Article(id=1236688427538764387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406144, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779097684, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779097684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779097684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779097684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688427907863153, articleId=1236688427538764387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Daily operating mode optimization for parabolic trough concentrated solar power station by considering start-up energy consumption, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The start-up energy consumption of parabolic trough concentrated solar power (PTCSP) systems is high due to the characteristics of their daily start-up and shut-down processes. To reduce this energy consumption, quasi-steady state models for a 50 MW PTCSP are established, and a daily optimal operating mode is proposed by replacing the start-up and shut-down processes with low-load operation. The critical shut-down time is derived theoretically to determine whether the optimal operating mode could reduce energy consumption. The results show that, the daily accumulated electricity production of a PTCSP can be improved by 16.3~26.3 MW·h with the optimal operating mode when the electricity production decreases from 25% to 10% of the rated production under low-load condition. When the initial energy storage duration in the thermal energy storage system increases from 0 to 3.0 h, the daily accumulated electricity production of the PTCSP system can be improved by 7.2~8.1 MW·h. Additionally, the critical shut-down time of the PTCSP system is 14.0 h when the load is 15% of the rated electricity production under low-load operating conditions. The start-up energy consumption of the PTCSP system with the optimal operating mode can be reduced when the practical shut-down time is shorter than the critical shut-down time. The annual electricity production of the PTCSP system can be increased by 0.9% with the optimal operating mode.

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由于光热电站日常启停的特点,光热电站的启动能耗较大。为此,建立了50 MW槽式光热电站的准稳态模型,提出了通过夜间低负荷运行替代光热电站启停过程的日运行优化方式,通过理论推导获得了临界停机时间指标,即优化运行方式和常规运行方式发电量相同时的机组停机时间,并以此作为判断使用优化运行方式能否增加发电量的条件。结果表明:在4个典型气象日下,随着光热电站在低负荷时的发电功率从额定功率的25%降至10%,机组使用优化运行方式的全日额外发电量增加了16.3~26.3 MW·h;随着储热系统的初始储热时长从0增至3.0 h,光热电站的全日额外发电量可以增加7.3~8.1 MW·h;光热电站在低负荷发电功率为额定功率的15%时,其临界停机时间为14.0 h,在机组的实际停机时间低于临界停机时间时,使用优化运行方式才能降低能耗;对光热电站进行全年生产模拟,使用优化运行方式可使其全年发电量增加0.9%。

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张顺奇(1995),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为光热及储能电站运行优化,
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贺春光(1979),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电与配电网规划,

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贺春光(1979),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电与配电网规划,

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贺春光(1979),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电与配电网规划,

