Article(id=1236693164506010310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780227065, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780227065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780227065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780227065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693158340383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780225595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780311062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693166540247808, articleId=1236693164506010310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation study on carbon neutrality technology path in Guangdong power industry based on GD-Enduse model, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon neutrality of Guangdong power industry is the premise and important way to achieve the overall carbon neutrality goal. Based on GD-Enduse model, with the overall goal of minimizing the cost of power system, this paper describes three carbon neutral technology paths of Guangdong power and carries out quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results show that scenario CM3 is the optimal carbon neutral technology path, and its installed capacity of renewable energy will reach 60.2% and power generation will account for 51.9%. Nuclear power will grow steadily, generating 25.0% of its electricity. The continuous decommissioning of thermal power units will reduce the number of hours of utilization of retained installed capacity and be reserved for flexible peak-trimming power supply. The carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) ratio of coal and gas power will decrease to 24.0% and 44.0% respectively, while the CCUS ratio of biomass will continue to rise to 81.8%. Therefore, carbon neutrality in Guangdong’s power industry requires the large-scale intervention of CCUS technology and the rapid development of renewable energy technologies led by wind power and photovoltaic. Based on “wind, light, nuclear and storage”, employing the power structure that thermal power is used as flexible peaking power supply, and various power generation technologies and negative carbon technologies flexibly adjust complementary shortboards, can achieve the coordinated development of various types of power supplies.

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广东电力行业的碳中和是落实总体碳中和目标的前提和重要途径。基于GD-Enduse模型,以电力系统成本最小化为总目标,刻画了3种广东电力碳中和技术路径并展开定量与定性分析。结果表明:情景CM3为最优碳中和技术路径,其可再生能源装机比例达到60.2%,发电占比达到51.9%;核电稳步发展,其发电量达到总发电量的25.0%;火电机组持续退役,保留一定装机容量的利用小时数减少,留作灵活调峰电源使用;煤电与气电(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术配比分别下降到24.0%和44.0%,生物质CCUS技术配比持续上升至81.8%。广东电力行业碳中和需要CCUS技术大规模介入与以风电、光伏为首的可再生能源技术迅猛发展双管齐下,以“风、光、核、储”为基础,采用火电为灵活调峰电源的电力结构,各类发电技术与负碳技术灵活调节互补短板,从而实现各类电源的协同发展。

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成贝贝(1980),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源环境经济模型、能源环境及低碳发展能力建设,
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郑智童(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源战略及低碳发展,

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郑智童(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源战略及低碳发展,

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articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=电力结构), Keyword(id=1236693181492941251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=碳排放与成本)], refs=[Reference(id=1236693185787908655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张浩楠, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张浩楠. 面向碳中和的电力低碳转型规划与决策研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学(北京), 2022: 1-4., articleTitle=面向碳中和的电力低碳转型规划与决策研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693185859211826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHANG Haonan, 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(2023-06-06)[2024-04-22]. https://www.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/zcjd/snzcsd/content/post_4192777.html., articleTitle=Measures to promote the development of new energy storage power stations in Guangdong Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693192922419863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=65, authorNames=广东省人民政府, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=广东省人民政府. 广东省能源发展“十四五”规划[EB/OL]. (2022-04-13)[2024-04-22]. https://www.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/486/486725/3909371.pdf., articleTitle=广东省能源发展“十四五”规划, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693192981140120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=66, authorNames=People's Government of Guangdong Province, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=People's Government of Guangdong Province. 14th Five-Year Plan for energy development of Guangdong Province[EB/OL]. (2022-04-13)[2024-04-22]. https://www.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/486/486725/3909371.pdf., articleTitle=14th Five-Year Plan for energy development of Guangdong Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693193056637593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=67, authorNames=广东省人民政府, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=广东省人民政府. 广东省碳达峰实施方案[EB/OL]. (2023-02-07)[2024-04-22]. https://www.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/wjk/qbwj/yf/content/post_4091117.html., articleTitle=广东省碳达峰实施方案, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236693193132135066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=68, authorNames=People’s Government of Guangdong Province, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=People’s Government of Guangdong Province. Guangdong carbon peak implementation plan[EB/OL]. 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generation by sub-scenario, figureFileSmall=XprzbvjBLZdXrKZ4GsboTA==, figureFileBig=plG5HjJinU7CeG/Ant7yfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693183954997731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=图5, caption=分情景火电与生物质发电年利用小时数, figureFileSmall=XprzbvjBLZdXrKZ4GsboTA==, figureFileBig=plG5HjJinU7CeG/Ant7yfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693184022106598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sub-scenario carbon emission trend and CCUS technology ratio of thermal power and biomass power generation, figureFileSmall=JYij7Cbv8rMrHU5P1cbwKA==, figureFileBig=PjoWk2aox5IdKfTI6jUxuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693184097604073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=图6, caption=分情景碳排放趋势与火电、生物质发电CCUS技术配比, 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ArticleFig(id=1236693184424759802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=图8, caption=分情景一次能源消费量, figureFileSmall=2Mv73//5IV5oe/0nmJG1Xg==, figureFileBig=wEfwgidNcT1kDW7w8Y9CJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693184500257275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Electricity demand forecast for Guangdong Province

