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In the context of global energy transition towards cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable energy sources, nuclear power is recognized as a critical base-load power source that serves as a substitute for fossil fuels, playing a pivotal role in transformation of energy structure. Key advancements in integration of large-scale energy storage technologies with nuclear power are introduced, with an emphasis on analyzing the coupling modes of thermal storage, mechanical energy storage, and electrochemical energy storage with nuclear power, as well as their potential to enhance the performance of nuclear power stations. Various methods of coupling energy storage technologies with nuclear power stations are explored, encompassing thermal, mechanical, and electrical coupling, and the effects of these methods on operation of nuclear power plants are discussed. Additionally, solutions for the integration of energy storage systems are presented, such as the redundant design of turbines and the design of heat exchanger-based energy storage. The research points out that, the development of energy storage technologies will offer a broader array of flexible technological options for nuclear power stations, aiding nuclear power in playing an even more critical role in the global energy transition.

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随着全球能源转型向清洁、高效和可持续方向发展,核电作为替代化石燃料的关键基荷电源,对能源结构转型至关重要。介绍了核电规模化储能集成技术的关键进展,重点分析了热储、机械储能、电化学储能等技术与核电耦合的模式及其提升核电站性能的潜力;探讨了储能技术与核电站耦合的不同方式,包括传热、机械和电力耦合,并讨论了这些方式对核电厂运行的影响;此外,提出了储能系统集成的解决方案,例如汽轮机冗余设计和换热器式储能设计。研究指出,储能技术的发展将为核电站提供更多的灵活性技术选择,有助于核电在全球能源转型中发挥更加关键的作用。

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丁煊涛(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电熔盐储能,
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核电规模化储能集成技术进展
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丁煊涛 1, 2 , 焦立峰 1 , 郭峃峄 1 , 朱春宇 2 , 盛楠 2 , 李军义 1 , 杨慧军 1
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025,54(1): 12-22
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025, 54(1): 12-22
核电规模化储能集成技术进展
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丁煊涛1, 2 , 焦立峰1, 郭峃峄1, 朱春宇2, 盛楠2, 李军义1, 杨慧军1
作者信息
  • 1.北方联合电力有限责任公司达拉特发电厂,内蒙古自治区 鄂尔多斯 041399
  • 2.中国矿业大学低碳能源与动力工程学院,江苏 徐州 221100

通讯作者:

丁煊涛(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电熔盐储能,
Advancements in scaled nuclear energy storage integration technology
Xuantao DING1, 2 , Lifeng JIAO1, Xueyi GUO1, Chunyu ZHU2, Nan SHENG2, Junyi LI1, Huijun YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Northern United Power Co., Ltd., Dalate Power Plant, Erdos 041399, China
  • 2.School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406143
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随着全球能源转型向清洁、高效和可持续方向发展,核电作为替代化石燃料的关键基荷电源,对能源结构转型至关重要。介绍了核电规模化储能集成技术的关键进展,重点分析了热储、机械储能、电化学储能等技术与核电耦合的模式及其提升核电站性能的潜力;探讨了储能技术与核电站耦合的不同方式,包括传热、机械和电力耦合,并讨论了这些方式对核电厂运行的影响;此外,提出了储能系统集成的解决方案,例如汽轮机冗余设计和换热器式储能设计。研究指出,储能技术的发展将为核电站提供更多的灵活性技术选择,有助于核电在全球能源转型中发挥更加关键的作用。

核电  /  储能技术  /  系统集成  /  灵活性  /  能源转型

In the context of global energy transition towards cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable energy sources, nuclear power is recognized as a critical base-load power source that serves as a substitute for fossil fuels, playing a pivotal role in transformation of energy structure. Key advancements in integration of large-scale energy storage technologies with nuclear power are introduced, with an emphasis on analyzing the coupling modes of thermal storage, mechanical energy storage, and electrochemical energy storage with nuclear power, as well as their potential to enhance the performance of nuclear power stations. Various methods of coupling energy storage technologies with nuclear power stations are explored, encompassing thermal, mechanical, and electrical coupling, and the effects of these methods on operation of nuclear power plants are discussed. Additionally, solutions for the integration of energy storage systems are presented, such as the redundant design of turbines and the design of heat exchanger-based energy storage. The research points out that, the development of energy storage technologies will offer a broader array of flexible technological options for nuclear power stations, aiding nuclear power in playing an even more critical role in the global energy transition.

