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Article(id=1236688428528628334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779097921, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779097921, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779097921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779097921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688428960641671, articleId=1236688428528628334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Performance analysis and operation scheduling study for cogeneration system coupled with molten salt thermal storage equipment, columnId=1236688422530773373, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Integrated technology of source-grid-load-storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The growing share of renewable energy leads to increased load volatility and uncertainty in power system, necessitating greater flexibility in cogeneration systems. The utilization of molten salt thermal storage equipment can enhance the performance of cogeneration systems. Against the main-pipeline cogeneration system consisting of four boilers and two steam turbines which is integrated with a coupled molten salt thermal storage equipment, the EBSILON simulation software is used to establish mechanism model for power supply and heating. The influence of molten salt heat storage equipment on combined heat and power system performance is analyzed, and the optimization scheduling methods for coupled systems are also investigated. The results show that, the coupling of molten salt thermal storage equipment in cogeneration systems can increase the system’s peak shaving capacity, expand the system’s operating range, and broaden the unit’s operating area. After estimation, the amount of coal saved in one day can be about 4.16 tons, the carbon emissions can be reduced by about 8.25 tons, and the pollutant emissions can be decreased by about 1.76 kg. The molten salt thermal storage equipment has improved the system’s economy and environmental friendliness.

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高比例可再生能源增加了电力系统的负荷波动性和不确定性，需要热电联产系统具备更强的灵活性，熔盐储热设备的应用能够提升热电联产系统的此性能。针对某耦合熔盐储热设备的“4炉2机”母管制热电联产系统，基于EBSILON仿真软件建立供电、供热的机理模型，分析熔盐储热设备对热电联产系统性能的影响，研究耦合系统的优化调度方式。研究结果表明：热电联产系统耦合熔盐储热设备可以增加系统调峰容量，扩大系统运行范围，拓宽机组运行区域；经过估算，一天内煤量可节省约4.16 t，碳排放量下降约8.25 t，污染物排放量下降约1.76 kg，熔盐储热设备提高了系统的经济性和环保性。

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肖颖（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为热电联产机组负荷优化分配，。
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李蔚（1974），女，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为发电厂在线监测、性能分析和运行优化，。

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李蔚（1974），女，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为发电厂在线监测、性能分析和运行优化，。

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李蔚（1974），女，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为发电厂在线监测、性能分析和运行优化，。

