Article(id=1236693159275721670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780225819, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780225819, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780225819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780225819, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693158340383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780225595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780311062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693159552545736, articleId=1236693159275721670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Modeling of supercritical once-through boiler unit with complex equations optimization, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of supercritical once-through boiler units and design a coordinated control algorithm for it, a supercritical 600 MW coal-fired once-through boiler unit is taken as the research object and a mechanism model of the unit is established. In the model, the complex heat absorption equation and steam pressure difference equation in boiler section, as well as the superheated steam flow equation and unit load coefficient equation in turbine section are fitted by the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network with real operational data from the unit given the algorithm's superiority in handling sequence data with long-term dependencies. This established four sub-models of the equations that can capture the operating characteristics of the unit. For the dynamic parameters in the mechanism model, an improved differential evolution algorithm is proposed to identify. After this, a complete state equation model is obtained. The established model is verified through open-loop step disturbance testing and closed-loop simulation upon historical operation data. The results show that the established model can accurately reflect the dynamic operating characteristics of the unit. The mean absolute percent error of the main steam pressure, steam enthalpy in separator and unit load are all less than 1.76%, which means the established model has high accuracy and can be used for research on coordinated control algorithms of supercritical units.

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为了根据超临界直流炉机组动态特性设计直流炉机组协调控制算法,以某超临界600 MW直流炉燃煤机组为研究对象,建立该机组的机理模型。考虑到长短时记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络算法在处理长时序列数据的优越性,对于所建机理模型中锅炉部分复杂的工质吸热方程和蒸汽压差方程以及汽轮机部分复杂的过热蒸汽流量方程和负荷系数方程,采用LSTM神经网络结合机组真实运行数据进行方程拟合,建立了能够捕获机组各状态运行特性的复杂方程优化子模型。对于所建立模型中的动态参数,结合机组的动态运行数据,采用改进的差分进化算法进行参数寻优,最终得出机组完整的状态方程模型。对于所建立的模型进行开环阶跃扰动测试和闭环运行验证,结果表明所建立的模型能够精确地反映超临界机组的动态运行特性,模型闭环运行过程中的主蒸汽压力、分离器蒸汽焓值和机组负荷的平均绝对百分比误差均小于1.76%,故所建立模型可用于超临界机组协调控制算法研究。

