Article(id=1236693158948557442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772780225740, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772780225740, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772780225740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780225740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236693158340383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772780225595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772780311062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236693516861100680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236693158340383361, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236693159229575812, articleId=1236693158948557442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research status of key materials for solar thermochemical energy storage technology, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The recent advancements in key materials including reactants and catalysts employed in solid-gas, gas-gas, and liquid-gas solar thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems are reviewed. The thermochemical properties of reactants such as carbonates, hydroxides, metal hydrides, metal oxides, organics, and ammonia are examined. The research status of the modification of these reactants, new material development, and catalyst improvement are also discussed. At present, the reactant materials suitable for solar TCES exhibit various deficiencies in terms of cyclic stability, reactivity, conversion rate, energy storage density, cost or safety, which hinder the commercial viability of solar TCES technology. To further enhance the maturity of solar TCES technology, it is imperative to develop advanced composite materials on the basis of known thermochemical reaction systems, improve novel efficient catalysts, and broaden demonstration application scenarios and scales in the future. The key materials should endow TCES systems with high energy storage density, more robust cyclic stability, and rapider reaction kinetics. It is preferred that they are readily available, non-corrosive, and non-toxic and more cost-effective.

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回顾了近年来太阳能驱动的固-气、气-气和液-气热化学储能体系应用的反应物和催化剂等关键材料的研究进展;综述了碳酸盐、氢氧化物、金属氢化物、金属氧化物、有机物和氨等材料的热化学储能特性以及反应物材料改性、新材料开发和催化剂改良等的研究现状。目前,适用于太阳能热化学储能的反应物材料在循环稳定性、反应活性、转化率、储能密度、成本或安全性等方面或多或少存在不足,限制了太阳能热化学储能技术的商业化应用。未来,仍需在已知热化学反应体系的基础上研制兼顾储能密度和循环反应稳定性、无腐蚀性和无毒性且具有成本效益的先进复合材料,同时开发新型高效催化剂以提高反应速率,扩展示范应用场景和规模,进一步提升太阳能热化学储能技术的成熟度。

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赵勇(1978),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源技术,
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胡若兰(1996),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源和氢能储能技术,

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Types and performance of common materials and representative chemical reactions for TCES technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型热化学储能反应物材料典型化学反应储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)反应温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
固-气碳酸盐CaCO3+ΔH ↔ CaO+CO2692.0973~1 273178.0
氢氧化物Ca(OH)2+ΔH ↔ CaO+H2O455.0673~873104.4
金属氢化物MgH2+ΔH ↔ Mg+H2580.0523~77375.0
金属氧化物2Co3O4+ΔH ↔ 6CoO+O2200.0973~1 123205.0
气-气有机物CH4+CO2+ΔH ↔ 2CO+2H27.7973~1 133247.0
CH4+H2O+ΔH ↔ CO+3H27.8873~1 223250.0
2NH3+ΔH ↔ N2+3H20.2673~97366.5
液-气硫氧化物2SO3+ΔH ↔ 2SO2+O21 073~1 273
), ArticleFig(id=1236693167836287829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太阳能热化学储能技术常用储能材料与典型化学反应及其性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型热化学储能反应物材料典型化学反应储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)反应温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
固-气碳酸盐CaCO3+ΔH ↔ CaO+CO2692.0973~1 273178.0
氢氧化物Ca(OH)2+ΔH ↔ CaO+H2O455.0673~873104.4
金属氢化物MgH2+ΔH ↔ Mg+H2580.0523~77375.0
金属氧化物2Co3O4+ΔH ↔ 6CoO+O2200.0973~1 123205.0
气-气有机物CH4+CO2+ΔH ↔ 2CO+2H27.7973~1 133247.0
CH4+H2O+ΔH ↔ CO+3H27.8873~1 223250.0
2NH3+ΔH ↔ N2+3H20.2673~97366.5
液-气硫氧化物2SO3+ΔH ↔ 2SO2+O21 073~1 273
), ArticleFig(id=1236693167936951127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Properties of carbonates used for TCES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳酸盐体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)工作温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
CaCO39060.841973~1 273178.0
PbCO3846~2 00388.0
BaCO31 563273.0
SrCO3333~4170.083~0.2781 173~1 473234.0
MgCO3593~704116.4
), ArticleFig(id=1236693168033420129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碳酸盐材料的热化学储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳酸盐体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)工作温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