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Key parameters validation of the unit under different conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况项目仿真结果热平衡图相对误差/%
THA主蒸汽温度/℃380.9381.0–0.03
主蒸汽压力/MPa10.0010.000
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)59.2459.72–0.80
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.1381.00.03
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.5571.565–0.51
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)46.6046.310.62
给水温度/℃246.5246.7–0.08
发电功率/MW55.2055.000.35
75%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃380.1381.0–0.21
主蒸汽压力/MPa7.387.350.34
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)42.8342.92–0.21
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.2381.00.05
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.1971.1970
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)35.6035.320.79
给水温度/℃229.4229.40
发电功率/MW41.241.3–0.27
50%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃380.3381.0–0.17
主蒸汽压力/MPa5.055.000.94
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)28.4928.53–0.17
再热蒸汽温度/℃382.3381.00.33
再热蒸汽压力/MPa0.8260.8260
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)24.4524.290.64
给水温度/℃209.3209.30
发电功率/MW27.727.50.57
20%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃381.6381.00.15
主蒸汽压力/MPa2.162.160.09
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)11.6911.91–1.86
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.1381.00.02
再热蒸汽压力/MPa0.3990.399–0.01
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)11.9211.920
给水温度/℃112.6112.50.09
发电功率/MW11.111.01.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236688437454098511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688427538764387, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同工况机组关键参数验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况项目仿真结果热平衡图相对误差/%
THA主蒸汽温度/℃380.9381.0–0.03
主蒸汽压力/MPa10.0010.000
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)59.2459.72–0.80
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.1381.00.03
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.5571.565–0.51
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)46.6046.310.62
给水温度/℃246.5246.7–0.08
发电功率/MW55.2055.000.35
75%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃380.1381.0–0.21
主蒸汽压力/MPa7.387.350.34
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)42.8342.92–0.21
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.2381.00.05
再热蒸汽压力/MPa1.1971.1970
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)35.6035.320.79
给水温度/℃229.4229.40
发电功率/MW41.241.3–0.27
50%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃380.3381.0–0.17
主蒸汽压力/MPa5.055.000.94
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)28.4928.53–0.17
再热蒸汽温度/℃382.3381.00.33
再热蒸汽压力/MPa0.8260.8260
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)24.4524.290.64
给水温度/℃209.3209.30
发电功率/MW27.727.50.57
20%
THA
主蒸汽温度/℃381.6381.00.15
主蒸汽压力/MPa2.162.160.09
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)11.6911.91–1.86
再热蒸汽温度/℃381.1381.00.02
再热蒸汽压力/MPa0.3990.399–0.01
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)11.9211.920
给水温度/℃112.6112.50.09
发电功率/MW11.111.01.15
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考虑启动能耗的槽式光热电站日运行方式优化研究
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贺春光 1 , 郭伟 1 , 张顺奇 2 , 韩伟 2 , 付康丽 2 , 冯鹏辉 2 , 姚明宇 2 , 安佳坤 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(2): 88-96
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(2): 88-96
考虑启动能耗的槽式光热电站日运行方式优化研究
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贺春光1 , 郭伟1, 张顺奇2 , 韩伟2, 付康丽2, 冯鹏辉2, 姚明宇2, 安佳坤1
作者信息
  • 1.国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,河北 石家庄 050000
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 贺春光(1979),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电与配电网规划,

通讯作者:

张顺奇(1995),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为光热及储能电站运行优化,
Daily operating mode optimization for parabolic trough concentrated solar power station by considering start-up energy consumption
Chunguang HE1 , Wei GUO1, Shunqi ZHANG2 , Wei HAN2, Kangli FU2, Penghui FENG2, Mingyu YAO2, Jiakun AN1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Hebei Economic and Technological Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406144
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由于光热电站日常启停的特点,光热电站的启动能耗较大。为此,建立了50 MW槽式光热电站的准稳态模型,提出了通过夜间低负荷运行替代光热电站启停过程的日运行优化方式,通过理论推导获得了临界停机时间指标,即优化运行方式和常规运行方式发电量相同时的机组停机时间,并以此作为判断使用优化运行方式能否增加发电量的条件。结果表明:在4个典型气象日下,随着光热电站在低负荷时的发电功率从额定功率的25%降至10%,机组使用优化运行方式的全日额外发电量增加了16.3~26.3 MW·h;随着储热系统的初始储热时长从0增至3.0 h,光热电站的全日额外发电量可以增加7.3~8.1 MW·h;光热电站在低负荷发电功率为额定功率的15%时,其临界停机时间为14.0 h,在机组的实际停机时间低于临界停机时间时,使用优化运行方式才能降低能耗;对光热电站进行全年生产模拟,使用优化运行方式可使其全年发电量增加0.9%。