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年份人口/万人人均用电量/((kW·h)·人–1)电力需求/(亿kW·h)
202012 6015 4966 926
202513 2006 9709 200
203013 5008 00010 800
203513 5509 00012 195
204013 30010 00013 300
204513 10010 50013 755
205012 90011 00014 190
205512 70011 50014 605
206012 50012 00015 000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693184567366144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

广东电力需求预测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份人口/万人人均用电量/((kW·h)·人–1)电力需求/(亿kW·h)
202012 6015 4966 926
202513 2006 9709 200
203013 5008 00010 800
203513 5509 00012 195
204013 30010 00013 300
204513 10010 50013 755
205012 90011 00014 190
205512 70011 50014 605
206012 50012 00015 000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693184642863616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Technical parameters of power generation in base year

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称装机容量/万kW寿命/a初始投资成本/(万元·(万kW)–1)运维成本/(万元·a–1)技术效率/%年利用率/%
输配电4096.4100
燃煤发电6 427403 835115. 0538.049.8
燃煤发电CCUS0406 136184. 0830.40
天然气发电2 838402 15764. 7145.031.4
天然气发电CCUS0403 451103. 5336.00
核电1 6144014 000420.0035.087.2
水电926409 000270.0090.027.0
抽水蓄能728406 250187.5080.013 8
光伏797403 737112.1125.011.8
风电565403 947118.4145.022.2
生物质发电282409 000270.0038.066.5
生物质发电CCUS04014 400432.0030.40
新型储能0401 50045.0080.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236693184722555398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基准年发电技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称装机容量/万kW寿命/a初始投资成本/(万元·(万kW)–1)运维成本/(万元·a–1)技术效率/%年利用率/%
输配电4096.4100
燃煤发电6 427403 835115. 0538.049.8
燃煤发电CCUS0406 136184. 0830.40
天然气发电2 838402 15764. 7145.031.4
天然气发电CCUS0403 451103. 5336.00
核电1 6144014 000420.0035.087.2
水电926409 000270.0090.027.0
抽水蓄能728406 250187.5080.013 8
光伏797403 737112.1125.011.8
风电565403 947118.4145.022.2
生物质发电282409 000270.0038.066.5
生物质发电CCUS04014 400432.0030.40
新型储能0401 50045.0080.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236693184814830090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Changes in costs of wind power, photovoltaic power generation and CCUS technology with technical advance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称初始投资成本运维成本
2020年2030年2060年2020年2030年2060年
光伏3 7372 9001 595112.1187.0047.85
风电3 9473 0631 974118.4191.8959.21
燃煤发电CCUS6 1365 9395 237184.08178.16157.12
天然气发电CCUS3 4513 2542 888103.5397.6186.65
生物质发电CCUS14 40010 3159 877432.00309.44296.30
), ArticleFig(id=1236693184923881995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

风电、光伏与CCUS技术进步的成本变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称初始投资成本运维成本
2020年2030年2060年2020年2030年2060年
光伏3 7372 9001 595112.1187.0047.85
风电3 9473 0631 974118.4191.8959.21
燃煤发电CCUS6 1365 9395 237184.08178.16157.12
天然气发电CCUS3 4513 2542 888103.5397.6186.65
生物质发电CCUS14 40010 3159 877432.00309.44296.30
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185003573776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Energy parameter