CaCO39060.841973~1 273178.0
PbCO3846~2 00388.0
BaCO31 563273.0
SrCO3333~4170.083~0.2781 173~1 473234.0
MgCO3593~704116.4
), ArticleFig(id=1236693168226358126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Properties of metal hydrides used for TCES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属/合金氢化物储氢质量分数/%体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)温度/K反应焓(基于H2)/(kJ·mol–1)
MgH25.801 1100.600573~77374.0
Mg2FeH65.001 6020.585573~77377.4
Mg2NiH43.628730.322526~79664.6
NaMgH33.304780.478748~84886.6
NaMgH2F2.505470.393783~87896.8
NaH4.208030.576873117.0
CaH24.502 0481.0711 373~1 673186.0
TiH21.051 1160.247923~1 023170.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236693168360575863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

金属氢化物材料的热化学储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属/合金氢化物储氢质量分数/%体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)温度/K反应焓(基于H2)/(kJ·mol–1)
MgH25.801 1100.600573~77374.0
Mg2FeH65.001 6020.585573~77377.4
Mg2NiH43.628730.322526~79664.6
NaMgH33.304780.478748~84886.6
NaMgH2F2.505470.393783~87896.8
NaH4.208030.576873117.0
CaH24.502 0481.0711 373~1 673186.0
TiH21.051 1160.247923~1 023170.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236693168448656253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Properties of metal oxides used for TCES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属氧化物氧化还原对体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
BaO2/BaO837.50.146673~1 30077
Co3O4/CoO200.00.234973~1 173205
Mn2O3/Mn3O462.50.057773~1 32332
CuO/Cu2O0.225973~1 37364
Fe2O3/Fe3O40.1351 173~1 634
ZnO/Zn478
), ArticleFig(id=1236693169878913927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236693158948557442, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

金属氧化物材料的热化学储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属氧化物氧化还原对体积储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)质量储能密度/((kW·h)·kg–1)温度/K反应焓/(kJ·mol–1)
BaO2/BaO837.50.146673~1 30077
Co3O4/CoO200.00.234973~1 173205
Mn2O3/Mn3O462.50.057773~1 32332
CuO/Cu2O0.225973~1 37364
Fe2O3/Fe3O40.1351 173~1 634
ZnO/Zn478
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太阳能热化学储能技术关键材料研究现状
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胡若兰 , 邓巍 , 赵勇 , 谢小军 , 张恩享
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025,54(1): 1-11
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2025, 54(1): 1-11
太阳能热化学储能技术关键材料研究现状
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胡若兰 , 邓巍, 赵勇 , 谢小军, 张恩享
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 胡若兰(1996),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源和氢能储能技术,

通讯作者:

赵勇(1978),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源技术,
Research status of key materials for solar thermochemical energy storage technology
Ruolan HU , Wei DENG, Yong ZHAO , Xiaojun XIE, Enxiang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408192
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回顾了近年来太阳能驱动的固-气、气-气和液-气热化学储能体系应用的反应物和催化剂等关键材料的研究进展;综述了碳酸盐、氢氧化物、金属氢化物、金属氧化物、有机物和氨等材料的热化学储能特性以及反应物材料改性、新材料开发和催化剂改良等的研究现状。目前,适用于太阳能热化学储能的反应物材料在循环稳定性、反应活性、转化率、储能密度、成本或安全性等方面或多或少存在不足,限制了太阳能热化学储能技术的商业化应用。未来,仍需在已知热化学反应体系的基础上研制兼顾储能密度和循环反应稳定性、无腐蚀性和无毒性且具有成本效益的先进复合材料,同时开发新型高效催化剂以提高反应速率,扩展示范应用场景和规模,进一步提升太阳能热化学储能技术的成熟度。

太阳能利用  /  热化学储能  /  储能材料  /  反应物  /  催化剂

The recent advancements in key materials including reactants and catalysts employed in solid-gas, gas-gas, and liquid-gas solar thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems are reviewed. The thermochemical properties of reactants such as carbonates, hydroxides, metal hydrides, metal oxides, organics, and ammonia are examined. The research status of the modification of these reactants, new material development, and catalyst improvement are also discussed. At present, the reactant materials suitable for solar TCES exhibit various deficiencies in terms of cyclic stability, reactivity, conversion rate, energy storage density, cost or safety, which hinder the commercial viability of solar TCES technology. To further enhance the maturity of solar TCES technology, it is imperative to develop advanced composite materials on the basis of known thermochemical reaction systems, improve novel efficient catalysts, and broaden demonstration application scenarios and scales in the future. The key materials should endow TCES systems with high energy storage density, more robust cyclic stability, and rapider reaction kinetics. It is preferred that they are readily available, non-corrosive, and non-toxic and more cost-effective.