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Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 428: 139337., articleTitle=Integration model and performance analysis of coupled thermal energy storage and ejector flexibility retrofit for 600 MW thermal power units, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236688432815207196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236688432823595806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, companyId=1236688432815207196, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236688432831984414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, companyId=1236688432815207196, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=EBSILON mechanistic model of the main-pipeline cogeneration system with molten salt thermal storage, figureFileSmall=ChoKtIKIZkqZo/FKC53vUg==, figureFileBig=OtQdRuceaYrkEyFHYnwHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436556526533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图1, caption=耦合熔盐储热的母管制热电联产系统的EBSILON机理模型, figureFileSmall=ChoKtIKIZkqZo/FKC53vUg==, figureFileBig=OtQdRuceaYrkEyFHYnwHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436787213265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the coupling scheme between molten salt thermal storage and cogeneration system, figureFileSmall=vArYudWhEvQ8qWQ/G7SEuQ==, figureFileBig=I0keVqmtdqdC3o5NbKEz5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436887876567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图2, caption=熔盐储热设备与热电联产系统的耦合方案示意, figureFileSmall=vArYudWhEvQ8qWQ/G7SEuQ==, figureFileBig=I0keVqmtdqdC3o5NbKEz5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436984345565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Peak load capacity of scheme A1 and A2 during thermal release process, figureFileSmall=dNM3Bv4ZcdvPSyIlDarqgg==, figureFileBig=YGUTLoUTNi1khjFvinfgVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437118563297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图3, caption=方案A1、A2释热过程调峰容量, figureFileSmall=dNM3Bv4ZcdvPSyIlDarqgg==, figureFileBig=YGUTLoUTNi1khjFvinfgVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437231809513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Peak load capacity of scheme B1 and B2 during thermal release process, figureFileSmall=22/9gyoqhgU3l/H0TmmuuA==, figureFileBig=KyxoM8xQg1VJabeczaPb8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437378610158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图4, caption=方案B1、B2释热过程调峰容量, figureFileSmall=22/9gyoqhgU3l/H0TmmuuA==, figureFileBig=KyxoM8xQg1VJabeczaPb8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437609296889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Operation area of the unit equipped with molten salt thermal storage, figureFileSmall=NllXO/xr3trhj1zZ/RTqng==, figureFileBig=E8BH1fqGLBKU92CyBXyvFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437714154495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图5, caption=耦合熔盐储热的机组运行域, figureFileSmall=NllXO/xr3trhj1zZ/RTqng==, figureFileBig=E8BH1fqGLBKU92CyBXyvFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437814817792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Operation strategy of the molten salt thermal storage equipment, figureFileSmall=f9agzcayLb47wlfX1DUKqw==, figureFileBig=/QCcMrxJS9NgsjiFi8oCEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437936451588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图6, caption=熔盐储热设备运行策略, figureFileSmall=f9agzcayLb47wlfX1DUKqw==, figureFileBig=/QCcMrxJS9NgsjiFi8oCEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688438032920584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes in heat load of the cogeneration system after the allocation of molten salt thermal storage, figureFileSmall=zJ28UiyV7tFwf8ynPPb86A==, figureFileBig=Vd0AunYjRtUVEbBGqn0emw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688438141972489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图7, caption=耦合熔盐储热后热电联产系统热负荷变化, figureFileSmall=zJ28UiyV7tFwf8ynPPb86A==, figureFileBig=Vd0AunYjRtUVEbBGqn0emw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688438246830092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in coal consumption of system optimization scheduling after configuring molten salt thermal storage, figureFileSmall=e77IQIJVZQTpTA42+KQNQw==, figureFileBig=JEUDF3EaetZNh078dh2HwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688438326521871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=图8, caption=耦合熔盐储热后系统优化调度煤耗量变化, figureFileSmall=e77IQIJVZQTpTA42+KQNQw==, figureFileBig=JEUDF3EaetZNh078dh2HwQ==, tableContent=null), 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Comparison between actual and simulated values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
汽轮机组1号2号
进汽流量实际值/(t·h–1)210.27303.05
进汽流量仿真值/(t·h–1)212.90308.45
误差/%-1.25-1.78
功率实际值/MW23.4034.78
功率仿真值/MW23.3234.30
误差/%0.331.39
1号高加抽汽温度实际值/℃323.64300.59
1号高加抽汽温度仿真值/℃322.34301.64
误差/%0.40-0.35
1号高加抽汽压力实际值/MPa1.501.71
1号高加抽汽压力仿真值/MPa1.501.72
误差/%0-0.29
2号高加抽汽温度实际值/℃391.31369.84
2号高加抽汽温度仿真值/℃391.96365.48
误差/%-0.171.18
2号高加抽汽压力实际值/MPa2.953.33
2号高加抽汽压力仿真值/MPa3.003.37
误差/%-1.69-1.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438657871901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实际值与仿真值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
汽轮机组1号2号
进汽流量实际值/(t·h–1)210.27303.05
进汽流量仿真值/(t·h–1)212.90308.45
误差/%-1.25-1.78
功率实际值/MW23.4034.78
功率仿真值/MW23.3234.30
误差/%0.331.39
1号高加抽汽温度实际值/℃323.64300.59
1号高加抽汽温度仿真值/℃322.34301.64
误差/%0.40-0.35
1号高加抽汽压力实际值/MPa1.501.71
1号高加抽汽压力仿真值/MPa1.501.72
误差/%0-0.29
2号高加抽汽温度实际值/℃391.31369.84
2号高加抽汽温度仿真值/℃391.96365.48
误差/%-0.171.18
2号高加抽汽压力实际值/MPa2.953.33
2号高加抽汽压力仿真值/MPa3.003.37
误差/%-1.69-1.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438716592161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The coupling scheme of molten salt thermal storage and cogeneration system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案储热策略释热策略
A1电加热除氧器出水→2号高加入口水
A2锅炉给水→汽轮机第三级段
B1主蒸汽→汽轮机第三级段除氧器出水→2号高加入口水
B2锅炉给水→汽轮机第三级段
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438796283941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688428528628334, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

