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To improve timeliness and accuracy of the location of condenser leakage cooling tube and solve the problem that the leakage cooling tube cannot be located online, the optimal route of leakage cooling tube location technology is demonstrated by combining theoretical analysis with experimental research. The results show that the tracer gas leakage detection technology has the characteristics of high positioning efficiency and high positioning accuracy, and is suitable for developing on-line locating technology of condenser leakage cooling tube. Through establishing the relationship model between and among the helium concentration change value, time, and water tank liquid level during the isolation of one half of the condenser for draining water, the height of the condenser leakage cooling tube can be located, so as to determine the condenser leakage tube row.

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为提高凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位的时效性和准确性,解决无法在线定位的难题,采用理论分析和试验研究相结合的方法论证了泄漏冷却管在线定位技术的最优路线。结果表明:示踪气体泄漏检测技术具有定位效率高和定位精度高的特点,适用于开发凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术;在凝汽器半侧隔离放水期间建立氦质谱检测变化值、时间、水室液位高度3个变量间的关系模型,定位凝汽器泄漏冷却管所在高度,从而确定凝汽器泄漏管排。

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孟龙(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂腐蚀与防护技术,

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孟龙(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂腐蚀与防护技术,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164426318533, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Interface of the result of on-line location of condenser leakage tube row, figureFileSmall=m1QlcQvce7SFmQHIsTyV+A==, figureFileBig=QwpAOCIfFcUbQn80SqhIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693175499280558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164426318533, language=CN, label=图7, caption=凝汽器泄漏管排在线定位结果界面, figureFileSmall=m1QlcQvce7SFmQHIsTyV+A==, figureFileBig=QwpAOCIfFcUbQn80SqhIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236693175578972339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164426318533, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparative analysis of existing locating techniques for condenser leakage cooling tube