nuclear power  /  energy storage technology  /  system integration  /  flexibility  /  energy transition
丁煊涛, 焦立峰, 郭峃峄, 朱春宇, 盛楠, 李军义, 杨慧军. 核电规模化储能集成技术进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406143
Xuantao DING, Lifeng JIAO, Xueyi GUO, Chunyu ZHU, Nan SHENG, Junyi LI, Huijun YANG. Advancements in scaled nuclear energy storage integration technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406143
为应对气候变化和环境挑战,全球能源逐渐向更清洁、高效和可持续的能源体系转型。风能和光伏预计将成为取代化石燃料的主力,但这需要大量可调度电力资源平衡供需关系。传统基荷电源将越来越多地充当灵活性资源,核电作为传统基荷电源之一[1]为全球能源转型做出重要贡献,但其运行缺乏灵活性。目前,我国能源结构正在经历绿色低碳转型和供给革命,“十四五”提出了到2025年非化石能源消费比重达到20%左右的目标。2023年上半年,我国核能发电量占全国累计发电量的5.08%,全球核电发电量占比约10%,我国核电建设发展还有很大的提升空间。
当前我国新能源规模保持快速增长态势,部分区域电网峰谷差已达30%左右,对电力系统灵活性资源的需求将进一步增长。核电机组调节负荷方式主要依靠控制棒位移和增降硼溶液浓度改变反应堆功率以实现负荷跟踪[2];在运行方式上,根据电网的日负荷变化进行一定程度的功率调节,如单日“12-3-6-3”和“10-2-10-2”时段模式[3]。因此,核电机组的调节能力受安全性、经济性和设计特性限制,不仅负荷跟踪能力有限,还会导致机组寿命、安全、经济等受到负面影响。2022年全国具有灵活调节能力的电源不足20%,根据国网能源研究院预计,到2035年,源、网、荷、储4个环节灵活性资源比为61%:12%:10%:17%,电源侧灵活性资源依然是重要发展方向[4]。考虑到火电灵活性改造目标完成,煤电提供的灵活性资源规模占比将超过50%[5],但距离需求仍有一定的差距,其他类型的调峰资源发展相对滞后,提升核电机组的灵活性调节能力显得十分迫切。
我国“双碳”目标战略以及资源环境限制使得电化学储能、压缩空气储能、储热、储氢等新型储能技术成为研究热点,是未来清洁能源规模化、稳定化、持续化的重要技术手段。考虑核电特点和电力系统灵活需求,可以通过将核电与储能相结合的方式,利用核电稳定能源供应优势和储能系统灵活调度能力,解决低碳转型过程中大规模核电建设面对的灵活性能力不足问题。
本文综述了核电规模化储能集成技术的最新研究进展,旨在评估储能系统在提升核电站灵活运行和促进能源转型中的潜力。主要分析了核电在新型电力系统中的作用,探讨了储能技术在增强核电灵活性和经济性方面的应用;通过综合考虑不同储能方式与核电耦合的适用性,为核能和储能技术的结合进行了分析,并展望这一领域的未来发展方向,期望为该领域的研究人员和政策制定者提供信息和参考。
储能系统是用来储存能量的设备或物理系统,目前已广泛应用于电力系统的多个领域,尤其在电力供需关系调节、可再生能源整合和电网稳定性管理中扮演着重要角色[6]。储能技术按照存储能量的类型可分为热储能、机械储能、电化学储能、电气储能。
热储能技术将能量以热量的形式存储到介质材料中,以温差换热控制能量传输。常用的储热介质包括水、导热油、熔盐、沙砾、岩石、混凝土、金属材料等[7-8]。其中,熔盐储热技术广泛应用于光热电站储能系统,技术成熟并已在火电机组领域建立了多个灵活性示范应用项目。
机械储能技术是将电能或机械能通过旋转、压缩或重力势差储存能量,通常具有较快的冲放电响应速度和较高的循环寿命。抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能等大规模储能技术应用成熟,是电网现代化和能源转型的关键,但其建设维护成本较高,受地理地形限制。其延伸出的新型重力储能和液态空气储能对环境需求减弱;但液态空气储能对热管理、低温技术和储罐设计要求更高[9]。飞轮储能系统具有毫秒级响应速度、百万级循环寿命等优点,契合电力系统频率调节、应急防御等作业,但受成本高、能量密度低的限制无法大规模应用。