solar energy utilization  /  thermochemical energy storage  /  energy storage material  /  reactant  /  catalyst
胡若兰, 邓巍, 赵勇, 谢小军, 张恩享. 太阳能热化学储能技术关键材料研究现状. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408192
Ruolan HU, Wei DENG, Yong ZHAO, Xiaojun XIE, Enxiang ZHANG. Research status of key materials for solar thermochemical energy storage technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408192
在全球气候变化和能源危机背景下,以风能、太阳能等可再生能源代替化石能源已经成为众多国家的共识,既是我国“碳达峰、碳中和”任务的迫切需求,又关乎国家能源安全与发展战略[1]。近年来,聚光太阳能技术因能够将太阳能转换为热能、电能和化学能等其他可利用的能量形式、减少化石燃料使用和温室气体排放而得到迅速发展[2]。除了光伏发电,聚光太阳能集热发电(concentrated solar thermal power,CSTP)技术也引起了许多国家可再生能源研发战略的重点关注[3]。全球CSTP装机容量正快速增长,目前已达到GW级。但由于太阳辐射的昼夜循环、季节性和地理位置特定性等因素,光伏发电和聚光太阳能热电都存在分散性、间歇性、不稳定以及效率较低等问题[4],往往难以满足下游用户的需求。为实现长效发展,研究人员提出将聚光太阳能热电与热能储存系统进行集成,以便在太阳能充足时大量捕获并储存热能、在需要时释放热能进行利用。例如,某配置了熔盐储能系统的聚光太阳能热电系统可将太阳能年可用性从25%提升至65%[5],足见此类集成系统的成本效益。因此,太阳热能储存技术被广泛认为是一种解决太阳能局限性问题、平衡能源供需的前瞻性方案,具有广泛的应用前景。
太阳热能储存系统一般先利用聚光太阳能技术提高能量密度,再通过显热储能、潜热储能或热化学储能技术储存热能[6]。显热储能主要通过熔盐、热油和混凝土等低成本材料的温度变化来储存和释放能量,但存在储能密度小、热损失大等问题;潜热储能以材料相变过程的相变热形式进行储能,虽然储能密度提升,但在实际应用中出现材料腐蚀和相分离等问题[7];热化学储能(thermochemical energy storage,TCES)技术主要依赖可逆化学反应过程中的分子键断裂/重组实现能量吸收/释放[4],其基本原理如图1所示。
图1可见:热化学储能的正向吸热反应(充能)过程中,反应材料在高温条件(573~1 273 K)下发生解离、热能以化学势的形式储存起来,同时显热可通过换热器回收;逆向放热反应(释能)过程中,产物重新组合成初始反应材料、能量被回收利用。通过在特定条件下分离和储存反应产物,可以实现热能的长时间储存和远距离运输。热化学储能具有储能密度大(0.5~1.0 (kW·h)/kg或500~1 500 (kW·h)/m3)、热损失小、化学性质稳定、无需绝缘装置等显著优势[8],成为了最有潜力的连续、稳定、高效储能和供能的选择之一。
为推动太阳能热化学储能技术的应用,研究人员一直致力于改进、开发热化学储能反应物以及反应催化剂等关键材料,以获得稳定和高效的热化学储能系统[9]。近年来,对不同热化学储能材料的微观性质、储能密度、反应动力学、热力学和传热性质等的实验测定或模拟研究正在广泛开展,有助于揭示其吸热和放热反应过程规律、优化体系以实现更快反应速率、更高效率和可靠性。
太阳能热化学储能反应物材料应具备:高反应焓、高反应速率、高可逆性、强循环稳定性和优异导热性等,同时以容量丰富、低价易得、无副反应、无腐蚀性、不易燃易爆以及无毒性为宜[10]。目前广泛研究的热化学储能反应物材料主要包括碳酸盐、氢氧化物、金属氢化物、金属氧化物、有机物和氨等类型,涉及的反应根据相态可分为固-气、气-气和液-气反应,相应的太阳能热化学储能系统已得到建立,具体见表1[4-5,11]。气-气和液-气储能反应通常还需要具有高催化活性、稳定性和低成本的催化剂以加快反应速率。
固-气热化学储能一般比气-气热化学储能具有更高的体积储能密度,且无需产物分离步骤。碳酸盐是固-气热化学储能最适用的材料之一,部分碳酸盐能够在一定温度和压力条件下吸热分解成金属氧化物和CO2,需要时产物可再结合生成碳酸盐并放热(式(1))[10]。碳酸盐热化学储能系统具有工作温度(873~1 273 K)较高、储能密度大、无不良副反应等优点[11]。目前,常见的各种碳酸盐材料的热化学储能性能见表2[4,10,12]