熔盐储热设备与热电联产系统的耦合方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案储热策略释热策略
A1电加热除氧器出水→2号高加入口水
A2锅炉给水→汽轮机第三级段
B1主蒸汽→汽轮机第三级段除氧器出水→2号高加入口水
B2锅炉给水→汽轮机第三级段
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System round-trip efficiency in different scenarios

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耦合熔盐储热设备的热电联产系统性能分析及运行调度研究
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李蔚 1 , 毛静宇 1 , 李翱 1 , 胡一鸣 2 , 李明 2 , 肖颖 1
热力发电 | 源网荷储一体化技术研究 2025,54(2): 1-8
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热力发电 | 源网荷储一体化技术研究 2025, 54(2): 1-8
耦合熔盐储热设备的热电联产系统性能分析及运行调度研究
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李蔚1 , 毛静宇1, 李翱1, 胡一鸣2, 李明2, 肖颖1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江　杭州　310027
  • 2.桐乡泰爱斯环保能源有限公司，浙江　桐乡　314500

    • 李蔚（1974），女，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为发电厂在线监测、性能分析和运行优化，。

通讯作者:

肖颖（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为热电联产机组负荷优化分配，。
Performance analysis and operation scheduling study for cogeneration system coupled with molten salt thermal storage equipment
Wei LI1 , Jingyu MAO1, Ao LI1, Yiming HU2, Ming LI2, Ying XIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2.Tongxiang Taiaisi Environmental Protection Energy Co., Ltd., Tongxiang 314500, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406135
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摘要
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高比例可再生能源增加了电力系统的负荷波动性和不确定性，需要热电联产系统具备更强的灵活性，熔盐储热设备的应用能够提升热电联产系统的此性能。针对某耦合熔盐储热设备的“4炉2机”母管制热电联产系统，基于EBSILON仿真软件建立供电、供热的机理模型，分析熔盐储热设备对热电联产系统性能的影响，研究耦合系统的优化调度方式。研究结果表明：热电联产系统耦合熔盐储热设备可以增加系统调峰容量，扩大系统运行范围，拓宽机组运行区域；经过估算，一天内煤量可节省约4.16 t，碳排放量下降约8.25 t，污染物排放量下降约1.76 kg，熔盐储热设备提高了系统的经济性和环保性。

熔盐储热  /  EBSILON建模  /  热电联产系统

The growing share of renewable energy leads to increased load volatility and uncertainty in power system, necessitating greater flexibility in cogeneration systems. The utilization of molten salt thermal storage equipment can enhance the performance of cogeneration systems. Against the main-pipeline cogeneration system consisting of four boilers and two steam turbines which is integrated with a coupled molten salt thermal storage equipment, the EBSILON simulation software is used to establish mechanism model for power supply and heating. The influence of molten salt heat storage equipment on combined heat and power system performance is analyzed, and the optimization scheduling methods for coupled systems are also investigated. The results show that, the coupling of molten salt thermal storage equipment in cogeneration systems can increase the system’s peak shaving capacity, expand the system’s operating range, and broaden the unit’s operating area. After estimation, the amount of coal saved in one day can be about 4.16 tons, the carbon emissions can be reduced by about 8.25 tons, and the pollutant emissions can be decreased by about 1.76 kg. The molten salt thermal storage equipment has improved the system’s economy and environmental friendliness.