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李青(1987),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为控制理论与控制工程,
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韩程浩(1999),男,硕士,主要研究方向为超临界机组建模和协调控制算法,

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Research on modeling and intelligent control of coordination system under deep peak regulation of ultra-supercritical units[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2022: 1., articleTitle=Research on modeling and intelligent control of coordination system under deep peak regulation of ultra-supercritical units, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236693164183056475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693164191445084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, companyId=1236693164183056475, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236693164199833693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, companyId=1236693164183056475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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articleId=1236693159275721670, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Static parameter values at different unit loads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷/MWrBlhfw
17083.447 51.302 9901.633 3
20193.417 71.323 9928.978 9
239107.624 61.264 9974.064 1
270120.378 11.320 0996.752 3
310131.382 01.317 51 033.966 5
368157.486 11.330 51 080.224 8
401162.046 61.357 61 097.498 8
451182.649 41.369 81 130.262 5
469184.508 11.406 21 137.803 5
520209.562 01.414 81 165.054 9
548226.395 61.371 61 186.558 4
571233.082 61.398 91 197.939 2
), ArticleFig(id=1236693172894626203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组不同负荷下静态参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷/MWrBlhfw
17083.447 51.302 9901.633 3
20193.417 71.323 9928.978 9
239107.624 61.264 9974.064 1
270120.378 11.320 0996.752 3
310131.382 01.317 51 033.966 5
368157.486 11.330 51 080.224 8
401162.046 61.357 61 097.498 8
451182.649 41.369 81 130.262 5
469184.508 11.406 21 137.803 5
520209.562 01.414 81 165.054 9
548226.395 61.371 61 186.558 4
571233.082 61.398 91 197.939 2
), ArticleFig(id=1236693172953346463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimal parameters’ values for LSTM network training

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子模型LSTM层数隐层节点数学习率训练次数
1220/100.000 5-200-0.5600
21300.001 0-100-0.1300
3235/150.005 0-150-0.1450
41400.001 0-50-0.5250
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174387798436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LSTM神经网络训练最优参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子模型LSTM层数隐层节点数学习率训练次数
1220/100.000 5-200-0.5600
21300.001 0-100-0.1300
3235/150.005 0-150-0.1450
