Article(id=1236693160424960971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405149, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780226092, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780226092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780226092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780226092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693158340383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780225595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780311062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693162022990822, articleId=1236693160424960971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effects of apex angle of radiator on performance of solar enhanced indirect air cooling tower, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three-dimensional numerical models of solar enhanced indirect air-cooling tower are established, and the effect of apex angle of radiators on thermo-flow performance of the tower and the varying mechanisms caused by environmental crosswind are evaluated. The distributions of air inflow and temperature fields inside and outside the tower, as well as the airflow rate and heat transfer in different cooling sectors are analyzed. The performance comparison is carried out between scenarios with and without solar radiation. The results show that, under crosswind, the flow characteristics and heat transfer properties of the tower improve with the increasing apex angle of the radiators, and the enhancement effect of solar radiation on tower performance also increases. Crosswinds enhance the performance of the radiators in the windward sector while weakening the performance of the radiators in the crosswind sector and leeward sector. Additionally, solar radiation improves the performance of the radiators in each sector, but if secondary heat transfer rate occurs in the sector, solar radiation may instead weaken the heat transfer rate performance of the radiators in that sector. When the apex angle of the radiators increases from 60° to 120°, solar radiation enhances the increase rate of the average air inflow rate of the tower at various wind speeds increase from 0.66% to 3.18%. Concurrently, the increase rate of the average heat transfer rate increase from virtually unchanged to 3.12%. The enhancement effect of solar radiation on the tower increases with apex angle of the radiators. Therefore, the tower with radiators apex angle of 120° has the optimum thermo-flow performance.