MCO3(s) + ΔHMO(s) + CO2(g)
CaCO3/CaO材料不仅储能密度大,而且因丰度高、无毒、无腐蚀、不需要催化剂、成本低而最为常用,但其煅烧/碳化反应会出现团聚和烧结等问题。提高CaCO3/CaO材料的反应可逆性、循环稳定性和能量效率是目前的研究重点,例如通过调控颗粒的孔隙结构来缓解烧结问题。Xu等人[13]发现在CaCO3中掺杂2.5%TiO2可丰富颗粒孔隙、减小粒径,提高CaCO3的抗烧结能力和循环稳定性,还可提高储能密度、降低活化能和初始脱碳温度。Choi等人[14]在CaO基材料中加入CaCl2,显著提高了CO2的扩散速率,从而提高碳化反应速率和可逆性;同时添加的MgO可起到结构支撑作用,延缓CaCl2带来的加速烧结问题。Zhang等人[15]则采用挤压成型法制备了1种新型MgO/ZnO共掺钙基热化学储能蜂窝材料,25次循环后的储能密度比无掺杂的CaO提高33%,抗烧结性能更好(图2)。实验分析表明这是由于ZnO能够增加CaO蜂窝的氧空位、优化CaO晶体结构,也能够增强MgO对CaO的支撑作用。Xu等人[16]还发现利用甘氨酸修饰CaO基材料时生成了丰富的介孔结构,经过60次循环可积累110.1 kJ/g的储能容量;Na2CO3改性也有利于提高CaO基材料的储能性能[17]。此外,若利用蒸汽水化处理对CaO进行周期性再活化,可帮助减轻烧结、增加材料表面积和孔隙度,从而明显改善反应循环稳定性[18]。Zheng等人[19]则从提高全光谱太阳能吸收率的角度出发,基于溶胶-凝胶法设计了掺杂Cu、Co、Cr和Mn的深色CaCO3颗粒,也能够提高储能密度和循环稳定性。
在碳酸盐材料的实际应用中,需进一步考虑材料毒性、成本以及CO2储存问题。CaCO3吸热脱碳产生的CO2可通过PbO等其他金属氧化物进行储存,但PbCO3/PbO材料存在可逆性不佳和毒性问题[12]。针对压缩储存CO2的钙循环(calcium looping,CaL)储能系统,Perejón等人[20]发现富钙钢渣是1种具有稳定性的前驱体材料,可利用乙酸处理、产生富含CaO的固体并降低成本。CaO/Al2O3复合材料可以稳定CaO的微观结构、缓解孔隙堵塞,提高CaL-CSTP集成系统的有效转化率[21]。Lauro等人[22]的研究证明,降低煅烧温度、预煅烧和使用白云石代替石灰石等方法也可以适度提高CaL用于热化学储能的性能,由于MgO组分的存在,材料微结构性能得到改善,白云石的碳化度更高。
其他碳酸盐中,BaCO3/BaO和SrCO3/SrO材料也受到烧结问题的限制,BaCO3/BaO在煅烧过程中还表现出熔化现象[23]。SrCO3/SrO的煅烧和碳化循环可以提供约1 473 K的高温热量,可利用耐火添加剂提高该体系在高温下的循环性能[24]。由CaSO4或Sr3(PO4)2支撑的SrCO3/SrO体系可以抑制烧结问题,特别是后者在相同质量分数下可能具有更高的质量储能密度[25]。添加活性SrTiO3或惰性SrZrO3均有助于提高SrCO3的循环容量[26]。MgCO3/MgO材料用于热化学储能时,具有无腐蚀、难潮解和不存在宏观膨胀/收缩现象的优势。为解决反应可逆性差的问题,Shkatulov等人[27]建议用乙酸锂(LiOAc)和混合锂-钾硝酸盐(Li0.42K0.58NO3)对MgO进行改性,以提升MgO的碳化反应活性。
基于氢氧化物的太阳能热化学储能技术依赖于氢氧化物在523~773 K和近大气压下的脱水/水合可逆反应(式(2))。其储能系统具有较高的储能容量(1~3 GJ/m3),而且材料通常容量丰富、便宜且无毒。可利用的氢氧化物/金属氧化物体系有Ca(OH)2/CaO和Mg(OH)2/MgO等[11,28]
M(OH)2(s) + ΔHMO(s) + H2O(g)
