1.24%,而炉前风下降幅为0.46%,侧风下,机组1下降0.40%,机组2下降0.76%。
3)炉后风风向是最不利风向,对于任一风速,炉后风影响下的2台机组加权煤耗始终大于其他2个风向下的,且随着风速增加,机组加权煤耗急剧上升,当炉后风风速增大至12 m/s,100%THA和30%THA负荷下加权煤耗分别增大15.91 g/(kW·h)和8.65 g/(kW·h)。炉侧风和炉前风下两机组整体运行经济性相近,且低负荷下的机组热经济性参数对风速变化的敏感度也相对较小。
4)因研究所限未能开展其他机组负荷及环境工况下的空冷岛通流散热行为和发电机组热经济性的研究分析,但本文所提出的直接空冷机组与空冷岛耦合计算模型及性能评估方法也依然适用,后续可进行更细化且覆盖更多工况的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
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2025年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404139
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007; 51976031)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031)
National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4100700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
作者信息
    1.东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
    2.苏晋朔州煤矸石发电有限公司,山西 朔州 038500

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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