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建立了太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的三维数值模型,从塔内外流场、温度分布以及不同分区散热器的进风量和换热量,分析在不同侧风和有无太阳辐射情况下,散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔性能的影响。结果表明:侧风条件下,塔的流动特性和换热特性随着散热器顶角的增大而变好,太阳辐射对塔性能的改善效果也越好;侧风会增强迎风区散热器的性能,削弱侧风区和背风区散热器的性能,且太阳辐射会使各分区的散热器性能有所提升;但如果该分区存在二次换热,太阳辐射反而会削弱该处散热器的换热;在散热器顶角从60°增大到120°后,太阳辐射使各风速下塔的平均通风量增加率从0.66%扩大到3.18%,平均换热量增加率从基本不变扩大到3.12%,太阳辐射对塔的提升效果随着散热器顶角的增大而增强。因此,散热器顶角为120°的塔型方案具有最优的流动换热特性。

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司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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李治达(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

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Study on the optimal layout of heat exchanger in solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling towers[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2019: 1., articleTitle=Study on the optimal layout of heat exchanger in solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling towers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236693174945640886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, awardId=52206007; 51976031, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007; 51976031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236693175058887098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, awardId=52206007; 51976031, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693166775136438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693166783525049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, 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Parameters of solar enhanced indirect dry cooling tower

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项目设计值
塔高/m140
塔顶直径/m70
喉部直径/m66.7
塔筒底部直径/m101
散热器高度/m15
蓄热层厚度/m10
冷却三角数量/个120
进塔水温度/K333.15
环境温度/K303.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174589125034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的参数

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项目设计值
塔高/m140
塔顶直径/m70
喉部直径/m66.7
塔筒底部直径/m101
散热器高度/m15
蓄热层厚度/m10
冷却三角数量/个120
进塔水温度/K333.15
环境温度/K303.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174689788334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Cases of radiators with different apex angles