41400.001 0-50-0.5250
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174463295911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison between calculated values and actual values under steady-state operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入输出真实值
uB/(kg·s–1)Dfw/(kg·s–1)utpst/MPahm/(kJ·kg–1)Ne/MW
112.8596.20.55414.412 641.4196
129.9686.90.66114.432 773.7240
145.3736.20.76614.352 662.5271
190.1885.60.86615.962 627.6370
212.81 213.20.84320.672 516.3450
2471 290.60.85223.592 413.3520
输出计算值误差/%
pst/MPahm/(kJ·kg–1)Ne/MWΔpst/pst0Δhm/hm0ΔNe/Ne0
14.492 672.31980.3141.1250.333
14.412 744.12390.0791.0780.167
14.252 638.52740.3940.8740.500
15.682 583.93631.1021.5911.167
20.332 512.14531.3380.1530.500
24.042 4175261.7720.1351.000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174584930729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

稳态运行条件下模型计算值和实际值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入输出真实值
uB/(kg·s–1)Dfw/(kg·s–1)utpst/MPahm/(kJ·kg–1)Ne/MW
112.8596.20.55414.412 641.4196
129.9686.90.66114.432 773.7240
145.3736.20.76614.352 662.5271
190.1885.60.86615.962 627.6370
212.81 213.20.84320.672 516.3450
2471 290.60.85223.592 413.3520
输出计算值误差/%
pst/MPahm/(kJ·kg–1)Ne/MWΔpst/pst0Δhm/hm0ΔNe/Ne0
14.492 672.31980.3141.1250.333
14.412 744.12390.0791.0780.167
14.252 638.52740.3940.8740.500
15.682 583.93631.1021.5911.167
20.332 512.14531.3380.1530.500
24.042 4175261.7720.1351.000
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174652039596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Difference of model output and true value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行负荷段/ MW指标负荷主蒸汽压力分离器焓值
350~550δMAPE/%1.641.441.23
δRMSE11.810.4839.47
δMAE9.860.3733.85
500~220δMAPE/%1.761.561.40
δRMSE12.910.4645.08
δMAE10.580.4038.57
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174731731375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型输出误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行负荷段/ MW指标负荷主蒸汽压力分离器焓值
350~550δMAPE/%1.641.441.23
δRMSE11.810.4839.47
δMAE9.860.3733.85
500~220δMAPE/%1.761.561.40
δRMSE12.910.4645.08
δMAE10.580.4038.57
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174819811762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of output errors across different models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型对比指标负荷主蒸汽压力分离器焓值
本文模型δMAPE/%1.571.411.05
δRMSE9.850.4834.26
δMAE7.620.3628.95
文献[15]模型δMAPE/%2.322.231.75
δRMSE20.171.0455.78
δMAE16.350.8448.07
文献[17]模型δMAPE/%1.922.391.55
δRMSE14.840.8049.53
δMAE11.500.6142.47
), ArticleFig(id=1236693174916280757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693159275721670, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同模型输出误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型对比指标负荷主蒸汽压力分离器焓值