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能源种类碳排放系数能源价格
煤炭2.66550元/t
天然气1.524.16元/m3
生物质0131元/t
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185116819990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

能源参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源种类碳排放系数能源价格
煤炭2.66550元/t
天然气1.524.16元/m3
生物质0131元/t
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185213288983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Main scenarios of carbon neutral path simulation in Guangdong power industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景名称情景描述
情景BL根据广东现有政策维持未来发展要求,2025年广东电力行业非化石能源消费量达到32%以上,2030年达到35%以上,2060年提高到80%左右。各类新能源新增装机容量均能达到要求,西电东送电量在优化年间均为2 000亿kW·h(参考2020年广东西电东送受电量2 057亿kW·h)
情景CM1在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
情景CM2在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术,同时主动提高风电、光伏的发电比例上限。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
情景CM3在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术,风电、光伏的发电比例上限被进一步提高。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185326535197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

广东电力行业碳中和路径模拟主要情景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景名称情景描述
情景BL根据广东现有政策维持未来发展要求,2025年广东电力行业非化石能源消费量达到32%以上,2030年达到35%以上,2060年提高到80%左右。各类新能源新增装机容量均能达到要求,西电东送电量在优化年间均为2 000亿kW·h(参考2020年广东西电东送受电量2 057亿kW·h)
情景CM1在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
情景CM2在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术,同时主动提高风电、光伏的发电比例上限。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
情景CM3在情景BL基础上,将火电与生物质发电配置CCUS技术,风电、光伏的发电比例上限被进一步提高。设置碳排放约束,目标2060年达到碳中和
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185402032672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Proportion of installed electricity in 2060 by sub-scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电技术情景BL情景CM1情景CM2情景CM3
煤电
气电
生物质发电
核电
水电
光伏
风电
新型储能
抽水蓄能
), ArticleFig(id=1236693185515278884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164506010310, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分情景2060年电力装机占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电技术情景BL情景CM1情景CM2情景CM3
煤电
气电
生物质发电
核电
水电
光伏
风电
新型储能
抽水蓄能
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基于GD-Enduse模型的广东电力行业碳中和技术路径模拟研究
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郑智童 1, 2 , 陶海 2 , 任松彦 2 , 成贝贝 2 , 汪鹏 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(1): 120-131
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(1): 120-131
基于GD-Enduse模型的广东电力行业碳中和技术路径模拟研究
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郑智童1, 2 , 陶海2, 任松彦2, 成贝贝2 , 汪鹏2
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳化工大学机械与动力工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110142
  • 2.中国科学院广州能源研究所,广东 广州 510640
  • 郑智童(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源战略及低碳发展,

通讯作者:

成贝贝(1980),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源环境经济模型、能源环境及低碳发展能力建设,
Simulation study on carbon neutrality technology path in Guangdong power industry based on GD-Enduse model
Zhitong ZHENG1, 2 , Hai TAO2, Songyan REN2, Beibei CHENG2 , Peng WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
  • 2.Guangzhou Institute of Energy Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404107
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广东电力行业的碳中和是落实总体碳中和目标的前提和重要途径。基于GD-Enduse模型,以电力系统成本最小化为总目标,刻画了3种广东电力碳中和技术路径并展开定量与定性分析。结果表明:情景CM3为最优碳中和技术路径,其可再生能源装机比例达到60.2%,发电占比达到51.9%;核电稳步发展,其发电量达到总发电量的25.0%;火电机组持续退役,保留一定装机容量的利用小时数减少,留作灵活调峰电源使用;煤电与气电(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术配比分别下降到24.0%和44.0%,生物质CCUS技术配比持续上升至81.8%。广东电力行业碳中和需要CCUS技术大规模介入与以风电、光伏为首的可再生能源技术迅猛发展双管齐下,以“风、光、核、储”为基础,采用火电为灵活调峰电源的电力结构,各类发电技术与负碳技术灵活调节互补短板,从而实现各类电源的协同发展。