电化学储能可使电能和化学能通过电化学反应在电池的正负极材料中存储或释放。不同电池类型具有不同功能特点和技术突破方向。铅酸电池成本较低,但能量密度有限;锂离子电池能量密度高、循环寿命长,但其安全性有待提高;液流电池适于大型化应用,但其对热管理、电极材料、隔膜等关键材料的性能要求较高。尽管各类电池成本在逐渐降低,但其成本仍然是大规模部署的巨大障碍;另外,电池的生产和回收处理需要考虑对环境的影响。截至2023年底,我国锂离子电池在新型储能中的累计装机占比约96.9%,年增长率超过100%,在新型储能中占据绝对主导地位[10]
电气储能技术包括超级电容器和电磁储能2种重要形式。超级电容器可以在几秒至几分钟内完成充电,并能实现大功率放电,广泛应用于交通、电力、工业节能、国防军事等领域,但其能量密度较低、成本较高。电磁储能最常见的形式是超导磁储能,使用超导线圈在超导状态下循环电流来存储能量,利用超导材料的零电阻特性,实现接近100%理论转换效率和毫秒级响应速度,因受成本较高、技术复杂及超低温工作环境等因素限制,目前仍在试验研发阶段[11]
热化学储能利用可逆化学反应来存储和释放热量,具有储能密度大、储存周期长,并能实现远距离运输的特点。热化学储能包括无机氢氧化物热分解、甲烷-二氧化碳重整、氨基热化学储能等[12-14],可广泛应用于可再生能源利用、工业余热回收、清洁供暖等领域。
氢能因其清洁、高效和可再生的特点,在未来能源体系中被广泛认为是具有重要地位的能源形式。它通过电解水或其他化学反应产生氢气,以燃料电池、燃气轮机形式发电,或作为工业原料使用。存储形式有高压气氢[15]、低温液氢(含氢化物)[16]和固态储氢[17] 3种。因长距离、大规模的储运系统尚未完全突破,生产运输成本和安全风险管理等多方面因素制约了储氢技术的应用推广。
储热系统的设计涉及材料学、热力学、流体力学、系统工程等,已成功应用于热电解耦和光热发电领域,目前的研究热点是高温储能系统[18-20]。针对核电系统,核电储热技术(thermal energy storage,TES)可作为链接波动电力需求与核反应堆稳定热力输出的关键桥梁。
Fletcher等人[21-24]研究了TES系统与压水堆AP1000核电站耦合系统(图1)。
储热循环工况,TES能量输入为进入高压缸的271 ℃、5.5 MPa蒸汽;放热循环工况,TES为低压缸提供蒸汽做功;相较于蒸汽旁路技术,储能技术能够将核电因子提高9.8%。Kluba等人[22]研究的压水堆APR1400核储系统同样采用高参数蒸汽为TES充能,但在放热循环中,TES有3种耦合点选择为系统提供能量。1)提供高参数蒸汽进入高压加热器;2)提供低参数蒸汽进入低压缸;3)加热给水进入蒸汽发生器。根据㶲分析和热循环效率等对比结果可知:TES提供蒸汽进入低压缸发电的特性较差;TES产生高压给水的施工改造容易,安全可靠性高。
在换热流程设计方面,Fletcher等人[22,25]针对显热和潜热2种方式和传热介质温度变化范围提出了针对不同的储热材料的工作温度、比热容等热物性的直接换热和梯级换热的设计方案,研究结果为避免热量交换过程因为冷凝导致的温度和换热限制提供了优化设计思路。此外,对TES系统与原系统的匹配性进行了分析,重点分析了储热过程参数和汽轮机系统最大抽汽量特性等,得到了热源蒸汽流量和放电输出的流量限制边界及TES容量上限。
相变材料因其固液转化特点,需要装置封装以避免相变而造成泄漏。Ali等人[24]研究了基于300 MW高温熔盐堆的固基相变TES系统,将TES设计为换热器装置(图2)。
该系统在工作温度881~993 K下一次循环与朗肯循环之间嵌入1个高温氦气循环,TES系统与核反应堆、蒸汽循环同时工作,没有独立启停动作;在TES装置中将反应堆冷却剂、相变材料和氦气集成并做数值模拟换热仿真,计算TES极限充放电速率和时间得到储能容量和负荷跟踪能力分别为8 100 MW·h和2.64%/min。但该研究并没有对氦气与蒸汽间的换热展开讨论。