本文模型δMAPE/%1.571.411.05
δRMSE9.850.4834.26
δMAE7.620.3628.95
文献[15]模型δMAPE/%2.322.231.75
δRMSE20.171.0455.78
δMAE16.350.8448.07
文献[17]模型δMAPE/%1.922.391.55
δRMSE14.840.8049.53
δMAE11.500.6142.47
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超临界直流炉机组建模及模型复杂方程优化
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韩程浩 , 杜鸣 , 牛玉广 , 崔召飞 , 李青
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(1): 88-98
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(1): 88-98
超临界直流炉机组建模及模型复杂方程优化
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韩程浩 , 杜鸣, 牛玉广, 崔召飞, 李青
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 韩程浩(1999),男,硕士,主要研究方向为超临界机组建模和协调控制算法,

通讯作者:

李青(1987),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为控制理论与控制工程,
Modeling of supercritical once-through boiler unit with complex equations optimization
Chenghao HAN , Ming DU, Yuguang NIU, Zhaofei CUI, Qing LI
Affiliations
  • School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405153
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为了根据超临界直流炉机组动态特性设计直流炉机组协调控制算法,以某超临界600 MW直流炉燃煤机组为研究对象,建立该机组的机理模型。考虑到长短时记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络算法在处理长时序列数据的优越性,对于所建机理模型中锅炉部分复杂的工质吸热方程和蒸汽压差方程以及汽轮机部分复杂的过热蒸汽流量方程和负荷系数方程,采用LSTM神经网络结合机组真实运行数据进行方程拟合,建立了能够捕获机组各状态运行特性的复杂方程优化子模型。对于所建立模型中的动态参数,结合机组的动态运行数据,采用改进的差分进化算法进行参数寻优,最终得出机组完整的状态方程模型。对于所建立的模型进行开环阶跃扰动测试和闭环运行验证,结果表明所建立的模型能够精确地反映超临界机组的动态运行特性,模型闭环运行过程中的主蒸汽压力、分离器蒸汽焓值和机组负荷的平均绝对百分比误差均小于1.76%,故所建立模型可用于超临界机组协调控制算法研究。

直流炉机组  /  机理建模  /  长短时记忆神经网络  /  差分进化算法  /  状态空间方程模型

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of supercritical once-through boiler units and design a coordinated control algorithm for it, a supercritical 600 MW coal-fired once-through boiler unit is taken as the research object and a mechanism model of the unit is established. In the model, the complex heat absorption equation and steam pressure difference equation in boiler section, as well as the superheated steam flow equation and unit load coefficient equation in turbine section are fitted by the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network with real operational data from the unit given the algorithm's superiority in handling sequence data with long-term dependencies. This established four sub-models of the equations that can capture the operating characteristics of the unit. For the dynamic parameters in the mechanism model, an improved differential evolution algorithm is proposed to identify. After this, a complete state equation model is obtained. The established model is verified through open-loop step disturbance testing and closed-loop simulation upon historical operation data. The results show that the established model can accurately reflect the dynamic operating characteristics of the unit. The mean absolute percent error of the main steam pressure, steam enthalpy in separator and unit load are all less than 1.76%, which means the established model has high accuracy and can be used for research on coordinated control algorithms of supercritical units.