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案例散热器顶角α/(°)塔底直径D/m
160120.44
290160.82
3120191.82
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174803034547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693160424960971, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同散热器顶角案例

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案例散热器顶角α/(°)塔底直径D/m
160120.44
290160.82
3120191.82
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散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔性能影响研究
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李治达 , 马欢 , 司风琪
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(1): 67-77
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(1): 67-77
散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔性能影响研究
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李治达 , 马欢, 司风琪
作者信息
  • 东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211102
  • 李治达(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
Effects of apex angle of radiator on performance of solar enhanced indirect air cooling tower
Zhida LI , Huan MA, Fengqi SI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405149
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建立了太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的三维数值模型,从塔内外流场、温度分布以及不同分区散热器的进风量和换热量,分析在不同侧风和有无太阳辐射情况下,散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔性能的影响。结果表明:侧风条件下,塔的流动特性和换热特性随着散热器顶角的增大而变好,太阳辐射对塔性能的改善效果也越好;侧风会增强迎风区散热器的性能,削弱侧风区和背风区散热器的性能,且太阳辐射会使各分区的散热器性能有所提升;但如果该分区存在二次换热,太阳辐射反而会削弱该处散热器的换热;在散热器顶角从60°增大到120°后,太阳辐射使各风速下塔的平均通风量增加率从0.66%扩大到3.18%,平均换热量增加率从基本不变扩大到3.12%,太阳辐射对塔的提升效果随着散热器顶角的增大而增强。因此,散热器顶角为120°的塔型方案具有最优的流动换热特性。

太阳能  /  冷却塔  /  三角散热器  /  顶角  /  数值模拟

Three-dimensional numerical models of solar enhanced indirect air-cooling tower are established, and the effect of apex angle of radiators on thermo-flow performance of the tower and the varying mechanisms caused by environmental crosswind are evaluated. The distributions of air inflow and temperature fields inside and outside the tower, as well as the airflow rate and heat transfer in different cooling sectors are analyzed. The performance comparison is carried out between scenarios with and without solar radiation. The results show that, under crosswind, the flow characteristics and heat transfer properties of the tower improve with the increasing apex angle of the radiators, and the enhancement effect of solar radiation on tower performance also increases. Crosswinds