Bartela等人[23]研究了利用退役火电机组进行核岛改造的方案设计,将TES嵌入小型高温熔盐堆和蒸汽循环之间(图3),TES系统使用太阳盐作为储热介质,既链接核岛冷却剂,也对接二次侧600 ℃以上的过热蒸汽循环。该系统在保持核岛功率稳定的同时也可满足蒸汽侧的灵活性出力要求。文献[23]还对储罐容量设计进行了分析,分别从最大储热需求预测和经济角度确定储热容量,容量800 MW·h的TES系统经济性最理想,但综合负荷需求和价格波动,容量在1 000~1 200 MW·h的储热系统最合理。
Abdullah等人[26]在双罐式潜热储能基础上对TES系统进行模块化设计优化,将单位容量储热器与单位容量次级蒸汽轮机集成(图4);模块化设计可以匹配任何容量的机组及需求,且不用担心TES出力影响原机组运行,尽管这样可以减少设计成本,但是新增设备较多,增加了投资成本。仿真结果表明,该设计方案可使核电安全约束范围内的极限出力功率增加32%,尽管TES系统次级朗肯循环(SSRC)热效率分别为24%和30%,较原设计主蒸汽循环低,但从长期年化收益上看,发电成本仍有所下降。
程然[27]为提高核电一、二次调频响应速率,将TES系统设计为电加热器形式,造成了大量高品质电能的消耗,不过调频调峰服务收益显著,年度总收益超过1 000万元。Soto等人[28]也采用了电加热器设计方案,但将其作为辅助调节方式,可根据需求极限设计电加热器功率,系统经济性得以提高。在TES系统放热循环耦合接口的设计方面,各类方案通常选择集成到蒸汽循环,多以方案设计[27-30]、热力学模拟分析[31]和经济性研究[23,31-32]为主,但上述研究均未对换热过程进行详细设计。此外,Liu、Abushamah、Ghazaie等人[33-35]针对核电供热、供冷应用场景进行了TES联产模型的研究,提升了现有核电机组的冷热电联供能力。
不同形式的机械储能与核电机组的耦合方式差别较大,其中,基于压缩空气储能技术并增设冷却系统的液态空气储能技术(LAES)由于其能量密度大幅提升[36],且不受环境因素限制,在核储研究中受到了广泛的关注[37-38]。核电蒸汽循环集成LAES示意如图5所示[39]
核储液态空气储能系统在空气压缩和膨胀过程均与导热油循环系统换热以提高系统效率。系统利用低参数蒸汽旁路压缩液化空气,采用涡轮机蒸发膨胀空气,直连发电机发电。文献[37-39]对储能系统进行优化设计,分析了系统循环效率,最终压缩压力越大、膨胀压降越多,循环效率和液态空气产率越高,研究结果表明,耦合系统的往返效率约为51%,核电厂的容量因子提高约3%,集成系统投资成本和运营成本比独立液化空气储能系统降低了17%。
王鼎等[40]研究了飞轮储能与核电厂柴油发电机设备耦合,可为设备争取5 s启动时间。王晋[41]研究了与飞轮储能类似特征的电容器,为核电应急能源争取启动时间。武鑫等[42]研究了在核电一次调频作业中使用飞轮列阵储能技术,使用交流/直流变流器并联多个1 MW/250 kW·h飞轮(图6),飞轮列阵与核电厂高厂变的耦合特性表明,耦合系统平均提高一次调频性能2.48倍,一次调频效果显著。
Gong等人[43]研究了核电站和抽水蓄能电站通过调度策略耦合后的运行特性和约束条件,分析结果表明,联合系统调峰能力从13.439 MW提高到了15.926 MW,运行成本从45.03亿元降到44.33亿元。罗佑坤等[44]将抽水蓄能电站作为核电服务端,核电保持满功率运行,抽水蓄能电站则根据电网负荷的变化进行抽水和发电,以此来承担调峰任务。国内抽水蓄能电站目前以电网经营企业全资建设和管理为主[44],根据电源结构承担新能源消纳任务[45],而核电没有调取蓄能电站能力。国家发改委2014年下发的《关于促进抽水蓄能电站健康有序发展有关问题的意见》提出若干投资意见,为核蓄联营电站打开了政策窗口。
Chen等人[46]基于未来电池成本下降、循环寿命提升等因素的影响,对核储耦合电池技术进行了经济性分析,结果表明其与抽水蓄能电站相比具有初始投资更低、资本回收周期更短的优势。郑睿敏等[47]以深圳电网(核电和天然气发电为主)需求为样本,提出根据局部需求建设不同容量的城市分布式电池储能电站的设想。除了调峰作业外,电化学储能还可作为核电应急防御动力源[41,48-49],从而提高核电站的安全性和应急电源系统的可靠性。Lowe等人[50]采用核电集成电池储能系统结合光伏发电满足电力系统负载需求,优化的太阳能光伏和核能混合发电方案相较于没有核电参与的方案,储能容量需求减少约92%,为可再生能源-核电-储能联合运行提供理论基础,有利于核电稳定输出、新能源消纳和提高储能系统利用率。