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定位方法定位效率定位精度应用条件
涡流检测技术逐根检测,效率低可以定位微漏,但是有盲区
内置旋转超声检测技术逐根检测,效率低可以定位微漏提前堵住换热管的一端,并使其充满水
声波脉冲反射技术逐根检测,效率低可定位微漏换热管保持洁净
压力检测技术逐根检查,效率低可定位微漏提前堵住换热管的一端
灌水查漏技术整体检查,效率高微漏不易发现必须停机且换热管内的水排净
薄膜或泡沫覆盖检测技术分区域检查,效率高微漏不易发现凝汽器真空泵运行,凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态
示踪气体泄漏检测技术分区粗检+逐根精检,效率较高可以定位微漏,灵敏度高凝汽器真空泵运行,凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态
), ArticleFig(id=1236693175650275512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693164426318533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现有凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位技术对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定位方法定位效率定位精度应用条件
涡流检测技术逐根检测,效率低可以定位微漏,但是有盲区
内置旋转超声检测技术逐根检测,效率低可以定位微漏提前堵住换热管的一端,并使其充满水
声波脉冲反射技术逐根检测,效率低可定位微漏换热管保持洁净
压力检测技术逐根检查,效率低可定位微漏提前堵住换热管的一端
灌水查漏技术整体检查,效率高微漏不易发现必须停机且换热管内的水排净
薄膜或泡沫覆盖检测技术分区域检查,效率高微漏不易发现凝汽器真空泵运行,凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态
示踪气体泄漏检测技术分区粗检+逐根精检,效率较高可以定位微漏,灵敏度高凝汽器真空泵运行,凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态
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发电厂凝汽器冷却管泄漏在线定位技术研究
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孟龙 1 , 张维科 1 , 李俊菀 1 , 龙国军 1 , 孙鹏 2 , 黄治国 3 , 蒋友伟 4
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(1): 162-170
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(1): 162-170
发电厂凝汽器冷却管泄漏在线定位技术研究
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孟龙1 , 张维科1, 李俊菀1, 龙国军1, 孙鹏2, 黄治国3, 蒋友伟4
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中国华能集团有限公司山东分公司,山东 济南 250013
  • 3.华能国际电力股份有限公司德州电厂,山东 德州 253011
  • 4.湖北能源集团襄阳宜城发电有限公司,湖北 襄阳 441400
  • 孟龙(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂腐蚀与防护技术,

On-line locating technology for condenser cooling tube leakage in power plant
Long MENG1 , Weike ZHANG1, Junwan LI1, Guojun LONG1, Peng SUN2, Zhiguo HUANG3, Youwei JIANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd. Shandong Branch, Jinan 250013, China