电力行业碳中和  /  GD-Enduse模型  /  技术路径  /  电力结构  /  碳排放与成本

Carbon neutrality of Guangdong power industry is the premise and important way to achieve the overall carbon neutrality goal. Based on GD-Enduse model, with the overall goal of minimizing the cost of power system, this paper describes three carbon neutral technology paths of Guangdong power and carries out quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results show that scenario CM3 is the optimal carbon neutral technology path, and its installed capacity of renewable energy will reach 60.2% and power generation will account for 51.9%. Nuclear power will grow steadily, generating 25.0% of its electricity. The continuous decommissioning of thermal power units will reduce the number of hours of utilization of retained installed capacity and be reserved for flexible peak-trimming power supply. The carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) ratio of coal and gas power will decrease to 24.0% and 44.0% respectively, while the CCUS ratio of biomass will continue to rise to 81.8%. Therefore, carbon neutrality in Guangdong’s power industry requires the large-scale intervention of CCUS technology and the rapid development of renewable energy technologies led by wind power and photovoltaic. Based on “wind, light, nuclear and storage”, employing the power structure that thermal power is used as flexible peaking power supply, and various power generation technologies and negative carbon technologies flexibly adjust complementary shortboards, can achieve the coordinated development of various types of power supplies.

carbon neutrality in electricity industry  /  GD-Enduse model  /  technology pathways  /  power structure  /  carbon emissions and costs
郑智童, 陶海, 任松彦, 成贝贝, 汪鹏. 基于GD-Enduse模型的广东电力行业碳中和技术路径模拟研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 120 -131 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404107
Zhitong ZHENG, Hai TAO, Songyan REN, Beibei CHENG, Peng WANG. Simulation study on carbon neutrality technology path in Guangdong power industry based on GD-Enduse model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 120 -131 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404107