molten salt thermal storage  /  EBSILON modeling  /  cogeneration system
李蔚, 毛静宇, 李翱, 胡一鸣, 李明, 肖颖. 耦合熔盐储热设备的热电联产系统性能分析及运行调度研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406135
Wei LI, Jingyu MAO, Ao LI, Yiming HU, Ming LI, Ying XIAO. Performance analysis and operation scheduling study for cogeneration system coupled with molten salt thermal storage equipment[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406135
正文
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随着可再生能源比例的增加和电力市场的多元化，电力系统的负荷波动性和不确定性增加[1-5]。同时，为更好地配合电网调度，应对一天中用户侧的多种能源需求波动，系统需要具备更强的灵活性[6-7]。储能技术的应用可以帮助热力发电机组平衡能源需求波动，在热量、电量供应充裕时，多余的能量可以被储存；能量供应不足时，储能系统可以释放能量以满足需求[8-11]，从而更加灵活地调节能源利用和发电的过程，提高能源利用效率和发电的灵活性，进一步降低煤耗成本和碳排放量和污染物排放量。国内外学者对熔盐储热设备及性能模拟开展了诸多研究[12-17]。Zhang等人[18]提出了一种基于燃煤电厂内集成的多热源（高温烟气和过热蒸汽）的新型熔盐蓄热系统，并建立仿真模型进行功效分析，评估热能存储系统的性能。Garbrecht等人[19]采用EBSILON软件，通过热控和功率控制2种不同的方式进行案例分析，模拟研究熔盐储热系统对电厂灵活性的影响。Kosman等人[20]通过为汽轮机配置熔盐储热设备降低汽轮机最小发电负荷限制，并模拟出不同负载下修正循环的发电效率。在熔盐储热设备对火电机组调峰能力及灵活性提升效果方面，邹小刚等[21]提出了多种火电机组耦合熔盐储热系统，通过对不同系统的热力性能、调峰能力和熔盐用量进行分析比较，找出最优的深度调峰工艺系统，从而提高系统的性能和效率。张世刚[22]模拟高温熔盐储能系统储热及放热过程对二次再热锅炉和汽轮机负荷响应特性的影响及系统的热力性能变化，改善了二次再热机组对电网负荷的响应速率。
增设储热设备对系统的经济性和环保性也有一定的提升作用。王坚等[23]提出大容量抽汽储能的新型技术方案，在加热熔融盐储能的同时维持锅炉较高的负荷率和烟气脱硝效率，满足电网顶峰的需求或直接生产稳定的工业蒸汽供热，保证机组运行的安全性并降低造价。李峻等[24]对火电机组增设高温熔盐储热系统，进行综合效率分析和经济效益计算，提高其深度调峰能力。同时研究高温熔盐储热技术在火电机组延寿改造方面的应用，实现节约增收。
综上所述，增设储热设备能够对火电机组的灵活性、经济性和环保性产生积极影响。本文将针对某母管制热电联产系统增设熔盐储热设备后进行研究，侧重从整个系统的角度进行性能分析和优化调度研究，分析储热设备对机组热电特性及机组灵活性的影响，进而优化热电联产系统的调度方式。
1　耦合熔盐储热的系统方案