once-through boiler unit  /  mechanism modeling  /  LSTM network  /  differential evolution algorithm  /  state space equation model
韩程浩, 杜鸣, 牛玉广, 崔召飞, 李青. 超临界直流炉机组建模及模型复杂方程优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 88 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405153
Chenghao HAN, Ming DU, Yuguang NIU, Zhaofei CUI, Qing LI. Modeling of supercritical once-through boiler unit with complex equations optimization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 88 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405153
燃煤发电一直是我国电力供应的主要方式,它具有成本低、原料储量丰富和技术成熟等优点,但是其发电过程排放出大量二氧化碳加剧了温室效应,不利于人类社会的长远发展。2020年,中国提出了2030实现“碳达峰”和2060年实现“碳中和”这一战略目标,意味着将来会有更多的新能源发电取代燃煤发电。然而风电和太阳能等新能源电力区别于传统发电的一个重要特征是其随机波动性,其规模化并入电网后就会使得传统电力系统中原本相对可控的电源侧控制性能大大降低,给电网稳定运行带来了较大的冲击,进而导致频繁的弃光、弃风等问题。为保障电网安全运行、提高可再生能源入网比例,必须提高煤电调峰能力[1]。此外2016年2月国家发改委发布了《关于推进“互联网+”智慧能源发展的指导意见》,“智能发电”的概念正是在国家能源转型的背景下应运而生,它的核心是构建高效、清洁、低碳、循环的绿色能源生产体系,实现能源与信息深度融合的智慧能源发展策略[2]。在能源转型的背景下,研究超临界火电机组的动态运行特性,建立结构完整、通用性强和精确度高的超临界机组动态模型,是提高煤电灵活运行的基础,同时也是推进智能控制算法发展,实现“智能发电”的重要保障。
对于火电机组建模的研究,1965年由Adams J和Clark D R等所建立的直流炉机组模型是较早的针对直流炉机组的机理模型,它将直流炉机组分为了14个模块并分别建模,由于过于追求模型准确性导致所建立模型过于复杂,难以用于协调控制系统研究[3]。Åström和Bell等人在2000年针对之前提出汽包炉模型进行了详细的机理分析建模,模型的方程是由基本的物理规律和一些启发式的锅炉运行特点所建立的,并通过运行数据对模型进行辨识,该模型为汽包炉和直流炉的建模提供了参考[4]。Liu等人分析了之前的对于直流炉机组的建模过程,根据合理的简化假设,利用集总参数法建立了三输入三输出的简化超超临界直流炉状态空间模型[5]。Niu等人考虑到新能源并网后火电机组可能长时间处于低负荷运行过程,因此建立了超临界直流炉机组低负荷运行时的模型,同时考虑了低负荷运行时煤质更新对于模型的影响,对于后续针对特殊工况的建模提供思路[6]。Fan H等[7]建立了超超临界直流炉机组在大范围变负荷工况下的机组模型,该模型考虑了煤质和燃烧状况对于蒸汽吸热量的影响,同时考虑了过热蒸汽在高压汽轮机节流阀流过时造成的能量损失。Liu X J提出采用模糊神经网络算法建立超超临界机组模型,同时对比使用了神经网络算法,验证其算法对于真实模型拟合的优越性[8]。分析火电机组建模的研究发展过程,可以发现机组的建模主要有2种方式:第1种是基于物理规律的机理建模,该建模方法在简化假设的基础上以机组运行过程中质量守恒和能量守恒方程为基础建立机组的机理模型,模型中的未知参数通过机组运行数据利用函数拟合得出;第2种是基于机组历史运行数据的数据驱动建模,通常采用神经网络作为模型架构,从机组运行数据中挖掘机组动态运行特性,从而建立机组的神经网络模型。
2种建模方式各有优劣,机理建模的优势在于模型用状态方程表示,可以清楚地表达机组的动态运行过程,缺点在于模型中较多的复杂未知方程难以准确表达;数据驱动模型的优势在于模型建立过程简单,且模型能够自主学习机组的动态特性,但是所建立的模型为黑箱模型,不能对模型内部进行机理分析,而且模型对于数据的依赖程度高,外界的扰动对于模型的准确性有很深的影响。权衡2种建模方式的利弊,以机理模型作为直流炉机组模型的框架,对于机理模型中复杂未知方程采用数据驱动方法建立优化子模型。相较于之前的火电机组模型,本文所建立模型具有更高的模型精确度,同时又不会像数据驱动模型一样过于依赖运行数据。
本文将机组协调系统模型分为磨煤系统、锅炉系统和汽轮机系统三大部分,在简化假设的基础上采用集总参数法分别建立了三大系统的机理模型。对于模型中的工质吸热方程、蒸汽压差方程、过热蒸汽流量方程和负荷系数方程,首先对机组运行过程的特征数据段进行筛选,而后利用筛选出的数据来训练长短时记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络,得到方程的优化子模型。选用LSTM神经网络拟合方程模型是因为它能够有效地学习到电厂运行序列数据中的长期依赖,而且在电力序列数据长度和时间间隔大幅变化的应用场景中具有很强的灵活性和鲁棒性。对于机理模型中的动态参数采用改进差分进化算法进行辨识,最终得出超临界机组的状态方程模型。