太阳能热发电  /  启动能耗  /  运行优化  /  临界停机时间

The start-up energy consumption of parabolic trough concentrated solar power (PTCSP) systems is high due to the characteristics of their daily start-up and shut-down processes. To reduce this energy consumption, quasi-steady state models for a 50 MW PTCSP are established, and a daily optimal operating mode is proposed by replacing the start-up and shut-down processes with low-load operation. The critical shut-down time is derived theoretically to determine whether the optimal operating mode could reduce energy consumption. The results show that, the daily accumulated electricity production of a PTCSP can be improved by 16.3~26.3 MW·h with the optimal operating mode when the electricity production decreases from 25% to 10% of the rated production under low-load condition. When the initial energy storage duration in the thermal energy storage system increases from 0 to 3.0 h, the daily accumulated electricity production of the PTCSP system can be improved by 7.2~8.1 MW·h. Additionally, the critical shut-down time of the PTCSP system is 14.0 h when the load is 15% of the rated electricity production under low-load operating conditions. The start-up energy consumption of the PTCSP system with the optimal operating mode can be reduced when the practical shut-down time is shorter than the critical shut-down time. The annual electricity production of the PTCSP system can be increased by 0.9% with the optimal operating mode.

solar thermal power generation  /  start-up energy consumption  /  operation optimization  /  critical shut-down time
贺春光, 郭伟, 张顺奇, 韩伟, 付康丽, 冯鹏辉, 姚明宇, 安佳坤. 考虑启动能耗的槽式光热电站日运行方式优化研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 88 -96 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406144
Chunguang HE, Wei GUO, Shunqi ZHANG, Wei HAN, Kangli FU, Penghui FENG, Mingyu YAO, Jiakun AN. Daily operating mode optimization for parabolic trough concentrated solar power station by considering start-up energy consumption[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 88 -96 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406144