目前,在中国几大行业部门中,电力行业的碳排放量位居首位,约占能源碳排放的40%[1-2]。因此,电力行业的低碳转型是实现碳中和目标的总前提[3-4]。广东省电力行业碳排放量占全省碳排放总量的将近一半,未来全省社会经济的增长和终端用能电气化水平的提高对广东电力能源的高质量发展提出了更高要求,因此,需寻求以“结构低碳、成本经济”为特点的电力系统最优动态平衡点[5-6]
一方面,电力系统结构低碳化需要降低对传统化石能源发电的依赖,并提高可再生能源发电和碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)比例[7]。然而,由于可再生能源中的风电、光伏发电出力具有不确定性,大规模可再生能源并网会影响电力供应的安全可靠性。储能系统作为灵活调节资源,具有“削峰填谷”作用,是大力发展可再生能源的助推器[8-9]。储能系统如何配置对电力系统的供应安全和经济性影响重大,其成本是制约储能系统规模化发展的关键因素[10-12]。另一方面,由于零碳能源不能完全替代化石能源,煤电未来势必将从主力电源演变为调峰电源,成为新能源产能伙伴,为新能源托底,同时以CCUS技术为代表的负碳技术将是必不可少的技术选择[13-14]
现有大量对电力行业碳中和路径的模型研究,代表性的有动态可计算一般均衡(computable general equilibrium,CGE)模型、平准化发电成本(levelized cost of energy,LCOE)模型、长期能源替代规划系统(low emissions analysis platform,LEAP)模型、MARKAL-EFOM系统综合模型(the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system)等[15-19],为实现电力系统碳中和提供了理论指引和工具支柱。以上模型和方法或以自上而下的方式侧重宏观层面的模拟,或以自下而上的方式着重行业技术的仿真。在自下而上的模型中,AIM/Enduse模型能够详细刻画行业技术生产流程,在技术减排路径分析方面也具有独特优势[20]。目前暂缺应用AIM/Enduse模型对广东电力行业进行模拟优化的研究,因此基于AIM/Enduse模型原理构建了GD-Enduse模型,以广东电力行业总成本最小化为总目标进行模拟。通过此模型对不同发电技术和CCUS技术进行细致刻画,探究在碳中和目标下以风电、光伏为首的可再生能源发展与火电退役规模呈现何种趋势。通过对传统火电与火电CCUS技术利用程度的分析,说明火电在电力碳中和路径中发电角色的转变,并发掘CCUS技术的合理配比。基于此,结合碳排放趋势与总成本,定性与定量分析适合广东电力行业碳中和的最优技术路径。
AIM/Enduse模型在碳排放约束、技术更替等约束条件下,通过最小化一个国家能源-经济-环境的系统成本(包含技术初始投资成本、技术运营成本、能源成本等)来优化该系统的技术选择框架,具有动态递归特性,可同时计算多年份、多情景,并基于结果得出对策或建议。
基于AIM/Enduse模型原理构建了GD-Enduse模型,整体结构如图1所示。其优化计算步骤如下。
1)结合现有和预测数据外生得到电力需求量;
2)外生输入能源数据、技术参数与基准年装机数据,通过情景设置不同技术发电比例最大值,以成本最小化为总目标,施加碳排放与技术更替双重约束条件来优化能满足电力需求的技术最佳组合;
3)计算该技术组合电力生产所需的能源消耗量和生产过程中的CO2排放量以及该技术路径下电力行业的总成本。
基于广东电力行业发电结构现状及未来发展趋势,在模型内部刻画了燃煤发电、天然气发电、生物质发电、核电、风电、光伏等发电技术(图2)。其中燃煤发电、天然气发电和生物质发电设置了可配置CCUS技术。各发电技术发出的电力经过汇总,通过输配电技术满足终端用户的用电需求。
目标函数是某一年所有可行的发电技术组合的总成本最小化,包括技术的年度化初始投资成本、运行成本和碳排放成本,如式(1)所示。
minCt=It+Rt+Qt
式中:t为年份;Ct为折算到第t年的总成本;It为技术折算到第t年的年度化初始投资总成本;Rt为运行总成本;Qt为第t年碳排放总成本。
1)年度化初始投资成本
计算时需考虑技术补贴率、贴现率、技术寿命因素,如式(2)所示。
It=dDBd,t×(1Sd,t)×αd×(1+αd)Td(1+αd)Td1
式中:d为发电技术;D为技术总量;Bd,t为第t年技术d的初始投资成本;Sd,t为技术补贴率;αd为贴现率;Td为技术生命周期。
2)运行成本
某一年的运行成本包括技术使用的能源成本和运维成本,如式(3)所示。
Rt=dD[Od,t+kKPk×(1ξd)×Ed,k,t]×(1Ad,t)×Xd,t
式中:Od,t为第t年技术d的单位运行和维护成本;k为能源品种;K为能源品种数量;Pk为能源k的价格;ξd为技术d效率提高带来的节能率;Ed,k,t为第t年技术d的单位能源消费量;Ad,t为运行补贴率;Xd,t为第t年技术d的装机容量。