enhance the performance of the radiators in the windward sector while weakening the performance of the radiators in the crosswind sector and leeward sector. Additionally, solar radiation improves the performance of the radiators in each sector, but if secondary heat transfer rate occurs in the sector, solar radiation may instead weaken the heat transfer rate performance of the radiators in that sector. When the apex angle of the radiators increases from 60° to 120°, solar radiation enhances the increase rate of the average air inflow rate of the tower at various wind speeds increase from 0.66% to 3.18%. Concurrently, the increase rate of the average heat transfer rate increase from virtually unchanged to 3.12%. The enhancement effect of solar radiation on the tower increases with apex angle of the radiators. Therefore, the tower with radiators apex angle of 120° has the optimum thermo-flow performance.

solar energy  /  cooling tower  /  delta-type radiator  /  apex angle  /  numerical simulation
李治达, 马欢, 司风琪. 散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔性能影响研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 67 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405149
Zhida LI, Huan MA, Fengqi SI. Effects of apex angle of radiator on performance of solar enhanced indirect air cooling tower[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 67 -77 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405149
冷却系统是保证电厂安全经济运行的关键部分[1-2]。其类型包括湿式冷却和干式冷却,后者隔绝了水和空气的直接接触,从而避免了湿式冷却中显著的水损失,因此适用于中国北方煤炭资源丰富但水资源匮乏的地区[3-5]。在自然通风干式冷却塔中,散热器是进行热交换的核心部件,呈三角形垂直布置在塔底部的圆周上,其换热特性直接影响冷却塔的性能[6-7]
自然通风干式冷却塔靠塔外冷空气和塔内热空气之间的密度差产生的浮力驱动气流在塔内上升,因此冷却性能受环境条件的影响较大[8-10]。在夏季环境温度高时,冷却塔的换热能力下降严重,而夏季的高温环境往往伴随着强烈的光照,因此,ZOU等人[11]根据太阳能烟囱发电厂的原理,提出了太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的构想,利用太阳能加热流入塔内的空气,增加塔内外的温度差,以产生更大的压差来增大空气的流量,从而提高冷却塔的冷却能力。
ZOU等人[12-13]研究了换热面积相同的情况下在集热器入口处引入部分堵塞对不同集热器尺寸和堵塞比、降低集热器入口的散热器高度以及使用不同天窗和塔型对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的热性能的影响。XU等人[14]比较了散热器的圆形/锯齿布置对140 m高的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的冷却性能的影响。结果表明,锯齿排列可以提高塔的通风量和散热率。何锁盈等[15]将太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的蓄热层形状由平面形改为波纹形、矩形和锯齿形,发现塔的换热量分别提高了9.3%、12.3%和13.0%。
除了塔本身结构外,环境因素也对塔的特性具有很大影响。苑丽君等[16]研究了环境温度和湿度对于太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的性能影响,发现高温会使塔的换热性能大幅下降。XIN等人[17]建立了小型的太阳能空冷塔并结合数值模拟,发现增加太阳辐射强度能够提高塔的平均换热率。YUAN等人[18]发现太阳能增效型间接空冷塔对低风速的抵抗力比自然通风干式冷却塔强,但在高风速下更敏感,但利用导流板和挡风板耦合可以减小侧风的影响。张莉等[19]研究了侧风条件下塔不同区块和高度上的特性。