本文研究对象为某超临界600 MW直流炉火电机组,锅炉采用W型布置,单炉膛,尾部双烟道,全钢架,悬吊结构,燃烧器前后墙布置、对冲燃烧。图1给出了超临界直流炉机组示意。
建立机组模型之前,首先对模型行一定的简化假设:1)忽略燃料燃烧过程的延迟时间;2)锅炉在干态运行条件下将省煤器、水冷壁、分离器和过热器等效为一根均匀受热的金属管道,且管道内的同一截面的工质特性相同;3)不考虑工质和金属壁热量的轴向传递动态过程;4)燃料燃烧产生的热量在管道表面分布均匀且金属温度和工质温度的变化率相同;5)在保证主蒸汽温度波动在很小的范围内的情况下将减温水并入总的给水中,直接进入金属管道。
在上述模型假设的基础上,直流炉机组协调控制系统模型可以简化为磨煤系统、锅炉系统和汽轮机系统3个部分,下面分别针对这3个系统进行详细建模。
煤在进入锅炉燃烧之前需要经过磨煤机进行研磨,这样才能增大受热面积,使其充分燃烧。这一过程可以归结为惯性环节和延迟环节,其中延迟环节的时间主要由煤在运输带上的传送、原煤在磨煤机的堆积和煤粉在一次风管的输送时间组成。延迟环节的方程可以表示为:
rBP=uBeτs
式中:rBP表示磨煤机中的煤量;uB为机组的给煤量;τ表示磨煤系统的延迟时间。
磨煤系统的惯性环节主要是由磨煤机的工作特性决定,其质量平衡方程可以表示为:
dMdt=rBPrB
式中:M表示磨煤机中的煤的质量;rB表示进入锅炉的煤量。
根据磨煤机的特性,进入锅炉的煤粉量可以表达为:
rB=cBMfHfWfR=1c0M
式中:cBfHfWfR分别表示磨煤机的出力系数、煤的耐磨系数、煤的湿度修正系数和煤的细度修正系数;c0表示磨煤机的惯性时间。
由式(1)—式(3)可以求出磨煤系统的微分方程模型[5]
drBdt=1c0rB+1c0uBeτs
对于锅炉系统的建模过程,如果将锅炉内各环节分开建模,那么将会大大增加建模工作量,且所建立模型将过于复杂,难以用于协调控制算法的设计。因此在假设2)的基础上采用集总参数法建立锅炉系统的模型,这样模型既能保留机组动态运行特性又能降低模型的复杂度。由于汽水分离器中的工质参数变化敏感,能够反映锅炉的动态运行过程,因此选择分离器中蒸汽的参数作为集总参数。锅炉部分的质量和能量平衡方程可以表示为:
Vmdρmdt=DfwDst
Vmdρmhmdt+cjmjdTjdt=DfwhfwDsthst+Q
式中:Vmρmhm分别表示分离器的容积、蒸汽密度和蒸汽焓值;cjmjTj分别表示等效金属管壁的比热容、质量和温度;Dfwhfw分别表示给水流量和焓值;Dsthst分别表示主蒸汽流量和焓值;Q表示工质的吸热量。
锅炉工质吸热方程在之前文献中往往表达为入炉煤量rB和热传导系数k的乘积,k通过机组稳态运行数据辨识得出。然而工质的吸热量不仅与入炉煤量有关,还与给水流量有很大的关系,此外这些变量之间的关系绝不只是比例关系。锅炉的真实运行数据中已经蕴含了工质吸热这一热力学动态过程,由此可以通过构建LSTM神经网络,并通过运行数据训练,得到能够反映工质吸热动态特性的神经网络模型。可以将该模型表示为:
Q=LSTM1(rB,Dfw)
锅炉的煤水比能够反映当前锅炉运行状态,对于火电机组协调控制具有重要的参考价值。根据之前文献[9]的研究,分离器中蒸汽焓值是评估锅炉煤水比是否匹配的指标,因此选择分离器蒸汽焓值作为状态变量之一。然而要分析蒸汽的热力学特性,往往需要温度、压力和焓值3个指标中的2个[10],相较于分离器的蒸汽温度,蒸汽压力能够很好地跟踪机组的负荷变化,因此选择分离器蒸汽压力作为状态变量。式(5)、式(6)变化为:
Vm(δρmδpmdpmdt+δρmδhmdhmdt)=DfwDst
Vm(hmδρmδpmdpmdt+hmδρmδhmdhmdt+ρmdhmdt)+cjmj(δTmδpmdpmdt+δTmδhmdhmdt)=DfwhfwDsthst+Q
式中:Tm为分离器处金属壁的温度。
式(8)、式(9)进一步化简,可以得到:
b11dpmdt+b12dhmdt=DfwDst
b21dpmdt+b22dhmdt=DfwhfwlDsthm+Q
式中:b11=Vmρmpmb12=Vmρmhmb21=Vmhmρmpm+cjmjTmpmb22=Vm(hmρmhm+ρm)+cjmjTmhml=hsthm
联立方程(10)和方程(11),可以得到:
dpmdt=hfwd1c1Dfw+d1lhmc1Dst+Qc1
dhmdt=hfwd2c2Dfw+d2lhmc2Dst+Qc2
式中:c1=b21b11b22b12c2=b22b12b21b11d1=b22b12d2=b21b11。这4个变量将作为模型动态参数利用机组的动态运行数据辨识。
文献[11]对压差方程的表示为:
Dv02+z2Dv0Q0=z1Δp
式中:Dv0为过热蒸汽的容积流量;Δp=pm-pst为蒸汽压差;z1z2为和管道阻力和蒸汽热量有关的系数;Q0为过热蒸汽的吸热量。
尽管式(14)对于压差的表达较为准确,然而式中过热蒸汽的容积流量和过热蒸汽吸热量都难以直接测量,且2个未知系数也无法确定,因此将该方程进行简化,将压差直接表示为分离器蒸汽压力的幂次方程或多项式方程。该简化难以达到较高计算准确度,因此本文利用机组动态运行数据训练LSTM神经网络模型来表示锅炉压差变化,在不增加方程复杂度同时提高计算精确度,模型表示为:
Δp=LSTM2(pm)
主蒸汽的质量流量、密度和压强之间的关系可以表示[12]为:
Dst=λutpst1aρsta,  0a0.5
式中:Dstpstρst分别表示主蒸汽的质量流量、压强和密度;ut表示汽轮机阀门的开度;λα均为待定参数。
考虑到式(16)待定参数难以精确计算,且主蒸汽密度不易测量,因此建立上述方程的LSTM神经网络模型。因为密度可以由压强和焓值的方程表示,所以选择主蒸汽压强和焓值作为神经网络模型的特征输入,其中焓值是由主蒸汽压力测点测得实际温度和压力值并通过IAPWS方程计算得出。模型表达式为:
Dst=utLSTM3(pst,hst)
汽轮机部分主要的动态过程为汽轮机做功过程、再热器加热过程、回热系统加热给水过程和凝汽器的冷凝过程。由于汽轮机系统动态响应迅速,可以忽略动态过程的惯性时间,因此机组负荷的表达式为:
Ne=η[Dsthst(qnhn+qn1hn1)Dr1hr1+Dr2hr2(qn2hn2+...+q0h0)]