  • 3.Huaneng International Power Co., Ltd. Dezhou Power Plant., Dezhou 253011, China
  • 4.XiangyangYicheng Power Generation Co., Ltd, Hubei Energy Group, Xiangyang 441400, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405098
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为提高凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位的时效性和准确性,解决无法在线定位的难题,采用理论分析和试验研究相结合的方法论证了泄漏冷却管在线定位技术的最优路线。结果表明:示踪气体泄漏检测技术具有定位效率高和定位精度高的特点,适用于开发凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术;在凝汽器半侧隔离放水期间建立氦质谱检测变化值、时间、水室液位高度3个变量间的关系模型,定位凝汽器泄漏冷却管所在高度,从而确定凝汽器泄漏管排。

凝汽器  /  冷却管  /  泄漏  /  管排  /  氦质谱检漏  /  文丘里

To improve timeliness and accuracy of the location of condenser leakage cooling tube and solve the problem that the leakage cooling tube cannot be located online, the optimal route of leakage cooling tube location technology is demonstrated by combining theoretical analysis with experimental research. The results show that the tracer gas leakage detection technology has the characteristics of high positioning efficiency and high positioning accuracy, and is suitable for developing on-line locating technology of condenser leakage cooling tube. Through establishing the relationship model between and among the helium concentration change value, time, and water tank liquid level during the isolation of one half of the condenser for draining water, the height of the condenser leakage cooling tube can be located, so as to determine the condenser leakage tube row.

condenser  /  cooling tube  /  leakage  /  tube row  /  helium mass spectrometry leak detection  /  Venturi
孟龙, 张维科, 李俊菀, 龙国军, 孙鹏, 黄治国, 蒋友伟. 发电厂凝汽器冷却管泄漏在线定位技术研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405098
Long MENG, Weike ZHANG, Junwan LI, Guojun LONG, Peng SUN, Zhiguo HUANG, Youwei JIANG. On-line locating technology for condenser cooling tube leakage in power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405098