虽然学者们已经对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的结构以及环境因素对塔的特性产生的影响进行了诸多研究。但是目前的研究对于太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的散热器部分都是做理想化处理,普遍用薄面代替,没有考虑到散热器的厚度,也缺乏当散热器顶角变化时对于塔的性能影响及对于侧风的敏感性分析。因此,本文将建立具备三角散热器的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的三维数值模型,研究有无太阳辐射和不同侧风条件下散热器顶角改变对于其流动换热特性的影响,为太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的应用提供理论基础。
图1展示了太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的物理模型,塔筒采用双曲线结构,太阳能集热器由玻璃天窗、蓄热层和两者之间的空间共同组成,玻璃天窗与塔体底部连接,距离地面有一定高度,翅片散热器呈三角形垂直布置在集热器的边缘,地面布置有一定厚度的蓄热层。外部的冷空气先与散热器换热冷却循环水,随后进入塔内吸收太阳辐射并与地面蓄热层进行对流换热,空气温度进一步提高,使塔内外的空气密度差增大,塔内外的差压也随之增大,从而增加进入空冷塔的空气流量,增强塔的冷却性能。
本文研究的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的参数如表1所示。由于空冷塔沿风向在几何上具有对称性,为了提高计算效率,选取塔的一半作为研究对象。本文研究散热器顶角对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔特性的影响,为了保证散热器数量和换热面积相同,塔底直径会随着散热器顶角的增大而增大,如图2所示。本文在间隔适当的情况下选定了3种散热器顶角的组合方式,表2列出了所选顶角和对应的塔底直径情况。
本文基于稳态进行分析,空气侧流动传热控制方程使用Navier-Stokes方程描述,采用Standard k-ε模型模拟湍流效应,因此控制方程的通用表达式为[20-22]
(ρvφΓφφ)=Sφ+Sφ'
式中:ρ为空气密度;v为流体速度矢量;φ为变量;Γφ为扩散系数;Sφ为源项;Sφ'为附加源项,表示空气在流经散热器时的压损和吸热。当φ分别等于1、空气速度分量、空气温度、湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε时,该方程分别代表质量、动量、能量和湍流方程。
当空气流经散热器时,散热器内的循环水通过管壁和翅片将热量传递到空气中,循环水的传热量可以表示为:
Qw=mwCp,w(TwoTwi)
式中:Qw为循环水散热量,W;mw为循环水质量流量,kg/s;Cp,w为水的比热容,J/(kg·K);Two为循环水出水温度,K;Twi为循环水进水温度,K;
循环水到空气的传热过程可以表示为:
Qa=AK(Twi+Two2Ta)
式中:Qa为空气的换热量,W;K为循环水到空气的总传热系数,W/(m2·K);A为换热面积,m2Ta为环境温度,K。
空气在流经换热器时会产生压损,其压损可以表示为关于速度的函数:
Δp=12kvρvn2
式中:vn为垂直于冷却柱的风速,m/s;kv为压损系数。
根据厂家提供的设计性能参数,本文所采用的散热器传热系数K和压损Δp分别为:
K=663.22vn0.388 1
Δp=17.047vn1.744 8
本文中太阳辐射透过玻璃天窗到达蓄热层,蓄热层吸收部分能量后会通过对流传热、辐射传热和导热将热量传递到太阳能集热器内部的空气、玻璃天窗以及地面深处,地面蓄热层的传热方程可以表示为[14]
τcαgs=Ug(TgiTgo)+hg,f(TgTf)+hr,g,c(TgTc)
式中:τc为玻璃天窗对太阳辐射的穿透比;αg为蓄热层对太阳辐射的吸收比;s为太阳辐射强度,W/m2Ug为地面穿透传热系数,W/(m2·K);Tgi为集热器入口处蓄热层温度,K;Tgo为集热器出口处蓄热层温度,K;hg,f为空气流经蓄热层的对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Tg为蓄热层表面的平均温度,K;Tf为集热器内空气的平均温度,K;hr,g,c为地面与玻璃天窗的辐射换热系数,W/(m2·K);Tc为玻璃天窗的平均温度,K。
玻璃天窗包含与塔内外空气的对流换热及对环境的辐射换热,其换热方程可以表示为:
αcs=hc,f(TcTf)+hr,g,c(TcTg)+Uc(TcTa)
式中:αc为玻璃天窗对太阳辐射的吸收比;hc,f为玻璃天窗与空气的对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Uc为集热器对空气的热损失系数,W/(m2·K)。
当无风时,计算域入口设为压力入口边界,静压为0。当有侧风时,计算域的迎风侧设置为速度入口边界,自然界中,风速随着高度的增加而增大,高度h处的风速可表示为[23]
vh=v10(h10)n
式中:vh为高度h处的平均速度,m/s;v10为10 m处的风速,m/s;h为高度,m;n为风廓线指数,本文取0.16[24]
计算域的后方、上方和右方出口设置为压力出口,静压设置为0,温度设置为环境温度。蓄热层上表面设定为耦合边界条件,侧面设定为绝热壁面,下表面设定恒温壁面,温度为300 K,玻璃天窗设定为耦合边界条件。