Ca(OH)2脱水/水合反应因具有高反应焓(104.4 kJ/mol)、良好的可逆性和活性值得特别关注,其工作温度623~1 173 K,适合于高温储能[10]。Schaube等人[29]观察到,0.1 MPa H2O分压下Ca(OH)2/CaO在超过100次的循环反应中具有稳定的可逆性,Criado等人[30]却发现其存在因颗粒磨损导致的机械性能差的缺陷,这也会造成反应活性降低和材料团聚问题。降低温度、减少CO2含量或增大颗粒直径和间距可以减少材料膨胀和颗粒团聚现象[28,31]。Luo等人[32]模拟了Ca(OH)2的脱水过程,发现单颗粒的脱水反应速率主要由温度和Ca(OH)2浓度决定,在颗粒中引入更多的微孔或介孔有利于提高储热速率,但可能降低储能密度;通过设计包覆在颗粒上的壳层也可以提高脱水效果。例如,用陶瓷外壳封装预粒化的Ca(OH)2可以防止材料粉末团聚,并在不牺牲储能容量的情况下提高机械稳定性[33]。Bian等人[34]以石灰石和硅溶胶为原料制备了1种SiO2稳定包覆的CaO颗粒,有效抑制了颗粒膨胀,并实现了更高的储能密度(图3)。蛭石因具有高孔隙率和化学稳定性而能够作为Ca(OH)2/CaO材料的载体,以提高脱水/水化率和耐久性[35]。Yan等人[36]还证实Li掺杂Ca(OH)2可以降低脱水反应温度或在相同温度下加速反应,而不会显著影响储能容量。另外,Pardo等人[37]探究了Al2O3+Ca(OH)2惰性易流化颗粒反应体系,发现在反应中逐步分离Al2O3能够有效提高储能密度,硝酸钙和醋酸钙这2种CaO前体还可以促进Ca/Al混合相的形成、获得更好的脱水/水合性能[38]
Mg(OH)2的脱水温度约为523 K,更适合于中温储能。相关研究主要集中在材料的成型和掺杂上,以实现降低成本、降低最低脱水温度和提高反应活性。Shkatulov等人[39]通过在膨胀蛭石孔隙中沉淀Mg(OH)2合成了1种复合材料,使脱水温度降低了约50 K,复合材料的最大储热密度为540 kJ/kg。Kobayashi等人[40]的实验则表明在Mg(OH)2中加入LiCl、NaOH或KOH等几种碱金属氯化物和氢氧化物可获得良好的脱水反应性。近期,Tian等人[41]发现Fe掺杂的MgO在10次循环反应后的能量释放密度达到MgO的5倍,Fe增强了H2O与MgO表面的相互作用,Mg(OH)2脱水的活化能降低了33.2%。
金属氢化物能够吸热分解释放H2(式(3)),生成的金属、合金或金属间化合物等可与H2重新结合并放热,因此在储氢和储热技术中发挥着重要作用。H2可压缩储存,也可储存在其他金属氢化物中。金属氢化物一般具有高㶲效率、高能量密度、工作温度范围广和环保性优的优势[42],但操作压力可能需要达到5~10 MPa[12]。理想的金属氢化物储能材料应具有高储氢容量、高反应活性、温和的温度压力条件、易活化和高熔点等特性[4],具体有NaH、MgH2、CaH2、TiH2等及其合金氢化物(表3[4,43]
MH2x(s) + ΔHM(s) +xH2(g)
镁的储量丰富且成本低廉,MgH2及其合金因高储氢密度和良好可逆性被认为是最有希望用于热化学储能的金属氢化物[4]。Delhomme等人[44]建立的MgH2储罐中,10 kg MgH2粉末能储存0.6 kg氢气,储能密度达0.36 (kW·h)/kg。然而,MgH2储能系统需面对反应速率慢、高温下可逆性较差以及需要大量转移产物的挑战[5],研究学者开始采用合金和MgH2基复合材料等。三元氢化物Mg2FeH6具有吸引力[10,45-46],循环性能良好,体积储能密度高于MgH2,相同温度下释氢压力更低。NaMgH3具有较好的热稳定性、成本较低,Poupin等人[47]在其中加入TiB2和剥落的天然石墨,增强了循环性能。理论计算和实验表明,纳米结构MgH2/Mg材料和复合材料如MgH2-AlH3、CeH2.73-MgH2-Ni和MgH2-石墨烯复合材料等,可在维持循环稳定性的同时有效改善加氢反应动力学[48-50]。Wu等人[51]发现复合金属氧化物可作为MgH2/Mg储能反应的催化剂(图4),与复合金属氧化物混合而成的MgH2-Ta2O5-Nd2O3有助于降低脱氢峰温度(580.3 K)和表观活化能(95.3 kJ/mol)。
CaH2/Ca也被用于高温热力发电的储能系统中,其储能密度大,但分解温度较高。Sofianos等人[52]发现将CaH2与卤化钙盐(CaCl2、CaBr2和CaI2)混合有助于降低脱氢温度,但存在一定烧结问题。CaH2-2Al体系也可以使操作温度降低到973 K以下[53]。TiH2/TiH虽然比MgH2/Mg具有更高的转化效率和体积储能密度,但氢的快速扩散和烧结等问题可能导致储能密度的下降。
多价态金属氧化物在623~1 373K能够分解生成低价态金属氧化物和O2(式(4)),需要时再经过O2或空气氧化以回收热量,也是1种有前景的热化学储能材料。金属氧化物性质简单、稳定且环境友好,氧化还原反应温度高、热效应显著,不需要催化剂,也不会生成腐蚀性产物[54];逆向反应过程中,空气可同时用作传热介质和氧化剂,从而无需储存产品气体和单独的换热器[4,10]。根据所涉及的金属氧化物种类,基于金属氧化物的热化学储能体系可分为纯金属氧化物和混合金属氧化物体系。纯金属氧化物体系更容易构建,混合金属氧化物体系则在可逆性和成本方面更具优势[54]。适合于热化学储能所需反应温度、反应焓、循环稳定性和成本的金属氧化物材料包括BaO2/BaO、Co3O4/CoO、Mn2O3/Mn3O4、CuO/Cu2O、Fe2O3/Fe3O4、ZnO/Zn等(表4[11,54]