近年来,随着我国城镇化水平的提高,能源消耗量不断增加,目前超过80%的一次能源来源于化石能源,其中有60%以上由煤炭提供[1]。为了实现“双碳”战略目标,中国大力发展太阳能和风能等可再生能源[2-3]。光伏发电和光热发电是利用太阳能发电的主要技术形式[4],虽然光伏发电技术较为成熟,但是由于太阳能具有间歇性和波动性,不稳定的光伏发电会影响了电网的稳定性[5],而集成储热系统的光热电站具备克服太阳能波动的能力[6]。但是由于太阳能的间歇性,光热电站需要日常启停,光热电站启动过程不仅要对设备预热,还存在能量损失,这使得光热电站的全年发电量降低了10%~20%[7]。因此,降低光热电站的启动能耗可以提高光热电站全年发电量,从而提高光热电站的经济性。
通过优化光热电站的启动策略,可以降低光热电站单次的启动能耗。Wagner等人[8]对发电系统开始启动时的储热罐液位进行了优化,并考虑了光照强度对优化策略的影响,结果表明光热电站的全年发电量可以降低0.9%;Xu等人[9]则比较了配置双储热介质储热系统的光热电站这2种储热状态启动对系统发电量的影响,发现光热电站在储热系统无初始储热量时启动可以增加光热电站的发电量;Schenk等人[10]对进入蒸汽发生系统的传热工质流量进行优化,使得50 MW光热电站的启动能耗降低了6.0%。此外,对蒸汽发生器和汽轮机的启动策略进行优化也可以提高光热电站的启动性能。Dzierwa等人[11]提出了适用于汽包炉的新启动方法,即在启动初期向汽包中注入热水对汽包进行预热,使其启动时间降低了几十分钟,从而降低了启动能耗;Spelling等人[12]比较了热保温毯和增加轴封蒸汽温度维持汽轮机温度的方案,结果表明可以使光热电站全年发电量分别增加2.1%和3.1%。综上所述,前人提出的降低启动能耗的基本原理是提高启动前设备的温度,但是启动前的预热过程也额外消耗了能量。
降低光热电站的启动次数,也可以降低光热电站的全年启动能耗。García-Barberena等人[13]对光热电站全年的运行策略进行了优化,使得汽轮机的停机次数降低了67%;Wagner等人[14]对光热电站进行了调度优化,在提高收益的同时,也将光热电站的全年启动次数从370降至250次,使启动次数降低了50%;De Meyer等人[15]对光热电站的运行策略进行优化,通过利用部分负荷代替额定负荷运行,使机组的发电效率增加了1.8%,全年的停机次数降低了50%;Wagner等人[16]对加利福尼亚某150 MW的光热电站进行了全年调度优化,使光热电站的启动次数降低了86.4%,机组的全年收益提高了8.5%;Hübel等人[17]根据Andasol 3电厂的实际运行数据,建立了光热电站的动态仿真模型,并根据预测的光照条件对储热系统运行策略进行了优化。通过维持光热电站的夜间运行来降低机组启停次数,使得光热电站的全年发电量增加了7.6%。
通过光热电站夜间连续运行来减少启停次数的方案,在优化过程中并未考虑启动过程的发电量以及启动类型对启动能耗的影响,同时尚不明确使用优化运行方式的效果。为此,本文首先介绍了光热电站日优化运行方式,建立了光热电站的准稳态模型,并对系统模型进行了验证;然后,分析了外部因素和内部因素对光热电站日运行方式节能效果的影响;最后,从理论上探究了日运行方式节能的条件,获得了临界停机时间的计算方法。本文的研究结果可以为光热电站的实际优化运行提供参考。
槽式光热电站系统构型如图1所示,系统主要由太阳能集热系统、储热系统、蒸汽发生系统和发电模块组成。镜场的传热工质为导热油,储热系统包括高、低温储热罐和油盐换热器,储热罐的工质为熔融盐,蒸汽发生系统由预热器、蒸汽发生器、过热器和再热器组成,发电模块主要包括高/低压缸、高/低压回热加热器、除氧器和凝汽器。系统工作流程为:如果储热系统运行在储热模式,导热油在镜场吸热后进入蒸汽发生系统,多余的高温导热油通过油盐换热器将热量储存于高温储热罐中;如果储热系统工作在放热模式,蒸汽发生系统出口的低温导热油通过油盐换热器吸收高温储热罐的热量,然后进入蒸汽发生系统。在蒸汽发生系统中,高温导热油将给水加热为过热蒸汽,高温高压的过热蒸汽在汽轮机做功,同时汽轮机抽汽进入回热加热器对给水进行加热,低压缸的乏汽则在凝汽器中冷凝。
光热电站在无光照情况下有以下2种运行模式。
1)常规运行方式 机组以额定功率进行发电,直到储热系统的能量被完全使用后进入停机状态,次日光照充足后再进行启动。这种运行方式的不足是光热电站需要日常启停,启动过程的能量消耗降低了光热电站的发电量。
2)优化运行方式 降低机组的额定功率运行时间,并用机组低负荷运行替代机组停机过程,使机组无需再次启动从而降低启动能耗。然而,由于机组在负荷降低时发电效率会随之降低,这在低负荷时尤为明显,因此这种优化运行方式是否节能,取决于减少的启动能耗是否高于低负荷增加的能量损失。