为了更准确地捕捉太阳能增效型间接空冷塔在大空间中的流动换热特性,本文选取了10R×8H的半圆柱体空间作为计算域,为了获得高质量网格,将计算域进行区域划分,网格采取结构化网格为主、非结构化网格为辅的划分策略。
由于计算过程中气体的流速和压力变化不大,因此本文采用不可压缩理想气体[25],散热器采用嵌入体积源的多孔介质模型[26],辐射模型采用Discrete-Ordinates模型,使用SIMPLE算法求解气压与速度的耦合,湍流模型使用Standard k-ε模型,采用二阶迎风格式对控制方程进行离散。
本文模型包含辐射模型和多孔介质模型,由于目前关于太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的研究中都是将散热器理想化处理,因此本文将模型分为数学计算模型和散热器两部分进行验证。
数学计算模型部分使用文献[27]的数据来验证,计算结果如图3所示。模型的模拟结果和文献数据的通风量平均误差为2.23%,换热量的平均误差为1.16%,误差在允许的范围内,说明本文的数学计算模型正确。
散热器部分采用宁夏某发电厂间接空冷性能试验的测试数据进行验证,该试验在塔筒0 m处十字布置了21个温度测点,在机组正常稳定运行下于中午的某段时间进行了数据收集。本文根据该厂提供的空冷塔各项参数建立了间接空冷塔模型,并在模型相应位置布置监测点,图4为最终模型结果与现场测试结果对比。
图4可见,最终模型结果与现场测试结果平均误差为0.35%,温度基本符合并且误差较小。综合2个验证结果,本文所建立的数值模型是正确的,可以进行后续研究。
本文分别在没有太阳辐射和太阳辐射强度为1 000 W/m2下对3个不同散热器顶角的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔进行数值模拟,并且为了分析侧风条件下的换热和流动特性,按照散热器迎风方向不同将冷却塔分为3个扇区(图5),其中0°~60°为迎风区,60°~120°为侧风区,120°~180°为背风区。
图6为无风条件下不同散热器顶角的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔在z=7.5 m横切面上的流线和温度云图。
图6可以看出,无风条件下,3种散热器顶角的塔温度和流线分布基本呈中心对称,且分布均匀,空气在进入塔内后在塔中心汇合,最后向上流出。根据图6a)、图6c)和图6e),随着三角散热器顶角的增大,塔内的平均温度减小,这是因为空气进入空冷塔内后,与温度较低的蓄热层发生对流换热,温度降低,而太阳能集热器直径随散热器顶角的增大而增大,因此蓄热层面积增大,换热增大,空气的温度也随之变低。
在引入太阳辐射后,塔的中心区域温度均变高,因为空气和散热器进行换热之后,在塔内被蓄热层加热并在塔中心汇集,且塔中心温度随着散热器顶角的增大而增大,这是由于太阳能集热器尺寸越大,所接收的太阳辐射能量就越多。
图7为侧风风速为4 m/s时不同散热器顶角的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔在z=7.5 m横切面上的流线和温度云图。
图6图7可见,在侧风风速从0 m/s增至4 m/s后,空冷塔内部的温度和流线不再呈对称分布。从图7 a)、图7 c)和图7 e)可以看出,迎风区的温度随散热器顶角的增大而减小,这与无风条件下相似。且无论散热器顶角大小,4 m/s风速下塔内空气的平均温度都表现为迎风区低,背风区次之,侧风区高。这是因为通过迎风区散热器的空气流量大,虽然这会带来空气与散热器的换热量增大,但是换热增大带来的空气温度的增量远小于冷空气的流量增大带来的温度下降。在侧风区,侧风会使塔周进气不平衡,侧风区右方散热器的进气会受到迎风区进气的挤压,换热后的高温空气在此处汇集从而形成大面积的高温区域。同时随着散热器顶角的增大,侧风区的温度减小,这是因为空气在塔内流动过程中速度会逐渐降低,塔底直径的增大使迎风区和背风区空气在碰撞时速度变小,因此对侧风区散热器影响减弱。而在背风区,平均温度介于迎风区和侧风区,是因为迎风区与侧风区散热器距离较大,使背风区受侧风影响较小。
同时,结合流线图可以看出,侧风会导致塔周进气不均,从而在塔内产生涡流。在散热器顶角为60°时,塔内产生了2个涡流,下方的涡流主要是迎风区进风和背风区进风在塔内碰撞引起的,因此涡流中心温度较低,而上方的涡流是因为侧风区的进风碰撞到下方涡流产生的,涡流会对侧风区散热器的进气产生挤压,导致侧风区进气困难,因此形成了大面积的高温区域。当散热器顶角增大到90°后,塔内的涡流变为1个,且涡流变小,表明各方位进气不均有所减缓,此时涡流对侧风区散热器的进气抑制作用也有所减弱。随着散热器顶角的进一步增大,涡流产生的位置接近塔的中心,因此侧风区散热器受到的进气抑制程度相比于前两者较小。
在引入太阳辐射后,对比图7a)和图7b)可知,塔内的温度和流线分布除了温度稍有不同外变化很小,这是因为散热器顶角为60°时塔接收的辐射能量较小,因此空气在进入塔内后,温度的上升幅度比较小,下方涡流的中心温度变大,塔内侧风区的高温区左移。同时,塔内2个涡流的相对位置改变,但大小几乎没有变化,这说明太阳辐射对塔内流场变化的影响较小。当散热器顶角增加到90°后,对比图7c)和图7d),塔内的温度场发生明显改变,首先侧风区的平均温度变小,并且中心处温度明显变高,因为此时太阳能集热器所接收到的太阳能较多,影响了塔内空气的温度。结合流线图,可以看出塔内的流场变化较大,并且在塔中心产生的涡流方向相反。这是因为塔内空气在经过太阳能集热器后温度升高,迎风侧由于空气流量大导致温度较小,而背风侧受太阳辐射温度升高,因此塔内的流动发生变化,产生了相反的涡流,且涡流位置更靠近塔中心,对侧风区的进气抑制减弱,使侧风区高温区域变小。当散热器顶角为120°时,根据图7e)和图7f)可知,加入太阳辐射后塔中心的温度变大,侧风区和背风区的温度分布并没有较大的变化,并且塔内流场也基本没有变化。