MxO(y+2z)(s) + ΔHMxOy(s) +zO2(g)
钡氧化物储量丰富、有害性小、储能密度适中,但可逆性较差,需要防止灰层形成、提高BaO2/BaO氧化还原反应的可逆性[54]。对BaO2进行预处理和使用流化床反应器被认为可以实现长期稳定性和缓解烧结问题[55]。Lei等人[56]通过共沉淀法合成了MgO稳定的BaO2/MgO材料,MgO质量分数为33%的BaO2/MgO样品在200个氧化还原循环中具有良好的储能容量,质量的增加或损失最小。
钴氧化物具有较高的储能密度和优异的氧化还原可逆性。纯Co3O4的物理形态是钴氧化物实际储能密度、反应可逆性和活性的重要影响因素。例如,蜂窝状Co3O4比颗粒和粉末状表现出更高的能量储存密度(539 kJ/kg)[57];蜂窝和颗粒状Co3O4比粉末状材料的循环稳定性更好[58];致密Co3O4颗粒的传热性能更好,氧化还原反应速率比粉末状更快[59]。然而,Co3O4/CoO的应用受到了氧化还原反应的热滞后和材料烧结、材料相对稀缺、高成本和潜在致癌性的限制,研究人员正致力于将其他危害较小且价格低廉的金属氧化物与Co3O4/CoO结合。
锰、铜和铁的氧化物作为热化学储能材料时,具有高丰度、低成本和低毒性的优点。理论上,Mn2O3/Mn3O4氧化还原反应发生在773~1 323 K,是锰氧化物中唯一具有热化学储能潜力的氧化还原对,但它的反应动力学性能差、储能密度小、存在烧结问题[54],可以通过使用新型反应器、低冷却速率或流动氧化锰球团的形式来改善其氧化动力学[60]。CuO/Cu2O的储能密度略小于Co3O4/CoO,Fe2O3/Fe3O4的储能密度则较为逊色。迄今为止,利用CuO/Cu2O进行热化学储能的可行性已经得到证实,而有关Fe2O3/Fe3O4的研究工作比较有限[54]。这2种材料的共性问题包括可逆性差和烧结现象等[58],Cu2O的熔点与还原温度接近,可能导致热循环后材料晶粒明显长大,Fe3O4的氧化温度非常高,实际应用难度大[60]
如上所述,混合金属氧化物体系可提高储能性能、材料的成本效益,实现可调的操作温度,或改善反应可逆性和动力学。Al2O3掺杂的Co3O4、Fe2O3掺杂的Mn2O3和LiMnO2都表现出良好的储能特性,而Co3O4+NaCO3/NiO/MgO、Mn2O3+Al2O3或铁尖晶石可能不适合用于储能[58,61]。Han等人[62]发现Al和Cr的掺杂能够缩短Co3O4/CoO体系的热滞后,特别是Co-Al氧化物具有优异的氧化放热特性和长期循环稳定性,这是因为CoAl2O4的存在抑制了材料的烧结,Co-Al氧化物在热循环过程中逐渐形成粒径均匀的疏松结构(图5)。
Liu等人[63]对比了多种元素掺杂Co3O4的效果,证实Cu和Zr掺杂能够增加Co3+的含量从而提高储能密度,更多表面氧的存在也有利于提高其氧化还原活性。考虑到钴氧化物的高反应焓和储能密度,以及铁氧化物的低成本和低毒性,Fe2O3掺杂的Co3O4非常适合用于热化学储能系统,具有较高的反应焓和可逆性[61]。此外,针对锰氧化物的烧结问题,Huang等人[64]采用取代基掺杂法制备(Mn1−xSix)2O3,Si4+在Mn2O3晶体结构中引入缺陷,降低了晶体内的氧迁移能垒,从而提升多次循环后的再氧化率。进一步,他们在Mn基氧化物(Mn0.8Fe0.2)2O3中加入表面改性剂MnSiO3以抑制晶粒团聚,获得了较好的抗烧结效果和循环稳定性[65]。AI-Shankiti等人[66]则通过强化混合法制备并分析了MnFe2O4尖晶石,证明其具有较好的氧化还原反应活性。
近年来,具有高电子导率和良好化学稳定性的钙钛矿在热化学储能领域的应用研究也越来越广。不同元素掺杂的CaMnO3钙钛矿研究显示,1 273 K下CaCo0.05Mn0.95O3-δ钙钛矿的氧化还原能力增强,储能密度约571 kJ/kg,但冷却速率过高时会导致颗粒微观结构劣化和热释放不完全[67];掺杂Zr的CaZr0.1Mn0.9O3有助于强化结构稳定性并提升储能密度[68]。Qian等人[69]报告了CaTi0.5Mn0.5O3-δ具有高热稳定性、快速动力学、中等还原焓和较大的还原熵。Klaas等人[70]研究分析了Ca1-xSrxMnO3-δ,发现随着Sr含量的增加,材料发生结构变化,可降低还原反应焓和氧化活化能。此外,CaMn0.9Fe0.1O3-δ、Ba0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ、La1-xSrxCoO3-δ、SrCo0.95Sb0.05O3-δ等均具有作为热化学储能材料的潜力[71-73]