Xiang等人[51]将可再生能源电解、核电电解、高温气冷堆制氢等低碳制氢技术和传统制氢技术的成本趋势进行对比分析,预测到2050年,高温气冷堆是最低成本的制氢技术。考虑到氢能广泛适用性和存储运输难度,Liu等人[52]采用介质出口温度在950 ℃以上的高温气冷堆配合高温条件的碘硫循环制氢,副产品高温氧气(800~900 ℃)为Haber-Bosch循环提供高温热源将氢转化为安全性较高且便于存储运输的氨,同时高温余热为核电的蒸汽循环提供动力,完成高温气冷堆热源的梯级利用。Ahmed等人[53]论证了以液氢、金属氢化物等为储能介质的可行性。
An等人[54]为应对核电灵活性不足的问题,提出了核电集成盐穴氢储系统(NHES),建立负荷动态数学模型,开发集成控制系统,探究集成系统灵活性性能(图7)。集成系统利用耦合的电解槽消耗额外电力,并在电力负荷峰值提取氢气在燃气轮机中燃烧提供额外出力。该研究以实际负荷需求为样本进行了1年期的动态联合调峰仿真,结果显示控制棒调节次数可减少92.7%,核电因子提高了12%,达到98.3%,全年总发电量443 GW·h,相较独立核电站提高了16.9%。尽管在某些月份会出现氢气耗尽出力不够或容量过载的情况,但系统整体安全性和运行效率提升显著。Ahmed、Zhang等人[53,55]研究了无负荷跟踪的小型核反应堆(SMR)结合储氢消纳风能的联合模型经济性,在满足电力需求的同时减少弃风率,耦合系统将核电-储能-可再生能源联合运行,与单纯的SMR相比,联合系统具有更高的内部收益率和更短的投资回收期。
潘玺安等[56-57]研究了在核电参与的多电源模型中考虑风电出力的随机性建立鲁棒模型、不同核电机组的调峰能力限制和安全约束、以及运行经济性与碳排放的权衡探究联合调度策略,对扩大核电的灵活性参与程度有借鉴意义。Temiz等人[58]针对特定需求,研究了核电-光热发电-熔盐储热-区域供热-吸收式制冷-产氢-海水淡化混合型社区服务系统。该系统电力需求依靠冷却剂出口温度在530 ℃的钠冷快中子反应堆、聚光发电和熔盐储热驱动蒸汽动力循环实现,同时为电解制氢提供高温条件,蒸汽动力循环部分余热为吸收式制冷剂提供热源或区域供热,制冷系统利用后的乏汽再用于蒸馏海水淡化,最后回到蒸汽循环冷凝器。该混合社区服务系统可实现社区清洁能源全覆盖、近零碳排放,对比典型核电厂能源效率,其整体源利用率和㶲效率从30.00%~35.00%提高到63.54%~57.96%。Masotti等人[59]研究了基于发电机的紧密耦合和基于热链接的松散耦合的混合能源架构(图8[60],并建立了动态仿真模型进行系统仿真模拟和混合能源架构优化设计。
根据储能技术充放电特点与核电厂能源利用形式,可将集成储能系统的耦合方式分类为热能耦合和电能耦合2类。
以热能形式耦合的核储系统包括直接储热、液态空气储能部分系统和热制氢等,热源可选取核电机组一次循环冷却剂、动力循环蒸汽与废热,在系统安全裕度内控制介质流量调节机组负荷。能量输出形式包括高、低参数蒸汽、高压空气和氢气。提供高、低参数蒸汽系统的响应速度与系统设计和控制策略相关,对原机组的改造要求较低,但负荷调节容量与可减少抽汽的流量相关,调节能力相对有限。为进一步加快响应速率,避免储热系统频繁启停,建议为储热系统设计热备用状态,即全周期低功率稳定运行,以提高调节性能,减少操作损耗[23-24]。此外,为进一步提升机组的负荷调节幅度,建议未来核电机组的汽轮机容量进行一定程度的冗余设计,为集成储能系统或其他改造做准备[61]。同理,采用核电厂汽轮机岛模块化设计方法,根据调峰需求设计合理的模块数量,虽然增加了建设、运维成本和运行控制复杂性,但机组运行灵活性显著提升。
液态压缩空气储能技术通过旁路部分核电动力循环的蒸汽驱动压缩机进行空气压缩,也可按热能耦合方式考虑,通过蒸汽流量调节核电机组负荷输出。在压缩空气、液态空气储能系统中气体需经过预热,即上文提到的部分传热耦合,这一过程可以使用蒸汽、废热或独立的小型热储循环。单纯的压缩空气储能对周边环境要求较高,尤其是储气洞穴的条件,因此,其与核电耦合的可能性非常小。液态空气储能对环境要求较低,一定程度上具备与核储耦合的潜力,但相适应的技术仍处于研发阶段,总体可行性取决于未来该液态空气储能技术的发展情况。