在“双碳”目标下,火电机组发挥着托底保供的“压舱石”作用[1]。凝汽器冷却管泄漏是造成发电机组水质急剧恶化并威胁机组安全运行的主要原因之一。对于海水冷却机组,当冷却管发生较大规模泄漏时,如果不能快速、准确定位泄漏点的位置,就只能降负荷运行甚至停机[2]。因此,对于凝汽器冷却管泄漏的检测应主要考虑处理时效性和定位准确性。西安热工研究院有限公司开发的新型凝汽器检漏装置能够在线准确定位发生泄漏的凝汽器管束,减少处理的盲目性[3]。但是每组凝汽器管束包含的冷却管数量庞大,从泄漏管束中找出泄漏冷却管的工作量非常大[4]
本文针对现有凝汽器检漏技术的不足,提出了在线定位凝汽器泄漏冷却管位置的方法,并进行工业应用,显著提高了处理凝汽器冷却管泄漏问题的时效性和准确性。
涡流检测技术将涡流检测探头插入凝汽器冷却管内部移动,当探头移动至缺陷处时,涡流检测仪上就会显示特定的缺陷信号,从而确定该冷却管是否存在泄漏、泄漏孔的大小、泄漏孔的位置等[5-7]。该检测技术既可以确定发生泄漏的冷却管,还可以确定存在的缺陷和即将泄漏的冷却管。
但是该技术需要对冷却管进行逐根检测,检测速度慢,效率低;另外,该技术在管口会有至少5 cm以上的检测盲区,且受汽侧冷却管支撑板的干扰,位于支撑板处的缺陷容易被遗漏。
内置旋转超声检测技术将超声波换能器插入充满水的凝汽器冷却管中,超声波换能器的探针在旋转的同时沿着冷却管的轴向移动;超声波换能器激发1个高频脉冲在水中产生超声波,通过1个反射镜将超声波反射成沿管子内径径向入射的波束,入射波在管子内、外表面都会反射回来1个回波;将内表面与外表面的回波时间和波幅进行系统数字化处理后,计算得到管子内径、外径和壁厚信息,即可确定凝汽器冷却管的泄漏位置[5-7]
但是该技术需要对冷却管进行逐根检测,检测速度慢,效率低;另外,该技术需要冷却管内充满水,在运行期间需要能够移动超声波换能器并在水中正常工作的机械臂,而在停用期间需要提前封堵冷却管位置较低的管口并在冷却管内充满水。
声波脉冲反射技术是在冷却管的一端发射声波脉冲信号并接收反射信号,当声脉冲信号传播到管道的问题位置时会发生反射,根据接收到的反射信号强度和时间延迟,判断管道内部问题点的位置和性质信息[5-7]。该检测技术既可以确定发生泄漏的冷却管,还可以提供冷却管的腐蚀、磨蚀情况等信息。
但是该技术需要对换热管进行逐根检测,检测速度慢,效率低;另外,该技术需要提前将冷却管内壁的垢清理干净,避免垢对检测结果的影响。
压力检测技术将冷却管的一端用塞子封堵,在冷却管的另一端使用真空枪抽真空,抽真空结束后,检查一段时间内真空度的下降情况,当真空度下降速度超过设定值时证明冷却管存在泄漏。也可以将冷却管的一端用塞子封堵,另一端使用充气枪进行加压,加压结束后,检查一段时间内压力的下降情况,当压力下降速度超过设定值时证明换热管存在泄漏[5-6]
但是该技术需要对冷却管进行逐根检测,检测速度慢,效率低;另外,该技术需要等待一定时间来检查压力的变化,检测速度慢,效率低。
灌水查漏技术在机组停机后排掉凝汽器的冷却水,待冷却管内部积水排净后向凝汽器汽侧注入除盐水,使凝汽器汽侧水位达到最顶层冷却管以上,一般到凝汽器喉部,观察凝汽器冷却管管口是否有水流出以及水流的大小,从而判断该冷却管是否存在泄漏以及泄漏孔的大小[8]
但是该技术对于微小的泄漏容易漏判,特别是在换热管内部的积水没有排净时容易误判。
凝汽器汽侧处于高真空状态,当某根冷却管发生泄漏时,其管子内部就会处于负压状态,泄漏孔越大,负压也越大,此时,在冷却管两端管口覆盖塑料薄膜或者喷覆泡沫,则薄膜或者泡沫就会向管内凹陷,泄漏越大,凹陷越严重,通过查找发生凹陷的薄膜或者泡沫即可确定发生泄漏的冷却管[5-6]
该检测技术可以按区域覆盖薄膜或者泡沫,查漏速度快,效率高;但是该技术需要凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态且只能发现泄漏较大的冷却管,容易漏判微漏的冷却管。
凝汽器汽侧处于高真空状态,当某根冷却管发生泄漏时,其管子内部就会处于负压状态,将示踪气体注入凝汽器冷却管,此时示踪气体会通过泄漏的冷却管进入凝汽器汽侧并随着其他不凝气体一起被真空泵抽出,在真空泵出口检测示踪气体体积分数的变化即可确定发生泄漏的冷却管。常用的示踪气体有氦气和六氟化硫[5-6,9-10]
该技术灵敏度高,能够检出发生微漏的冷却管,实际应用中需要凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态,一般先分区域覆盖薄膜进行粗检,然后对确定泄漏的区域逐根检测,检测效率会大幅提高。
以上7种凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位技术在定位效率、定位精度和应用条件方面存在较大的差异,现有凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位技术对比分析结果见表1。由表1可知,综合考虑各种泄漏冷却管定位方法的定位效率、定位精度以及应用条件达成的难易程度,示踪气体泄漏检测技术既符合定位效率高又符合定位精度高的要求,只需要凝汽器汽侧维持真空状态。
凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位的目标是实现不停机状态下泄漏冷却管的在线查漏和堵漏,这需要对凝汽器泄漏侧进行隔离。凝汽器泄漏管排在线定位技术巧妙利用凝汽器半侧隔离放水这一有利时机,通过水室底部的排水管路放水,在放水过程中向水室顶部充入氦气示踪气体,当冷却水液位低于发生泄漏的换热管时,氦气就会进入泄漏管并通过泄漏点进入凝汽器汽侧,氦气作为不凝气体被凝汽器真空泵抽出,在真空泵出口使用氦质谱检漏仪可检测出氦气体积分数的变化。建立“氦质谱检测变化值”“时间”“水室液位高度”3个变量间的关系模型,根据氦质谱检测结果开始变化的时间即可推断出氦气通过泄漏管进入凝汽器汽侧的时间,并进一步推断出该时刻水室的水位高度,该高度就是泄漏冷却管所在高度,该高度对应的凝汽器冷却管排即为凝汽器泄漏管排。凝汽器泄漏管排在线定位技术流程如图1所示。
当冷却水放水完成后,检修人员进入凝汽器水室,使用氦气喷枪对泄漏管排内的各冷却管逐根进行喷氦气确认,氦质谱检漏仪检测值最高的冷却管即为发生泄漏的冷却管,使用堵头将泄漏管的两头堵住即可消除泄漏[11-12]。1台600 MW机组每组管束的冷却管在10 000根以上,每组管束约有200排换热管,假设泄漏管排的定位精度为±2排换热管,那么采用上述技术后凝汽器泄漏管的定位工作量至少可以减少97.5%[13],极大地提高了凝汽器泄漏管在线定位的时效性。另外,使用氦质谱检漏技术可以定位出微漏的冷却管,提高了定位的可靠性。
凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术主要涉及冷却水放水、氦气供气和检测结果分析3个方面,涉及的技术难点包括如何实现匀速放水、氦气的供气体积分数、氦气的供气方案以及泄漏管排在线定位方法。
凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位需要通过时间推断出泄漏管排高度,为确保泄漏管排高度定位的准确性,单位时间内的水室液位下降高度应稳定。
在凝汽器水室底部排水管路上加装电动放水阀,通过设置水室液位降低速度的目标值和液位下降速度允许偏差值控制电动放水阀进行步距开关动作,根据单位时间内水室液位下降的高度实时计算液位下降速度。当液位降低速度相比于目标值高于允许的偏差值时,控制电动放水阀按照设定的动作步距和时间关小;当液位降低速度相比于目标值低于允许的偏差值时,控制电动放水阀按照设定的动作步距和时间开大;当液位降低速度相比于目标值在设允许偏差范围内时,维持放水阀的开度不变。实际应用表明:通过以上操作可控制液位下降速度在设定值±3 mm/min范围内波动。
凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位需要在水室底部放水的同时,向水室顶部提供定位泄漏冷却管所需的氦气。氦质谱检漏仪的灵敏度非常高,采用抽真空喷吹法的有效最小可检漏率能够达到5×10–9 (Pa·m3)/s[14],因此仅需少量氦气即可满足凝汽器泄漏冷却管定位的需要。以某台600 MW机组凝汽器为例,其半侧隔离的放水量约为260 m3。使用13 MPa、40 L的氦气瓶,在不考虑气瓶剩余压力的情况下,将半侧隔离放水后的凝汽器充满常压(0.1 MPa)的氦气至少需要(0.1×260)/(13×0.04)=50瓶。如此庞大的气瓶使用量显然不可能也不经济,因此现场实际使用的是氦气和空气的混合气。
为了获得指导现场应用的氦气和空气混合比例,需在某600 MW机组凝汽器新增1个连接凝汽器水室和凝汽器汽侧的模拟泄漏验证点。该验证点可以模拟冷却管泄漏时冷却水通过漏点进入汽侧的情况,也可以模拟泄漏冷却管在线定位时氦气和空气的混合气通过泄漏冷却管的漏点进入凝汽器汽侧的情况,通过该验证点可以试验出氦气、空气混合气中氦气的最低体积分数。模拟凝汽器冷却管泄漏的验证点如图2所示。
氦气供气体积分数的研究期间将中科科仪ZQJ-3200型氦质谱检漏仪的吸枪安装到凝汽器真空泵出口管道上,启动氦质谱检漏仪,选择吸枪模式进行检测;打开模拟凝汽器冷却管泄漏验证点的凝汽器水室隔离阀和凝汽器汽侧隔离阀,通过调节流量调节阀的开度控制由凝汽器水室到凝汽器汽侧的冷却水泄漏量,控制冷却水泄漏量使凝结水氢电导率上升0.1 μS/cm,模拟凝汽器冷却水微漏的情况;关闭凝汽器水室隔离阀和凝汽器汽侧隔离阀,拆除流量计,将含有不同比例氦气、空气混合气的储气袋出口与流量调节阀入口连接,打开凝汽器汽侧隔离阀,模拟氦气、空气混合气通过泄漏冷却管的漏点进入凝汽器汽侧的过程;采集氦质谱检漏仪的检测数据。
分别试验冷却水泄漏导致凝结水氢电导率上升0.1 μS/cm时,不同氦气占比的氦气、空气的混合气进入凝汽器汽侧后,氦质谱检漏仪的检测数据。试验结果表明:对于凝结水氢电导率上升0.1 μS/cm的微漏情况,当体积分数为2%的氦气、空气混合气进入凝汽器汽侧后,氦质谱检漏仪的检测值可由3.0×10–7 (Pa·m3)/s上升至3.0×10–6 (Pa·m3)/s,检测信号上升了10倍,阶跃幅值明显。可以根据检测数据的变化确认冷却管泄漏并推断出泄漏管的高度。体积分数2%的氦气、空气混合气通过泄漏验证点进入凝汽器汽侧后的氦质谱检测结果如图3所示。