3)碳排放成本
Qt=dDQd×ζd
式中:Qd为技术d碳排放量;ζd为碳排放税。
1)技术更替约束
GD-Enduse模型同时考虑了3种技术选择:①在旧技术使用寿命结束时使用新技术,或者为了满足需求而增加技术;②提高现有技术的能源效率;③用新技术取缔旧技术,即使现有技术仍在使用,但由于情景约束或更具有成本收益而立即停用。技术选择过程可模拟真实生产过程的技术更替:
f1=T1+C1T2+C2
f2=T1+C1T1+T3+C3
式中:f1为使用寿命结束时更换新技术函数;f2为旧技术被新技术取缔函数;T1为旧技术的初始投资成本;C1为旧技术的运维成本;T2为新技术的初始投资成本;T3为旧技术使用寿命未到期被改善或取缔的初始投资成本;C2、C3为被改善或取缔的运维成本。当f1f2>1时,旧技术被取缔或改善;f1f2≤1时,旧技术继续保持。
2)碳排放约束
电力行业总CO2排放量不得超过允许的最大排放限制值:
dDQdQmax
式中:d为发电技术;D为技术总量;Qd为技术d碳排放量;Qmax为碳排放最大值。
3)电力需求约束
ZtdDGd,t×Xd,t×εd,t+Gin,t
式中:Zt为第t年的电力需求量;Gd,t为第t年技术d的单位技术发电量;εd,t为第t年技术d的利用率;Gin,t为第t年的西电东送电量。
使用GD-Enduse模型模拟广东电力行业时,需设置某些重要参数,如电力需求量、技术参数等。以2020年为基准年,优化年份为2021—2060年。
根据2020年全国人口普查结果,结合《广东省人口发展规划(2017—2030年)》[21]等,预测2025年广东常驻人口约为1.32亿,年均增速0.9%左右,高于全国0.3%的平均预期;2030、2035年左右广东人口将达到峰值,约为1.35亿,年均增速为0.5%~0.1%;2035年后广东人口将缓慢下降,根据全国年均增速预测值0.1%~–0.3%(2035—2060年),2060年广东人口约为1.25亿。
2020年广东省人均用电量约为5 496 (kW·h)/人,参考世界发达国家用电水准并对比全国用电水平,预计2035年广东省人均用电量将达到9 000 (kW·h)/人左右,将超过2020年德国(6 727 (kW·h)/人)、日本(7 850 (kW·h)/人)的水平,2060年将接近美国2020年水平(12 748 (kW·h)/人),电力需求预测如表1所示。
技术参数包括纳入模型中基准年发电技术设备的装机容量、寿命、初始投资成本、运维成本等,见表2。各发电技术的初始投资成本参考文献[22-23],技术运维成本设置为初始投资成本的3%[24],技术年利用率参考年利用小时数[25],技术效率通过调研和相关论文获得[26]。火电CCUS技术配置成本为初始投资成本的60%,技术效率将降低30%[27]
传统发电技术如火电与核电、水电等已趋于成熟,其成本未来不会有较大变化。随着CCUS技术进步与可再生能源的发展,风电、光伏与火电CCUS配置成本会持续下降。光伏发电建设成本将降至2050年的280美元/kW[28],2060年有小幅下降空间,降至1 595元/kW;2050年风电成本将下降37%~49%[29],预计2060年会降到50%左右;电力行业CCUS技术成本将由250元/t(以CO2排放量计,下同)[27]降至150元/t[30],见表3
考虑的能源消耗品种主要为煤、天然气和生物质燃料,其价格参考相关网站数据[31-33]。煤炭、天然气的碳排放系数参考《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐值,分别为2.66、1.52 t/t(以单位质量标准煤的CO2排放量计,下同)。碳排放税设置为100元/t[34]。各参数见表4
根据《广东省碳达峰实施方案》《广东省能源发展“十四五”规划》等若干政策文件[35-37],2025年广东非化石能源消费占比达32%,2030年要达到35%,2060年则提高到80%。电源结构方面,2022年后新增规划的海上风电项目以及2023年7月1日后新增并网的集中式光伏电站和陆上集中式风电项目,按照不低于发电装机容量10%、时长1 h配置新型储能,争取到2025年,储能电站规模100万kW以上,“十五五”期末达到300万kW以上。2025年新型储能装机容量达到200万kW,2030年风电、光伏发电装机容量达到7 400万kW,生物质发电装机达到600万kW,抽水蓄能电站超过1 500万kW。本研究综合考虑广东电力行业现状与政策,以满足维持未来发展基本要求为前提构建基准情景(BL),并在此基础上设立3种碳中和情景,分别为CCUS情景(CM1)、风光中速发展情景(CM2)和风光高速发展情景(CM3),见表5
随着广东电力需求的持续增长,不同情景下的电力总装机容量与总发电量迅速提高,各技术装机规模与发电量存在较大差异,如图3图4所示。