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本文研究对象为某企业的母管制热电联产机组，由3台UG-220/13.7-M型和1台UG-300/13.7-M型循环流化床锅炉、2台CB30-13.24/3.5/0.981型抽汽背压式汽轮机组成。由于抽背型汽轮机的运行受热电耦合约束，难以应对各种复杂的运行情况和调度要求。而熔盐储热设备具有高效、稳定、安全、经济等诸多优势，是一种理想的储能技术之一，广泛应用于能源储存和调峰领域。同时熔盐作为储热介质，可以在较长时间内稳定地存储和释放热能，具有较高的安全性，不易发生爆炸或泄漏等安全问题，能够保障系统和环境的安全。本文研究的系统中高温储热介质为应用广泛的二元熔盐（60%（质量分数，下同）NaNO3+40%KNO3），熔盐总量为3 570 t。采用常见的双罐设计，分别存储冷盐和热盐，使用温度为290~560 ℃。利用EBSILON软件建立热力系统模型如图1所示。基于实际运行数据对模型进行准确性验证见表1，误差均在合理范围内，根据该仿真模型进行后续研究分析。
以20 MW纯背工况作为储热基准工况，以30 MW纯背工况作为释热基准工况，系统设计有电加热熔盐储热和蒸汽加热熔盐储热2种储热方式，利用热电联产系统产生的电能和蒸汽作为热源对低温熔盐进行加热。高温熔盐通过释热可将水加热或产生蒸汽，熔盐储热设备与热电联产系统的耦合方案见表2。根据电加热熔盐或抽取主蒸汽加热熔盐，对储热策略进行区分，由字母A、B表示不同的储热过程。
储热过程中，低温熔盐可由主蒸汽显热加热或电能加热。蒸汽换热后焓值降低，储热换热器的排汽可进入汽轮机第三级段。熔盐被加热后所积累的能量可用于加热水或产生蒸汽。释热过程有2种策略：利用高温熔盐加热部分除氧器出水后汇入2号高加入口水；利用高温熔盐产生蒸汽，将部分锅炉给水加热到汽轮机第三级段进口蒸汽温度，直接进入汽轮机第三级段，增加系统的发电量和供热量。图2为耦合方案A1、A2和B1、B2的示意。图2中略去系统中锅炉等其他设备，仅展示了熔盐储热设备相关的熔盐、水、蒸汽的流量循环过程。
2　耦合熔盐储热设备的热电联产系统性能分析
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2.1　性能分析指标
假设工质出口条件在储热持续时间内恒定，蒸汽加热所储存的能量为[25]：
Qsz=1000msz(hzi−hzo)Δts
式中：Qsz为与蒸汽换热后熔盐所储存的能量，kJ；msz为蒸汽流量，t/h；hzi、hzo分别为蒸汽的进口焓值和出口焓值，kJ/kg；Δts为储热的持续时间，h。
由电加热所储存的能量为：
Qsp=3.6×106ΔPsΔts
式中：Qsp为电加热后熔盐所储存的能量，kJ；ΔPs为用于电加热的功率，MW。
Qs=Qsz+Qsp
式中：Qs为储热过程中熔盐所储存的能量，kJ。
储热过程中：
PC=Ps+ΔPs
式中：Pc为储热时机组发电功率，MW；Ps为储热时对外输出功率，MW。
储能系统在热量存储过程中存在一定的散热损失，故对释热能量进行修正如下：
Qr=ηcQs
式中：Qr为释热过程中熔盐所释放的能量，kJ；ηc为储能利用率，按照设计规程取0.99。
往返效率（RTE）是衡量储能系统能量循环效率的重要指标，为机组在储热阶段的调峰电量与释热阶段的调峰电量之比，表示储能系统在储存能量和释放能量过程中的能量损失情况。其计算公式为[26]：
RTE=Pr−PbrPbs−Ps
式中：RTE为储能系统往返效率，%，Pr为释热时的发电功率，MW；Pbr为释热过程中基准发电功率，MW；Pbs为储热过程中基准发电功率，MW。
评价指标RTE的值越接近100%，则表示储能系统的能量循环效率越高。
2.2　储热工况
方案A1、A2采用电加热进行储能，汽轮机组所产生的电能一部分用于电加热熔盐（式(4)），随着用于加热的电功率增加，系统的调峰容量和调峰深度随之线性增加。
方案B1、B2在储热过程中，储热装置从锅炉汽水系统中提取热量进行储存，主蒸汽的放热量随着抽汽量的增加而逐渐增加，由此导致进入汽轮机的蒸汽量降低，汽轮机输出功率下降。在熔盐储热前后焓差相同的情况下，储能系统所需熔盐流量随抽汽量增加而增加。
2.3　释热工况