根据试验结果,仍以某台600 MW机组凝汽器为例,半侧隔离放水需要的常压(0.1 MPa)氦气量为260×2%=5.2 m3。不考虑气瓶剩余压力的情况下,14 MPa、40 L的氦气瓶可释放0.1 MPa的氦气体积为(14/0.1)×(40/1 000)=5.6 m3。因此,完成一次泄漏冷却管高度在线定位仅需1瓶氦气,现场配备2瓶氦气即可满足要求。
水室放水期间需要向水室内提供氦气体积分数为2%的氦气、空气混合气。当凝汽器水室底部放水时,同时打开水室顶部进气阀,水室顶部处于微负压状态,气体会自动进入水室内部。
2种氦气供气方案:1)加装气体混合器,按照固定比例配比氦气和空气,该方法氦气和空气的配比稳定,但是需要分别增加氦气和空气的供气系统,2个系统要能够协同调节;2)加装文丘里混合器,利用水室底部放水期间水室顶部形成的微负压自动抽取空气,空气从文丘里混合器的主进气口进入,氦气通过文丘里混合器的侧吸口吸入,氦气和空气在文丘里混合器内部混合,混合后直接进入水室内部,该方法可以实现氦气、空气固定比例的混合,同时不需要增加空气供气系统,设备简单、运行可靠。由于水室液位匀速下降,因此空气进入水室的流速也基本稳定,在保证氦气供气充足的前提下仅需要控制侧吸口的氦气进气量即可。现有关于文丘里混合器的研究资料通常为液、液混合,能否应用于负压抽气条件需要进一步研究。试验研究使用文丘里混合器结构如图4所示。
文献[15]指出等温条件下理想气体满足的伯努利方程在形式上与理想流体的伯努利方程相近,为流线上3项之和守恒。由于气体具有可压缩性,因此气体的文丘里混合应同时考虑伯努利方程和气体的状态方程。由伯努利方程可得:
p1+1/2ρ1v12+ρ1gh1=p2+1/2ρ2v22+ρ2gh2
式中:p1为文丘里混合器主进气口的空气压力,Pa;p2为文丘里混合器变径出口的空气压力,Pa;ρ1为文丘里混合器主进气口的空气密度,kg/m³;ρ2为文丘里混合器变径出口的空气密度,kg/m³;v1为文丘里混合器主进气口的空气流速,m/s;v2为文丘里混合器变径出口的空气流速,m/s;h1为文丘里混合器主进气口的空气平均高度,m;h2为文丘里混合器变径出口的空气平均高度,m;g为重力常数,N/kg。
由于文丘里混合器主进气口和变径处的空气平均高度h1=h2,因此式(1)可简化为:
p1+1/2ρ1v12+ρ1gh1=p2+1/2ρ2v22+ρ2gh1
由理想气体状态方程可得:
p1m1/ρ1=P2m2/ρ2
式中:m1为文丘里混合器主进气口的进气质量,kg;m2为文丘里混合器变径出口的出气质量,kg。
p1v1A1=p2v2A2
式中:A1为文丘里混合器主进气口的流通面积,m2A2为文丘里混合器变径出口的流通面积,m2
由于空气流经文丘里混合器的过程中体积被压缩,但是质量不会发生变化,即m1=m2,因此由式(3)可得:
ρ2=(p2/p1)ρ1
由式(4)可得:
v2=(p1v1A1)/(p2A2)
将式(5)、式(6)代入式(2)可得:
p1+1/2ρ1v12+ρ1gh1=p2+1/2[(p2/p1)ρ1][(p1v1A1)2/(p2A2)2]+(p2/P1)ρ1gh1
p1=100 000 Pa,ρ1=1.18 kg/m³,A1=0.003 317 m2A2=0.000 133 m2;半侧隔离需放水约260 m3,现场放水时间约6 h,将2个文丘里混合器并联使用以降低主进气口空气流速(图5),因此文丘里混合器主进气口的进气量约为260/6/2=21.7 m3/h,v1=21.7/0.003 317=6 542 m/h=1.8 m/s;文丘里混合器安装在汽轮机房,高度h1=7 m。将数据代入式(7)可得p2=1 202 Pa。
已知氦气由氦气气瓶出口经过两级减压和1个氦气供气调节阀后到达文丘里混合器的侧吸口。供气调节阀进口压力等于减压阀出口的压力,供气调节阀出口压力等于文丘里混合器变径出口的压力,在已知调节阀进、出口压力的情况下即可确定调节阀的最大通流能力。参照标准GB/T 17213.2—2017,在可压缩流体紊流条件下调节阀的最大通流能力为:
W=CCN6FpYxsizingp3ρ3
式中:W为调节阀最大质量流量,kg/h;CCN6为流量系数;Fp为管道几何形状系数;Y为膨胀系数;xsizing为压比值;p3为进气口压力,kPa;ρ3为在P3时25 ℃下的氦气密度;kg/m3
经过两级减压的氦气供气调节阀进气口压力p3=150 kPa。由式(7)可知氦气供气调节阀出口压力即文丘里混合器变径出口的空气压力p2=1.2 kPa。已知p2p3,根据GB/T 17213.2—2017计算方法可得xsizing=0.84,Y=2/3。