图8为侧风风速为8 m/s时不同散热器顶角的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔在z=7.5 m横切面的流线和温度云图。
当侧风风速增加到8 m/s时,从图7a)图8a)可知,当散热器顶角为60°时,塔内侧风区的高温区域温度进一步升高并且范围扩大到覆盖整个侧风区,结合流线图,塔内的涡流变大,并且逐渐向迎风区靠近,迎风区上侧散热器的进气也开始受到涡流的挤压。同时,图8a)中侧风区塔外也出现高温区域,并且涡流穿过侧风区散热器,这说明空气在进入塔内进行换热后,又与侧风区散热器进行了二次换热,这也导致了塔内侧风区温度升高。在散热器顶角增大到90°时,从图7c)图8c)可以看出,塔内侧风区的温度明显升高,这是因为此时侧风对于侧风区散热器进气的抑制更严重,导致其散热能力下降,高温空气在此处积聚,并且塔内的涡流数量变多,塔内的流场恶化加剧,上方的涡流阻碍了侧风区散热器的进气,而下方的涡流阻碍了背风侧散热器的进气。当散热器顶角增大到120°时,对比图7e)图8e),侧风风速为8 m/s时,塔内侧风区的温度变大,侧风区和背风区的温度分布差异变大,结合流线,塔内的涡流从塔中心移动到上方,更加接近侧风区,因此侧风区的进气被抑制,从而使得此处温度较高。
当引入太阳辐射后,从图8a)和图8b)可以看出,当散热器顶角为60°时,与风速4 m/s一样,塔内的温度场几乎没有发生变化,只有涡流中心向迎风区靠近,并且涡流中心温度变高。从图8c)和图8d)可以看出,当散热器顶角为90°时,太阳辐射使得塔上方的涡流更靠近塔的中心,因此对侧风区散热器的进风抑制减弱。从图8e)和图8f)可以看出,当散热器顶角为120°时,太阳辐射使塔侧风区的高温区域变小,这说明背风区靠近侧风区的散热器性能变好,从流线来看,塔内的流场基本没有变化。
图9为侧风风速12 m/s时不同散热器顶角的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔在z=7.5 m横切面的流线和温度云图。
图9 a)可以看出,当侧风风速达到12 m/s后,塔内的高温区域已经完全覆盖了侧风区和背风区。这是因为侧风区和背风区的所有散热器受到了极大的影响,并且塔外的高温区域向迎风区移动,这说明在这个区域,空气在进入塔内后就直接从附近的散热器流出。同时塔内的涡流变为1个,几乎占据了半塔的整个中心区域,侧风区和背风区的塔外也出现了涡流,这些涡流严重阻碍了侧风区和背风区的进气,使得附近的散热器几乎丧失通风能力。当散热器顶角变为90°时,图9c)的塔内侧风区和背风区高温区域变大,并且塔内的涡流变大,数量增多,侧风区也出现了类似图8a)的回流现象,说明侧风区散热器会发生二次换热。当散热器顶角变为120°后,图9e)背风区靠上区域的散热器受到影响变大,同时侧风区塔外也出现了温度较高的区域。塔内的涡流数量变多,上方的涡流出现在靠近侧风区的地方,导致塔内热空气被挤压到塔外。
当引入太阳辐射后,从图9a)和图9b)可知,背风区塔内的高温区域变小,这是因为此处空气和蓄热层的换热充分,温度升高,因此进塔空气流量变大。散热器顶角为90°时,根据图9c)和图9d),高温区域面积变小,中间涡流向中间移动,因此侧风区左侧散热器的进气得到改善。当散热器顶角变为120°时,从图9e)和图9f)可以看出,塔内侧风区高温区域范围基本不变,但是塔内流场变化较大,侧风区的涡流几乎完全消失,侧风区受到的进气抑制程度减弱。
空冷塔内的流动特性受侧风影响较大,在有侧风时,空冷塔不同分区的散热器进气情况有很大不同。图10图13分别给出了侧风风速从0 m/s增大到12 m/s时空冷塔不同分区散热器的总进风量和总换热量的变化。
图10可见,在无风情况下,3种散热器顶角的塔的各个分区的进风和换热都几乎相等,随着散热器顶角的增大,各分区进风量和换热量都变大。在引入太阳辐射后,当散热器顶角为60°时,3个分区的进风量平均提升了0.57%,换热量平均增大了0.07%;顶角为90°时,3个分区的进风量平均提升了1.57%,换热量平均增加了0.29%;顶角为120°时,3个分区的进风量平均提升了2.62%,换热量平均提升了0.52%。这说明在0 m/s风速下,太阳能增效型间接空冷塔散热器顶角越大,塔的性能提升就越大。
当存在环境侧风时,塔的不同分区散热器进风量和换热量产生差异。从图11a)可以看出,风速为4 m/s时,迎风区散热器进风量最高,背风区次之,侧风区最小,较大的进风量会带来较大的换热量,因此在图11b)中,迎风区散热器的换热量最高,其次是背风区,侧风区最小。与图10相比,侧风为迎风区散热器的性能带来了提升,却对侧风区散热器产生了不利影响。并且不同分区散热器的进风量和换热量随着散热器顶角的增大而增大。在引入太阳辐射后,进风量和换热量都有所提升,当散热器顶角分别为60°、90°和120°时,3个分区的进风量分别增加了192.84、325.75、338.35 kg/s,换热量分别增加了1.73、1.74、1.75 MW。
当侧风风速增大到8 m/s后,侧风对不同分区的影响情况和与风速为4 m/s时一致,从图11图12对比可知,由于风速的增大,迎风区的进风量和换热量变大。侧风区则出现完全相反的情况,且当散热器顶角为60°时,侧风区的进风量为负,这说明塔内空气会从散热器流出,这与图8a)所呈现的现象一致。背风区的情况则复杂得多,首先散热器顶角为60°时塔进风量较大,但是散热量更小,从图8a)可以看出,这是因为塔内涡流远离背风侧,对于背风侧的进气抑制较小,但是从侧风区流出的高温空气流入背风区上方散热器,这严重影响了背风区的整体换热情况。顶角增大后,这种现象逐渐减弱。