此外,为发挥热能耦合与汽轮机联动的优势,针对未来传统火电逐渐退役的趋势,利用退役机组基础设施和电力输送条件,将小型核电站与储热系统集成,将是未来规模化核储的理想发展模式之一。
电能几乎可与所有型式的电源耦合,与核能耦合也非常匹配,唯一需要考虑的是其耦合成本问题。电能耦合通过电力设备例如变压器、逆变器、整流器和电解器等将储能系统直接与核电厂耦合,包括电解制氢、电池、电磁储能、抽水蓄能、新型重力储能和飞轮储能等,上述储能方案均直接使用电力驱动,能量输出方式也直接为电能。电能耦合方式对原机组的要求均非常小,且功率响应快、灵活性高,调峰深度理论上可到达零出力状态。核储电能耦合技术应关注系统控制约束和调度策略研究,一旦经济性提升到可接受的程度,其必然飞速发展。
核储集成的目标是为电力系统建设灵活性核电,在打造稳定的核反应堆输出基础上提供高质量的调度服务。就成本而言,核储集成系统除了建设投资成本外,还有在技术性能基础上的运行成本。建设投资主要由设计规模容量、配置设备、系统类型及选用材料等决定,储能系统运行在功能、热能等转换过程中必经品位下降、逸散等过程,储能系统循环效率、热效率、㶲效率和集成系统核电因子等将间接增加燃料消耗,降低热经济性。核储系统的经济属性在于保障核反应堆稳定持续输出,以及为电力系统提供辅助服务和消纳新能源等方面。Bartela等人[23,30,46]根据集成系统性能、电力市场价格、负荷预测、储能系统容量及降碳排放等条件评估集成系统收益,不论是调峰调频辅助服务方面,还是集成系统增发电量,其收益均显著提升。
储能系统设计目标之一[23,26]就是保障核反应堆的安全输出,调度指令不会对其恒定运行产生影响,所以集成设计应充分考虑核反应堆可能出现的停堆、跳机等状况。在热能耦合中,相对于蒸汽侧耦合,与冷却剂一次循环有热交换的储能系统设计风险更高;另外,在汽水参数控制方面,最终给水温度、旁路最大抽汽、回汽流量将影响动力设备运行,间接增加运行风险。热储能、机械储能等方式的长时运行安全性高,而电池、化学能本身的安全属性有待提高,与集成设计关系较小,建议在选址建设方面隔离核反应堆和发电机组以提高整体安全性。
本文介绍了规模化核储技术研究进展,探讨了耦合储能系统对提升核电机组运行灵活性和在未来能源结构体系中的作用。对于现阶段研究的各类储能系统,其与核电系统的耦合方式可分为热能耦合和电能耦合2类。其中,热能耦合技术方案的成本低,技术方案成熟,但相对限制条件颇多,限制了技术的推广应用。电能耦合技术方案耦合难度低,对原核电机组限制条件少,但投资成本太高,短期内推广应用的难度也非常大。
在热能耦合技术方案中,采用汽轮机冗余设计或模块化设计方案,在短期内具有很强的可行性和技术推广性。在电能耦合技术方案中,电解制氢技术方案的可行性较强。但如果未来电化学技术可以取得突破性进展,尤其是设备造价大幅降低时,其可行性将取代氢储技术方案。此外,基于退役火电机组基础设施、具备电力输送条件的小型核电站与储热系统集成改建技术方案,将是未来规模化核电发展的理想模式之一。
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2025年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406143
  • 接收时间:2024-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-30
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    1.北方联合电力有限责任公司达拉特发电厂,内蒙古自治区 鄂尔多斯 041399
    2.中国矿业大学低碳能源与动力工程学院,江苏 徐州 221100

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丁煊涛(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电熔盐储能,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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