采用有机气体材料的太阳能热化学储能系统通过高温下有机物的分解或重整来储存能量。其中,甲烷的重整过程具有较高反应焓,因此特别受到关注。甲烷重整可分为CH4/CO2干式重整(式(5))和CH4/H2O蒸汽重整(式(6)),产物CO和H2可通过管道长距离输送、在需要时通过逆反应回收能量。理论上,利用太阳能生产合成气的吸热反应可将甲烷原料的热值提高22%~28%,干式重整还能同时实现CO2减排,因此甲烷重整反应体系被认为是优化可再生能源利用的关键技术[10]。CH4/CO2干重整因避免了水汽蒸发过程、额外储存20%的太阳能而比蒸汽重整更具优势,太阳能热电效率可提高至42%[74]。然而,这2种反应都容易受到水煤气转换副反应的影响,造成能量损失和H2产率下降[75]
CH4(g) + H2O(g) + ΔHCO(g) + 3H2(g)
CH4(g) + CO2(g) + ΔH2CO(g) + 2H2(g)
甲烷在热化学储能中的应用已发展到中试规模。太阳能驱动的甲烷重整可以在开环或闭环热化学储能系统中完成,吸收功率达到200~300 kW,甲烷转化率高达88%[10]。催化剂材料的选择对于提高甲烷重整产率起着至关重要的作用,研究学者致力于在Al2O3、ZrO2和镁铝尖晶石等材料上负载Ni、Co、Ru和Rh等元素以改良催化剂[76]。Lu等人[77]提出采用Ni/Al2O3颗粒和多孔石英封装的新型催化剂床层,实验储能效率和总能量利用效率分别高达41.1%和80.3%,并确定了最佳的聚光热密度、流量、甲烷摩尔分数(0.5)和床层孔隙度(0.6)。Chen等人[78]采用具有高导热系数的多孔SiC泡沫材料制备Ni/CeO2-Al2O3/SiC催化剂(图6),在聚光太阳能模拟器下实现高效稳定的甲烷干式重整,提高甲烷转化率,热化学储能效率最高达31.4%。Riaz等人[79]报告了钒掺杂的氧化铈材料用于甲烷的部分氧化、然后将CO2和H2O分解成合成气的可行性,该材料在200次循环中具有长期氧化还原活性。
800~1 500 K下的甲烷分解反应(式(7))也可应用于热化学储能,但反应焓低(37.8 kJ/mol)。甲醇(CH3OH)易于储存和运输,其热化学储能分解反应(式(8))发生在相对较低的温度[10]。Wang等人[80]探究了太阳能驱动的甲醇蒸汽重整反应,表明423~523 K条件下甲醇的转化率可高达99.9%;在优化的反应温度和压力下,太阳能-燃料转化效率和㶲效率分别高达55.2%和74.8%。此外,环己烷(C6H12)作为热化学储能材料可在478~589 K和常压下发生催化分解反应(式(9)),其逆反应的苯加氢技术已经成熟,但环己烷脱氢产物具有毒性,且反应表现出较差的可逆性[12]
CH4(g) + ΔHC + 2H2(g)
CH3OH(g) + ΔHCO(g) + 2H2(g)
C6H12(g) + ΔHC6H6(g) + 3H2(g)
受益于分解/合成反应的可逆性和高能量密度,氨也成为热化学储能技术的可选材料[4]。673~973 K、10~30 MPa条件下进行的Haber-Bosch合成氨工艺已十分成熟。在太阳能热化学储能系统中,聚光太阳能将吸热反应器中的NH3分解为N2和H2(式(10));产物重新合成NH3并放热时,可将超临界蒸汽在26 MPa下加热到约923 K从而实现发电[81]。虽然基于氨的太阳能热化学储能系统的操作压力和温度较高,但该可逆反应相对容易控制,副反应较少;而且由于冷凝液氨和N2、H2气体混合物的密度差异大,反应物和产物可自动分离、在常温下单独储存[10]。该体系的缺点是正逆反应都难以完全转化,需要使用Fe基、Ni基或Ru-C催化剂来加速反应,目前的研究也主要集中在催化剂的优化上[4],减小催化剂粒径有利于提高氨转化率[82]
2NH3(g) + ΔHN2(g) + 3H2(g)
SO3的分解反应(式(11))温度在1 073~1 273 K,并且可以从硫酸中轻易获得(式(12));产物SO2和O2可经过管道运输至用户,在773~873 K条件下重组并释能,因此也适合于高温热化学储能。在催化条件下,SO3分解和合成反应过程反应活性高、不发生副反应。Agrafiotis等人[83]在实验室规模的反应器中进行的测试表明,1 123 K下SO3的转化率相当于平衡值的68%,性能衰减率较为理想。此外,还可以通过三步热化学循环来实现在单质硫中储存太阳能,储能密度进一步提升(约9 MJ/kg)[84]。这涉及到393~423 K下SO2与H2O发生的歧化反应(式(13)),生成的液态单质S可经过固化、在常温常压条件下储存,然后用于燃气轮机发电。但是,硫基热化学储能技术的应用必须要进一步考虑如何解决材料的腐蚀性和毒性问题。