式中:Ne表示机组负荷;η表示负荷系数;qihi (1≤in)分别表示抽汽所带走蒸汽的质量流量和焓值;q0h0表示凝汽器所带走的蒸汽热量;Dr1hr1Dr2hr2分别表示进入再热器和离开再热器时蒸汽的热量。
假设上述动态过程没有质量损失,则式(18)可以化简为:
Ne=η[Dsthst(Dsthfw+Hn)+Dr(hr2hr1)]
式中:Hn表示凝汽器带走的热量,它和机组负荷成正比,即Hn=gNe
蒸汽在过热器中的吸热量和在再热器中的吸热量的比值与机组负荷成正比[5],可以表示为:
D(Ne)=Dr(hr2hr1)Dst(hsthfw)
分离器的蒸汽压力能够很好地跟踪机组负荷的变化,因此,式(20)也可以转换为以分离器的蒸汽压力为变量的方程:
P(pm)=Dr(hr2hr1)Dst(hsthfw)
将式(21)代入式(19)可得出机组负荷的表达式:
Ne=k1Dst(hsthfw)
式中:k1=η[1+P(pm)]1+ηgk1作为一个待定参数在之前的研究中或是作为一个静态参数通过机组的稳态运行数据辨识得出[5],或是作为变量pm的幂指数方程通过稳态数据辨识得出[9],然而这2种求解方式都过于简化,且未考虑机组在连续变负荷运行中的参数变化过程。k1的求解直接关系所建立模型负荷求解的准确性,因此论文构建了参数k1的LSTM神经网络模型,将pm作为模型的特征输入变量,通过机组变负荷运行数据训练,得出参数k1的精确求解模型,模型表达式为:
k1=LSTM4(pm)
通过对以上3个系统的方程分析,本文建立超临界机组协调控制系统的状态空间方程模型,模型的输入变量选择给煤量、给水流量和汽轮机阀门开度,输出变量选择主蒸汽压力、分离器蒸汽焓值和机组负荷,状态变量选择入炉煤量、分离器蒸汽压力和蒸汽焓值,模型框架为:
{X·=A(X)+B(X,U)Y=C(X)
式中:输入变量U=[U1,U2,U3]T=[uB,Dfw,ut]T,状态变量X=[X1,X2,X3]T=[rB,pm,hm]T,输出变量Y=[Y1,Y2,Y3]T=[pst,hm,Ne]T
模型的具体表达式如式(25)所示,式中LSTM1、LSTM2、LSTM3和LSTM4分别为工质吸热子模型、蒸气压差子模型、主蒸汽流量子模型和负荷系数子模型。
{dx1dt=1c0x1+eτsc0u1dx2dt=hfwd1c1u2+d1lhmc1LSTM3(x2LSTM2(x2),lhm)u3+LSTM1(x1,u2)c1dx3dt=hfwd2c2u2+d2lhmc2LSTM3(x2LSTM2(x2),lhm)u3+LSTM1(x1,u2)c2y1=x2LSTM2(x2)y2=x3y3=LSTM3(x2LSTM2(x2),lhm)LSTM4(x2)u3(lhmhfw)
模型中共有2个静态参数l(主蒸汽焓值和分离器蒸气焓值之比)和hfw(给水焓值)、6个动态参数c0c1c2d1d2(待辨识系数)和τ(磨煤系统的延迟时间)、4个子模型LSTM1、LSTM2、LSTM3和LSTM4需要辨识。
模型中的静态参数是通过机组在平稳运行条件下辨识得出[13-14],由于机组在平稳运行过程中内部参数基本不随时间变化,因此模型中的微分项均为0,由此可以推导出式(26)—式(29) 4个稳态运行方程。
rB=uB
Dfw*=Dst*
Q=DfwhfwDst*hst*
l=hst*hm*
本文对机组在2022.08.24—2022.09.01期间的运行数据进行筛选,选出机组稳定运行的时间段,并计算这些时间段的静态参数值rB(入炉煤量)、lhfw,结果见表1。由表1可以看出,静态参数随着入炉煤量的变化而变化,因此可以将静态参数辨识为入炉煤量rB的多项式方程。
相较于二次和四次多项式,三次多项式辨识结果具有更高的精度[7],因此静态参数lhfw表示为入炉煤量的三次多项式:
l=1.871×107rB3+8.878×105rB20.0125rB+1.846
hfw=4.712×106rB30.0092rB2+4.498rB+586.8
4个待辨识的子模型中,由于工质吸热子模型中的输入特征变量rB(入炉煤量)和输出特征变量Q(工质吸热量)难以测量,若选取机组稳定运行期间的数据进行辨识,便可以使用方程(26)和方程(28)来间接表示入炉煤量和工质吸热量,因此工质吸热子模型利用不同负荷条件下的稳态运行数据辨识。蒸气压差子模型、主蒸汽流量子模型和负荷系数子模型采用机组动态运行数据辨识,数据选取机组在2022.08.24—2022.09.01运行期间多段变负荷运行数据段。
模型辨识过程首先对数据中的异常点进行筛选和剔除,并进行归一化处理;其次划分训练集和测试集,搭建LSTM模型的网络框架,并选取模型训练的超参数,其中步长考虑到数据采样周期(1 s)和数据的相关性,并结合多组不同步长仿真实验,最终选用16 s作为步长;最后将数据代入训练得到子模型。这过程中LSTM的层数、每层的隐藏层节点数以及训练过程的超参数对于子模型的训练结果有着决定作用,因此将这些不确定的参数值作为差分进化算法中的特征变量,将测试集的均方误差作为价值函数,通过差分进化算法寻优确定每个参数的最优值。表2为经过寻优后得出的LSTM神经网络训练最优参数值。
相较于以往模型采用固定不变的方程[15-16],本文LSTM神经网络建立的子模型能够实现全范围工况下方程的自动优化。以主蒸汽流量方程为例计算变负荷下本文模型和文献[15-16]模型的计算值与其真实值进行对比,结果如图2所示。由图2可见,本文主蒸汽流量子模型的计算误差要远小于文献[15-16] 2个模型的计算误差,说明本文算法能准确地处理和解析模型的数据,具有很好的可扩展性和泛化能力,能够很好地适配所建立的子模型。
动态寻优参数共6个,分别为c0c1c2d1d2τ。本文选取了一段负荷大范围变化的数据段作为寻优数据集(图3),采样周期为1 s。
动态参数的寻优采用改进的差分进化算法,算法的流程如图4所示。该算法提出了种群相似度这一新指标,该指标根据种群中每个个体到当前种群中适应度值最优和最劣个体的标准欧氏距离来决定其大小。算法通过该指标来动态调节变异过程中缩放因子的大小和交叉操作中的交叉概率的大小,此外当算法在前期迭代寻优过程中种群相似度达到某一阈值,则认为算法陷入了局部最优,记录当前最优个体后舍弃当前种群并重新生成新种群。改进后的算法相较于普通差分进化算法具有自适应的变量搜索策略,使得算法不容易陷入局部最优,有效的提高了算法的收敛精度和速度。