根据GB/T 17213.2—2017可知氦气供气调节阀的CCN6=3.16,Fp=0.8,150 kPa、25 ℃下氦气密度ρ3=0.245 3 kg/m3。将数据代入式(8)可得氦气供气调节阀在p2p3下的最大进气量W=9.37 kg/h,对应常压下的氦气进气体积为9.37/0.163 53=57 m3/h,将2个文丘里混合器并联使用时每个文丘里混合器的氦气最大进气量为28.5 m3/h[16]
已知主进气口的进气量约为21.7 m3/h,那么使用文丘里混合器供气时氦气的最大体积分数为28.5/(21.7+28.5)=56.8%,实际应用时使用氦气供气调节阀调节氦气流量。通过氦气供气调节阀可以配制氦气体积分数不超过56.8%的任意比例氦气、空气混合气,完全能够满足现场氦气体积分数2%的使用要求。
由1.2节可知,凝汽器泄漏管排在线定位需要建立“氦质谱检测变化值”“时间”“水室液位高度”3个变量间的关系模型。由图3可见,氦质谱检漏仪的检测结果具有阶跃变化,具体表现为上升高度高、上升速度快。基于这2个特点,首先根据一定时间内检测结果的上升值确定凝汽器是否发生泄漏,当上升值超过设定值后认为发生了泄漏,否则认为没有泄漏;再次根据检测结果的上升速度值确定仪器开始检测到泄漏的时间,当检测结果的上升速度值超过设定值后认为开始检测到泄漏。氦质谱检漏仪开始检测到泄漏的时间设为t1
氦气由凝汽器管的泄漏点进入凝汽器汽侧到氦质谱检漏仪检测出结果需要经历2个过程,2个过程对应的时间分别为:1)由冷却管泄漏点到凝汽器真空泵出口的氦气扩散时间,设为t2;2)由氦质谱检漏仪吸枪入口到氦质谱检漏仪质谱室进行检测的检测滞后时间,设为t3
当水室液位低于泄漏冷却管时氦气开始通过泄漏冷却管进入凝汽器汽侧的时间设为t4,4个时间的关系为:
t4=t1(t2+t3)
通过图2所示的模拟凝汽器换热管泄漏验证点可以得到t2+t3的准确值,试验结果表明该数据约70 s。因此根据氦质谱检漏仪开始检测到泄漏的时间t1能够推出t4时间水室液位的高度,该高度就是泄漏管排所在高度。
山东某电厂630 MW淡水循环冷却机组,2023年5月30日02:22,凝汽器泄漏诊断装置发出报警,提示“B侧内环凝汽器泄漏”,对应的凝结水氢电导率由泄漏前的0.150 μS/cm上升至0.465 μS/cm,装置给出冷却水的泄漏量为13.31 kg/h,泄漏孔等效直径为0.49 mm。确认泄漏管束位置后电厂利用夜间负荷较低的时间段进行凝汽器内环的半侧隔离,随后进行泄漏冷却管的在线定位,凝汽器泄漏诊断结果如图6所示。
在完成B侧内环凝汽器半侧隔离操作后,03:20检修人员打开凝汽器隔离侧的4个水室顶部进气隔离阀,打开文丘里混合器氦气进气阀,在装置的“泄漏管排在线定位界面”选择“B侧内环泄漏管排定位”,开始执行泄漏管排在线定位程序。07:32:48装置自动给出泄漏管所在高度为1 444 mm,泄漏管位于由下向上第54±2排。继续完成放水后检修人员进入发生泄漏的水室,在泄漏管排高度位置使用氦气储袋、氦气喷枪并结合氦质谱检漏仪的检测值快速定位出泄漏冷却管,随后封堵泄漏冷却管并恢复凝汽器正常运行,机组顺利迎接早用电高峰。凝汽器泄漏管排在线定位结果如图7所示。这表明通过凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术能够在线、快速定位泄漏冷却管,保障机组的长期稳定运行。
本文提出了凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术,并通过理论分析和工业应用证实了泄漏冷却管在线定位技术的可行性。
1)示踪气体泄漏检测技术具有定位效率高和定位精度高的特点,适合用于开发凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术。应用期间,凝汽器汽侧需维持真空状态。
2)在凝汽器半侧隔离放水期间建立“氦质谱检测变化值”“时间”“水室液位高度”3个变量间的关系模型,可以定位凝汽器泄漏冷却管所在高度,该高度对应的凝汽器冷却管排即为凝汽器泄漏管排。
3)工业应用结果表明,凝汽器泄漏冷却管在线定位技术能够在线、快速定位泄漏冷却管,保障发电机组的长期稳定运行。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405098
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中国华能集团有限公司山东分公司,山东 济南 250013
    3.华能国际电力股份有限公司德州电厂,山东 德州 253011
    4.湖北能源集团襄阳宜城发电有限公司,湖北 襄阳 441400
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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