情景BL的总装机容量为54 527万kW,总发电量为14 689亿kW·h(不考虑西电东送)。火电装机容量由2035年的峰值17 263万kW下降到2060年的11 296万kW,退役规模为5 867万kW,发电占比降至20.0%。其中煤电利用小时数降至2 405 h,气电则维持在基年水准(图5)。核电装机容量与发电占比增长较大,2060年核电装机容量增长到7 232万kW,发电量为5 524亿kW·h,占总发电量的37.6%;风电、光伏装机容量分别达到11 980万kW和14 214万kW,新型储能配置容量为3 019万kW。生物质发电作为零碳电源,其装机容量增长到1 362万kW。此情景下可再生能源装机占比为52.2%(表6),发电占比为36.9%,电力结构以核电与可再生能源发电为主,火电为辅。
相比情景BL:在情景CM1下,由于CCUS技术的大规模介入,火电退役规模大幅减小,2060年为2 512万kW,传统火电年利用小时数全面降低,火电CCUS利用小时数维持在基年水准,火电总发电量、非化石能源装机容量与发电量保持不变;情景CM2中,核电装机规模增至4 808万kW,发电占比(25.0%)有较大下降,其下降的发电份额被风电、光伏和新型储能替代。情景CM2下火电退役规模至2 552万kW,火电与火电CCUS利用小时数较情景CM1变化不明显。2060年风电、光伏装机与新型储能容量分别增至14 975万kW、21 320万kW和7 380万kW,生物质发电总装机容量增长到1 692万kW。可再生能源装机容量占比提高到55.2%,发电占比提高到46.9%。此情景下电力结构以可再生能源发电为主,核电与火电CCUS为辅,传统火电充当灵活调峰电源。随着风电、光伏装机规模进一步扩大,火电的发电占比被压缩,导致火电总装机规模大幅下降,退役规模增至3 522万kW,火电CCUS利用小时数有小幅下降,发电占比降至15.0%(情景CM3)。生物质发电总装机容量有小幅增加,2060年可再生能源装机占比达到60.2%,发电占比达到51.9%。
由于高比例可再生能源装机与发电量,以及较大的火电退役规模,情景CM3为电力结构最优的碳中和路径。通过加速退役并保留一定容量的火电机组充当灵活调峰电源,扩大以风电、光伏为主的可再生能源与新型储能规模,配置一定规模的生物质电源充当零碳、负碳电源,可实现电力行业的净零排放。
不同情景的碳排放量均呈现先增后减的趋势。情景BL下,碳排放量(以CO2排放量计,下同)于2030—2035年进入平台期,2035年达到峰值(43 836万t),随后由于可再生能源与核电的规模扩大,2060年碳排放量减少到17 884万t(图6)。
由于CCUS技术的介入,3种碳中和情景均于2030年实现碳达峰,最低峰值为39 790万t(情景CM3)。情景CM1在情景BL的基础上将部分火电与生物质发电于2030年后逐渐配置CCUS技术,技术配比由2035年的9.9%(煤电)、10.0%(气电)、18.1%(生物质发电)分别上升至2060年的31.7%、53.3%、73.7%。生物质发电CCUS技术起到负碳作用,减排量为4 792万t。情景CM2下,由于火电装机规模与发电占比未发生改变,火电CCUS技术配比变化不明显,生物质发电CCUS配比上升至80.5%。相较其他情景,情景CM3在优化年间碳排放量与火电CCUS规模均低于其他情景,其中2060年煤电与气电CCUS技术配比分别降至24.0%和44.0%,生物质CCUS技术配比继续上升至81.8%,贡献了5 766万t碳减排量。
由此可见,情景CM3的CCUS技术配比更合理,考虑到CCUS技术的配置成本与能源消耗,生物质发电装机与发电占比较少,因此若要实现电力行业净零排放,生物质CCUS技术配比至少要达到其总装机规模的80.0%以上,高于火电配置水准。
各情景的一次能源消费量与总成本均呈先增后减趋势(图7图8),情景BL能源消费量(以标准煤计,下同)于2035年达到峰值(约20 384万t,电热当量计算法,下同),2060年降至11 183万t,其中煤、天然气和生物质燃料消费占比分别为34%、43%和23.0%。电力系统总成本由2035年的4 736亿元下降到2060年的3 788亿元。由于CCUS技术配置所导致的技术整体效率下降与成本增加,优化年间成本整体趋势高于情景BL(情景CM1)。此情景2060年一次能源消费量增加约2 156万t,电力系统总成本也增加约340.91亿元,减排成本为190.6元/t。情景CM2由于以风电、光伏为首的低成本可再生能源快速发展而导致高成本核电装机减少,相较情景BL总成本增加约329.5亿元,总成本整体趋势与情景CM1不相上下,2060年减排成本有小幅降低,为184.2元/t。情景CM3中,风电、光伏更早布局,使火电规模缩小,火电CCUS配比与利用率也同步降低。相较于其他情景,情景CM3的一次能源消费量更少,2060年减少约421万t,电力系统总成本也是3种碳中和情景的最低值,约为3 855亿元,减排成本降至375元/t。
为同时满足电力需求与电力碳中和,电力装机总量在2060年需达到基准年的4~5倍(图3),当以风、光为首的高比例可再生能源实现碳中和时,电力装机总量需扩大至72 541万kW(情景CM3)。火电需在现有部分机组上配置CCUS技术使用,2060年火电装机规模最高不超过14 847万kW。火电机组均需在2035年前后开始快速退役,尤其是风光发展情景,2060年留有12 181万~14 847万kW火电作为灵活调峰电力。