动态寻优过程将超临界机组状态空间模型采用一阶后向差分进行离散化,给定6个待寻优参数搜索范围并随机生成初始值,将初始值代入状态空间模型计算得出下一时刻的状态参数值和当前时刻的输出值,重复此过程即可得到该段运行时间模型预测输出值。寻优算法的适应度函数定义如下:
f=(|pst,cpst,apst,a|+|hm,chm,ahm,a|+|Ne,cNe,aNe,a|)
式中:psthmNe分别表示主蒸汽压力、分离器蒸气焓值和机组负荷,下标c表示模型计算值,a表示实际值。
计算得出当机组变负荷运行在200~550 MW时,动态参数辨识结果为:c0=982,c1=2 952 369,c2=89 888,d1=1 041,d2=6 605,τ=169。
在机组稳态运行的条件下,选取不同负荷段数据计算得出模型的输出值,并和当前负荷下机组的真实值计算误差,误差计算表达式为:
E=|YcYaY0|
式中:Y0表示机组在锅炉的最大连续额定输出(BMCR)条件下输出参数值,分别为25.4 MPa、2 746 kJ/kg、600 MW。
表3给出了稳态运行条件下模型计算值和机组真实值的比较。从表3可以看出,输出误差最大为1.772%,最小为0.079%,计算得出平均误差为0.76%,表明本文模型对于机组稳态工况的模拟具有很高的精度。
为了验证所建立模型的合理性,对模型进行开环阶跃响应测试,即在稳态工况下,阶跃增加某一输入变量值,同时保持其他2个输入变量值不变,观察输出变量的变化情况。
考虑到机组的安全运行范围、机组运行的线性工作区域以及响应结果的清晰可辨识等因素,选取机组在420 MW工况附近开展阶跃响应测试,此时的给煤量、给水流量和阀门开度分别为42 kg/s、445 kg/s和42%,其阶跃变化量分别为10 kg/s、45 kg/s和5%,最终测试结果如图5图7所示。
图5可见,当给煤量阶跃增加后,在一段燃烧惯性时间后,工质吸热量增加,饱和水的蒸发量增加,主蒸汽压力升高,进入汽轮机的蒸汽量增加,负荷也随之增加,同时锅炉管道内工质的蒸发点前移,分离器的蒸汽焓值增大。一段时间后,机组达到新的稳态,输出变量恢复平稳。
图6可见,给水流量阶跃增加后,锅炉吸热管道水量增加,挤压管道内的蒸汽,导致主蒸汽压力快速上升,同时进入汽轮机的蒸汽量增加,负荷也随之上升。然而由于给煤量保持不变,工质吸热量不变,因此管道内工质温度下降,容积流量减少,主蒸汽压力和机组负荷逐渐下降达到新的稳态。这一过程中,管道内不饱和水区段增大,分离器蒸汽吸热量减少,蒸汽焓值持续下降直到新的稳态。
图7可见,汽轮机阀门开度阶跃增大后,短时间内大量的过热蒸汽进入汽轮机,蒸汽做工增加,机组负荷快速升高,同时主蒸汽压力大幅下降,锅炉的热量快速流失,分离器蒸汽焓值下降。由于给煤量保持不变,工质吸热量保持不变,机组负荷和分离器焓值又反向变换恢复到原来的水平,主蒸汽压力则下降达到新的稳态。
开环阶跃响应测试结果和实际机组的响应状况一致,表明所建立模型是合理正确的。
选取2组不同变化趋势的机组大范围变负荷运行数据进行模型闭环动态运行验证,分别为机组负荷由350 MW升到550 MW和由500 MW降到220 MW,将模型输出结果和实际值进行比较,结果如图8图13所示。
图14图16对比分析了相同的变负荷运行工况下本文模型输出值和文献[15,17]的模型输出值(对比模型根据该文献的建模方法和本文的运行数据进行的重新辨识),其中文献[15]为未引入神经网络辅助子模型的传统直流炉机组模型,文献[17]为引入了极限学习机辅助子模型的超临界直流炉机组模型。
各模型计算值和实际值的误差采用均方根误差δRMSE、平均绝对百分比误差δMAPE和平均绝对误差δMAE 3个指标评估,结果见表4表5。由表4表5可见,2组运行数据平均绝对百分比误差最小为1.23%,最大为1.76%,本文模型的输出结果能够很好地跟随实际值,表明所建立的模型能够反映实际机组动态运行特性。通过对比分析本模型与文献[15,17]模型的输出误差值,可以看出本文模型各项输出误差均小于对比模型,且平均绝对百分比误差相较于对比模型平均低0.75%和0.61%,说明所建立模型具有很高的精度[18-25]
本文研究了超临界直流炉机组的动态运行特性,采用集总参数法分系统搭建了机组的机理模型,为了提高模型的精确度,对于模型中复杂的工质吸热方程、蒸汽压差方程、过热蒸汽流量方程和负荷系数方程采用LSTM神经网络建立了4个方程的优化子模型,最终建立了超临界机组的状态空间方程模型。
对于模型中的静态参数、动态参数和子模型进行了辨识,其中动态参数辨识采用了改进的差分进化算法,有效地扩大了变量的搜索域,同时避免算法陷入局部最优。
最后对模型进行了阶跃响应测试、稳态运行验证、闭环动态运行验证和不同模型输出对比分析,结果显示动态运行平均绝对百分比误差最小为1.23%,最大为1.76%,证实了模型能够正确反映机组的动态运行特性。输出参数的平均绝对百分比误差较对比模型的平均低0.75%和0.61%,说明模型具有很高的精度,可以用于超临界直流炉机组协调控制算法的设计和测试。
然而模型对于锅炉过热器部分减温水的动态过程考虑不全面,这可能影响模型对于主蒸汽温度和压力的预测结果,而且用于模型验证的数据量并不多,未来可以在模型中增加喷水减温动态过程以及增加动态验证的数据量,从而进一步提高模型的精度。
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2025年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405153
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
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    华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206

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李青(1987),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为控制理论与控制工程,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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