2SO3(g) + ΔH2SO2(g) + O2(g)
H2SO4(l) + ΔHSO3(g) + H2O(g)
3SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)2H2SO4(l) + S(s) + ΔH
液-气热化学储能系统可用材料有限,主要包括异丙醇和硫酸氢铵。异丙醇/丙酮/氢储能体系在合适的催化剂条件下进行式(14)的可逆反应,其脱氢和加氢过程分别在353~363 K和423~483 K条件下进行[85]。早在1980年有研究提出了异丙醇/丙酮/氢的化学热泵系统,后续研究也进行了实验、计算模拟以及催化剂(Raney镍和Ru-Pt/活性炭)的选用和配比[10,86],但目前异丙醇在热化学储能技术中的应用仍缺乏足够的实验反馈。在700~1 200 K无催化剂条件下,液态硫酸氢铵(NH4HSO4)吸热解离成NH3、H2O和SO3(式(15)),具备良好的反应活性[10,12],但基于NH4HSO4/NH3/H2O/SO3的储能系统存在产物腐蚀性和毒性等问题。
(CH3)2CHOH(l) + ΔH(CH3)2CO (g) + H2(g)
NH4HSO4(l) + ΔHNH3(g) + H2O(g) + SO3(g)
对于具有储能密度高、长时间和远距离储能特性、热损失小等优点的太阳能热化学储能技术,研究学者广泛地探索了固-气、气-气和液-气反应储能体系,包括太阳能驱动的碳酸盐的煅烧/碳化、氢氧化物的脱水/水合、金属氧化物的氧化/还原、金属氢化物的脱氢/加氢、甲烷的重整、氨的解离/合成反应等,致力于开发具有更优异储能性能、更低成本的反应物材料及催化剂材料。但各类材料在实际应用中仍需面对各种挑战,如部分固-气反应材料存在储能密度偏低、反应活性较差、多次循环后材料发生烧结、团聚、结构破坏等造成的循环稳定性差或成本高等问题;部分气-气反应材料存在转化率偏低或腐蚀性较高等问题;液-气反应材料的实用性较低。目前太阳能热化学储能技术的发展仍然处于实验室或中试规模,在实现商业化之前还需对关键材料进行进一步开发。
1)基于机理研究,通过掺杂、改性和预处理手段调控微观结构,设计具有强抗烧结性的碳酸盐复合材料、高机械稳定性的氢氧化物复合材料,进一步提高材料的反应活性和耐久性;尝试从矿石和工业固废中回收可利用的储能材料,降低成本。
2)以MgH2为基础开发三元氢化物材料、纳米结构材料和MgH2基复合材料等,并为之研制催化剂,以提高反应活性、增强导热性。另外也要注意解决腐蚀、氢脆和传热流体的选择等问题。
3)以Co3O4/CoO为基础研究更多混合金属氧化物材料的储能性能,并扩展氧气产品的利用途径;开发新型钙钛矿材料以获得更高的储能密度、热稳定性和反应速率。
4)改良太阳能驱动甲烷重整反应的催化剂材料,特别是以负载Ni的Al2O3为基础的各类多孔催化剂,并结合反应器设计提高系统效率。
5)深入探究氨基热化学储能材料的低转化率问题、硫基热化学储能材料和液态硫酸氢铵材料的腐蚀性和毒性问题的解决办法。
6)扩大实验和示范应用规模,并进一步探索上述热化学储能材料应用于其他需要热能储存和适时释放的场景的可行性,例如参与火电企业的深度调峰与灵活性改造,提高能量利用效率和运行稳定性。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H21)
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2025年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408192
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H21)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H21)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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赵勇(1978),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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