以风电、光伏为主导的可再生能源电力对实现碳中和目标至关重要。当主要依靠火电配置CCUS技术达到电力碳中和目标时(情景CM1),2060年风光装机总量至少达到26 194万kW;如果可再生能源电力比例持续增高(情景CM2、CM3),风电、光伏需于2025年前后开始高速扩建,2060年风光装机容量至少占总装机比重的一半以上(表6)。新型储能作为可再生能源的助推器,配置容量应为风光装机容量的10%~20%(图3);生物质发电所有情景下都作为零碳、负碳技术,2060年装机容量应在1 692万~1 868万kW。
CCUS技术对所有电力碳中和路径都不可或缺,2030—2060年至少累计减排77 485万t(情景CM1),只有在可再生能源发展的情况下(情景CM2、CM3),CCUS技术配置规模有所降低,2060年煤电CCUS配置比例应为24.0%~31.7%,气电为44.0%~53.3%,生物质为80.5%~81.8%(图7),减排能力仍需保持在12 813万~17 884万t。
1)情景BL按照广东现有政策维持未来发展要求,2035年将实现碳达峰,峰值为43 836万t,2060年仍有17 884万t碳排放。发电结构以核电与可再生能源为主与,火电为辅。
2)情景CM1、CM2虽完成碳中和目标,但电力系统总成本较高,火电CCUS技术规模程度较大,一次能源消费量较高,不作为最优路径考虑。
3)情景CM3的电源结构最优、CCUS技术配比最合理、成本最小、能源消费量最少,是广东电力行业碳中和的最优技术路径。
4)广东电力行业若要实现碳中和目标,电源结构方面:可再生能源装机比例应至少达到60.0%,发电占比至少达到50.0%;核电要稳步发展,其发电量应至少达到总发电量的25.0%;火电机组要持续退役,保留一定装机容量的同时缩小利用小时数,留作灵活调峰电源使用。CCUS技术利用方面:火电CCUS技术配比不宜过高,一是会增加能耗降低效率,二是会增加电力系统总成本;生物质CCUS技术配比要高于火电,至少达到总容量的80.0%才能达到零碳电力的效果。
5)广东电力行业碳中和需要CCUS技术大规模介入与以风电、光伏为首的可再生能源技术迅猛发展双管齐下。火电与可再生能源并非简单的此消彼长,而应是协调互补的发展关系,解决好火电发展与有序退出以及火电与生物质发电CCUS规模合理配置的问题是稳妥实现电力碳中和目标的关键。
6)由于广东缺煤、少气的资源禀赋,加速了电力行业的能源转型,火电应由发电主力转变为灵活调峰,为广东风电、光伏和新型储能发展腾出空间,降低对煤、气的依赖,提供灵活调节能力以确保电力供应安全。
7)未来广东风电、光伏的发展是电力行业碳中和的焦点问题。单纯依赖风电、光伏的增长并不科学,需在统筹平衡、功能互补的前提下,明确各类型电源发展定位。可再生能源电力是广东电力行业转型的关键一环,但不能单一推动可再生能源电力大规模扩张,必须结合新型储能技术共同发展。
8)核电在广东发电结构中的作用不容小觑,要稳定核电的有序发展态势。要灵活调节各类发电技术,补足短板,以“风、光、核、储”为基础,火电为灵活调峰电源是广东电力行业实现碳中和的最优路线。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项项目(XDA29010500)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404107
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
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Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA29010500)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项项目(XDA29010500)
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    1.沈阳化工大学机械与动力工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110142
    2.中国科学院广州能源研究所,广东 广州 510640

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成贝贝(1980),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源环境经济模型、能源环境及低碳发展能力建设,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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