释热工况中，在方案A1、A2的储热过程中电加热所储存的热量释放在系统中以增加机组功率。储热过程中调峰容量越大，表示电加热所耗功率越大，储热设备中所存储的热量越大，在释热过程中释放的热量越高。方案A1、A2释热过程调峰容量如图3所示。由图3可知，系统释热过程的调峰容量与储热过程调峰容量正相关，即系统释热过程的调峰容量随着熔盐储热设备放热量的增加而增加。方案A1和方案A2的释热工况功率增量最大值约为4.203 MW和3.602 MW，在不同的储热过程调峰容量下，方案A1的释热过程调峰容量高于方案A2。
在方案B1、B2中，不同的主蒸汽抽汽量通过热交换器将热量储存在熔盐罐中，在电力负荷高峰时释放在系统中以增加机组功率。在不同储热过程调峰容量下，方案B1的释热过程调峰容量同样高于方案B2，具体如图4所示。由图4可知，方案B1和方案B2的释热工况功率增量最大值约为4.237 MW和4.088 MW，方案B1的调峰能力最优。
2.4　耦合熔盐储热设备的系统往返效率
在储热罐储热量、释热过程中熔盐流量、释热换热器进水流量相同的情况下，不同方案的系统RTE不同。表3为储热罐储热量357.12×106 kJ，释热过程中熔盐流量220 t/h、释热换热器进水流量40 t/h的工况下，各方案系统RTE。
方案B1的RTE高于方案A1、方案B2的RTE高于方案A2，这是由于B类方案的储热方式为抽汽储热，A类方案的储热方式为电加热熔盐。在向储热罐储存相同热量时，电加热直接消耗的电量较高，而抽主蒸汽加热熔盐所带来的汽轮机功率降低量较小，根据式(6)，A类方案的RTE较低。由2.3节可知，释热过程利用储热设备加热除氧器出水后进入2号高加入口的释热策略优于加热锅炉给水产生蒸汽进入汽轮机第三级段的释热策略，故1类方案的RTE高于2类方案。
综上所述，在储热罐储热、释热过程中，熔盐流量及释热换热器进水流量相同的情况下，方案B1下系统RTE最高，为系统运行时方案选择提供参考。
2.5　耦合熔盐储热设备的系统热电特性曲线
方案B1为例，耦合熔盐储热设备后的热电特性曲线如图5所示。根据系统热平衡图绘制出机组运行域为ABCDE，在各边界点所对应的工况点基础上在EBSILON软件中设置开启熔盐储热设备，运行仿真模型，绘制出配置储热设备后的运行区域A'B'C'D'E。
纯背工况时，给定用户热负荷H1，机组的供热功率变化范围为[H1', H1'']，发电功率的变化范围为[P1', P1'']，增加了运行过程中机组的灵活性；抽背工况时，机组的运行区域被扩宽，在相同的供热负荷下，发电功率的范围被扩大。图5中热负荷为H2且中压抽汽量为80 t/h时，所对应的功率由[P2, 35]扩大为[P2', 35]。在释热过程中，由于一部分除氧器出水被加热后直接进入2号高加，降低了1号高加和2号高加的蒸汽消耗量，因此汽轮机的排汽量增加，从而使热负荷增加。且节省的这部分蒸汽在第二级段和第三级段做功，能够提高汽轮机的发电功率。因此，储热设备也提高了机组的发电功率峰值。
可见，耦合熔盐储热设备能够弱化热负荷与发电功率之间的强耦合关系，可充分发挥系统内热电互补协调的优势，实现不同运行工况间的快速切换，提高系统对外供电的灵活性，在满足用户多种用能需求的前提下有效提高系统能源供应效率和运行经济性。
3　系统运行优化调度
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在储热和释热过程中，熔盐储热设备内的熔盐流向不同，运行过程中应避免频繁切换。故根据用户侧热负荷需求变化规律，合理设置储热过程和释热过程的时段。通过对用户的历史用能需求进行分析，用户在时段00:00—08:00和16:00—24:00热负荷需求较低，在时段08:00—16:00热负荷需求较高，且不同时段间的用户用热负荷需求差值较大。故在用户侧所需热量较低时，设置系统热负荷出力高于用户侧所需热量，且多余的热量进入储热换热器进行换热，直至储热装置的热量达到储热上限[25]；在用户侧所需热量较高时，设置储热装置的热量，将所存储的热量释放出来，此时需要系统提供的热负荷出力降低。以1天内完成1个储热循环进行计算，并满足储热量与释热量平衡。每个时刻点熔盐储热设备的运行策略如图6所示。