引入太阳辐射后,从图12可以发现,迎风区的进风量和换热量进一步增大,太阳辐射对于散热器顶角为60°塔的进风量和换热量的提升幅度极小。在侧风区,太阳辐射对于顶角为90°和120°塔依旧有提升效果,但是对于顶角为60°的塔,虽然进风量没有太大的变化,但是换热量却变小,这是因为太阳辐射使得塔内空气温度升高,在塔内热空气与散热器进行二次换热时温差变小,导致了侧风区换热器的换热变差。在背风区,结合图8b),与侧风区相同,由于存在二次换热的问题,太阳辐射使得顶角为60°塔的换热量变小。
在侧风风速达到12 m/s后,从图13可以看出,由于风速的增大,迎风区的进风量和换热量进一步变大。在侧风区,顶角为90°塔的进风量和换热量最低,根据图9可以看出,这是由于风速过大,顶角为60°塔在侧风区的二次换热减少,而顶角为90°塔在此处出现了和图8a)一样的现象,散热器进风量负值,热空气在侧风区散热器处二次换热,因此换热量较低。在背风区,顶角为60°塔的进风量和换热量较低,其次是顶角为120°塔,最后是顶角为90°塔,从图9c)和图9e)的流线和温度云图,顶角90°塔的二次换热主要集中在侧风区,而顶角为120°塔的背风区上部的二次换热影响了背风区的换热量。在引入太阳能辐射后,可以发现12 m/s风速下,太阳能对塔的换热性能提升变小,并且当顶角为90°时,由于二次换热,太阳辐射对侧风区的散热器性能产生了不利影响。
为了更直观地分析不同侧风下散热器顶角和太阳辐射对太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的性能影响,现将0~12 m/s内的不同顶角的塔的通风量和散热量进行对比分析,结果如图14所示。
图14 a)可知,不同侧风条件下,散热器顶角为120°塔始终有着最大的通风量,顶角为60°塔的通风量最小,随着侧风风速的增大,通风量有着逐渐减小的趋势,在风速从0 m/s增大到12 m/s的过程中,通风量的下降幅度先增大后减小。在加入太阳辐射后,各个塔的通风量都有所增大,并且呈现出与无太阳辐射时相同的规律,随着散热器顶角的增大,通风量的平均增幅分别为0.66%、2.41%和3.18%,说明太阳辐射对塔的性能提升效果随着顶角的增大而增大。
图14 b)可以看出,不同侧风条件下,空冷塔换热量的变化与散热量变化的规律基本一致,各风速下不同顶角的塔在加入太阳辐射后换热量平均增加0.01%、0.90%和1.32%。在侧风风速为8 m/s时,顶角为60°塔在加入太阳辐射后通风量有少量提升,但是换热量却下降,这是因为侧风区涡流导致此处存在严重的二次换热现象,而太阳辐射使得塔内空气的温度上升,减小了温度梯度,从而使塔的换热量下降。并且在风速为12 m/s时,虽然引入太阳辐射后塔的通风量分别增加0.62%、3.40%和3.84%,但是换热量仅增加0.20%、0.26%和0.59%,这是因为此时塔的散热主要依靠的是迎风区的散热器,而背风区和侧风区散热器在高风速下性能下降严重,因此出现通风量增大幅度与散热量增大幅度不匹配的情况。
1)侧风条件下,空冷塔的内部流场和温度场会受到破坏,但随着散热器顶角的增大,这种破坏程度逐渐减弱。太阳能辐射的引入会对塔内流场产生改善,并且这种改善作用效果会随着散热器顶角的增大而增强。
2)塔在不同分区的散热器性能受侧风的影响程度不同。无风条件下,塔内各个分区进风量和换热量基本相同。在侧风条件下,由于迎风角度不同,迎风区散热器的性能得到提升,侧风区和背风区的散热器性能出现恶化,且侧风区受影响最为严重。在引入太阳辐射后,无风条件下随散热器顶角的增加,3个分区进风量分别平均增大0.57%、1.57%和2.62%,换热量分别平均增大0.07%、0.29%和0.52%。侧风条件下各分区进风量与散热量的变化与无太阳辐射时一致,但如果散热器存在严重二次换热现象,太阳辐射反而会使该处的换热量降低。
3)塔的总通风量和总换热量随着散热器顶角的增大而增加,随着侧风风速的增大而减小。在引入太阳辐射后,塔的通风量和换热量会进一步增加,变化趋势基本与无太阳辐射相同,由于顶角为120°的塔拥有最大的太阳集热器尺寸,因此太阳能对其性能提升效果最大,各风速下平均换热量增加了1.32%,而顶角为60°塔平均换热量则基本不变。
4)本文研究的3种方案中,散热器顶角为120°的太阳能增效型间接空冷塔的流动换热特性及其对环境侧风作用的抵抗能力均优于其他2种方案,因此在满足建造难度和成本的情况下,建议优先选取散热器顶角为120°的塔型方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405149
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007; 51976031)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206007; 51976031)
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    东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211102

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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