图6中：Qins′为后一时刻储热设备的储热量，kJ；Qins为前一时刻储热设备的储热量，kJ；Qoutput为热电联产系统热负荷出力，kJ；Quser为用户侧热负荷需求，kJ；Qmax为储热设备最大储热量，kJ；Q1为根据用户热负荷需求设置的储热工况、释热工况分界值，应根据用户热负荷需求合理设置Q1的数值，避免储热、释热过程的频繁切换。
以典型日为例，热电联产系统的热负荷变化如图7所示。在热负荷较低阶段，热电联产系统需多产生一部分主蒸汽进入储热换热器进行换热，故热电联产系统对用户及储热设备所提供的热负荷增加；而在释热阶段，释热换热器通过热交换放出热量，故在用户侧热负荷需求一定的情况下，热电联产系统所需提供的热负荷降低。此外，在未设置熔盐储热设备时，从热负荷需求较低时段转向热负荷需求较高时段的过程中，汽轮机的升负荷幅度较大；增加熔盐储热设备后，汽轮机的升负荷幅度降低，且汽轮机组整体负荷波动范围缩小，能够在一定程度上降低负荷变化时热应力、热膨胀和热变形对汽轮机的影响，有利于机组安全运行、减少寿命损耗。
耦合储热设备后，在考虑设备启停并限制锅炉、汽轮机负荷区间的前提下，采用改进的花粉算法进行系统优化调度以保证调度的灵活性。热电联产系统煤耗量变化如图8所示。由图8可见，耦合储热设备后，由于受到系统热负荷变化的影响，煤耗量的波动幅度缩小。在系统耦合熔盐储热设备后，储热过程中抽取主蒸汽在储热换热器进行换热，锅炉除提供汽轮机所需主蒸汽外，仍需额外提供抽取进入储热换热器的进汽流量，导致此运行阶段煤耗量增加；而在释热过程中，储热设备放热，系统所需提供的热负荷降低，煤耗量降低。耦合熔盐储热设备后系统所需煤耗量降低，1天内可节省煤量约4.16 t，提高了系统的经济性。
CO2、烟尘、SO2、NOx等为锅炉燃烧的产物，其波动趋势与煤耗量变化密切相关。耦合储热设备前后热电联产系统的碳排放量和污染物排放量变化如图9所示。由图9可以看出：储热过程中煤耗量增加，系统的碳排放量和污染物排放量随之增加；释热过程中煤耗量降低，系统的碳排放量和污染物排放量随之降低；1天内碳排放量下降约8.25 t，污染物排放量下降约1.76 kg。
4　结论
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本文基于EBSILON仿真软件建立热电联产系统的机理模型，分析熔盐储热设备对系统性能的影响，并进行整个系统的运行优化调度研究，研究结论如下。
1）热电联产系统耦合熔盐储热设备可以增加系统调峰容量，扩大系统运行范围，弱化系统热负荷与发电功率之间的强耦合关系，提高系统的灵活性。
2）耦合熔盐储热设备后进行优化调度，能够有效缩小锅炉及汽轮机的负荷波动范围。针对本文所研究的系统，1天内能够降低煤耗量约4.16 t、碳排放量约8.25 t、污染物排放量约1.76 kg，提高了热电联产系统的经济性和环保性。
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406135
  • 接收时间：2024-06-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-13
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    1.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江　杭州　310027
    2.桐乡泰爱斯环保能源有限公司，浙江　桐乡　314500

通讯作者:

肖颖（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为热电联产机组负荷优化分配，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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