用于光热电站瞬态过程模拟的模型分为动态模型和准稳态模型[18],其中动态模型计算耗时长,模拟时间为秒级或分钟级;而准稳态模型计算耗时短,可以进行光热电站小时级的运行模拟。本文综合考虑研究目的和计算时间,采用光热电站的准稳态模型进行研究。
光热电站包括太阳能集热系统、储热系统、蒸汽发生系统和汽轮机发电系统。
1)太阳能集热系统
集热管控制单元吸收的太阳光热量Qcl,abs[19]
Qcl,abs=DNIAclηclacl
ηcl=β1β2β3β4β5β6K
式中:DNI为太阳直接法向辐射,kW/m2Acl为集热管的面积,m2ηcl为集热管的有效光学效率,%;αcl为集热管玻璃外壳的吸收率,%;β1β6为集热管根据试验获得的光学效率修正系数,%;K为太阳光入射角的效率修正系数,%。
假设集热管的出口传热工质温度被控制在额定值,根据集热管的能量守恒[20],可以得到集热管的传热工质流量为:
Dcl,f=Qcl,abs/(hcl,fouthcl,fin)
式中:Dcl,f为集热管传热工质的质量流量,kg/s;hcl,fin为集热管进口传热工质的焓值,kJ/kg;hcl,fout为集热管出口传热工质的焓值,kJ/kg;Qcl,abs为集热管传热工质换热量,kW。
2)储热系统
储热系统由储热罐和油-盐换热器组成,其中储热罐主要包括金属壁面、保温层、罐体地基和储热工质。在建模过程中,假设保温层的保温效果良好,且不考虑罐体内复杂的流动传热过程,根据质量守恒和能量守恒可以得到[21]
d(ρtk,fVtk,f)dτ=Dtk,finDtk,fout
d(ρtk,fVtk,fhtk,f)dτ=Dtk,finhtk,finDtk,fouthtk,fout
Vtk,f=Htk,fAtk
式中:ρtk,f为储热罐中储热工质的密度,kg/m3Vtk,f为储热罐中储热工质的体积,m3Dtk,fin为储热罐进口工质的质量流量,kg/s;Dtk,fout为储热罐出口工质的质量流量,kg/s;htk,f为储热罐中储热工质的焓值,kJ/kg;htk,fin为储热罐进口工质的焓值,kJ/kg;htk,fout为储热罐出口工质的焓值,kJ/kg;Htk,f为储热罐中储热工质的液面高度,m;Atk为储热罐的横截面积,m2
3)蒸汽发生系统
蒸汽发生系统包括预热器、蒸汽发生器、过热器和再热器。常用的换热器计算方法有ε-NTU方法,这种方法应用了能量守恒方程以及传热方程的总传热系数对过程进行计算[22]。换热器的效能ε定义为[23]
ε=(TinTout)maxThf,inTcf,in
式中:Tin为冷工质或热工质的进口工质温度,K;Tout为冷工质或热工质的出口工质温度,K;Thf,in为热工质的进口工质温度,K;Tcf,in为冷工质的进口工质温度,K。
通过ε可以获得换热器的传热量为[23]
Q=ε(cpD)min(Thf,inTcf,in)
式中:cp为工质的比热容,kJ/(kg·K);D为工质的质量流量,kg/s;(cpD)min为热工质和冷工质中最小的比热与流量乘积,kW/K。
传热单元数NTU用来评估换热器的传热能力,其定义为[23]
NTU=UA(cpD)min
换热器的总传热系数U[23]
U=1/(1/αhf+δ/λwl+1/αcf)
式中:αhf为热工质的传热系数,kW/(m2·K);δ为换热器金属壁面的厚度,m;λwl为换热器金属壁面的导热系数,kW/(m·K);αcf为冷工质的传热系数,kW/(m2·K)。
工质侧的传热系数为[23]
α=NuλD
式中:λ为工质的导热系数,kW/(m·K)。
换热器的能效ε和传热单元数NTU的计算可以通过横流换热器的ε-NTU公式获得。
4)回热加热器
回热加热器从汽轮机抽汽用以加热给水,从而提高朗肯循环的热效率。回热加热器包括管壳式换热器和混合式加热器,根据疏水的排放位置,分为疏水逐级自流式和疏水泵式。疏水逐级自流式回热加热器抽汽流量为[24]
Des=Dw(hw,outhw,in)Ddc,in(hdc,inhdc,out)heshdc,out
式中:Dw为给水的质量流量,kg/s;Ddc,in为进口疏水的质量流量,kg/s;hw,out为出口给水的焓值,kJ/kg;hw,in为进口给水的焓值,kJ/kg;hdc,in为进口疏水的焓值,kJ/kg;hdc,out为出口疏水的焓值,kJ/kg;hes为抽汽的焓值,kJ/kg。
汇集式回热加热器抽汽流量为[24]
Des=Dw(hw,outhw,in)Ddc,in(hdc,inhw,in)heshw,in
回热加热器的上端差为抽汽的饱和温度与给水出口温度的差值,下端差为回热加热器的出口疏水温度与进口给水温度的差值,计算公式如下:
UTD=TsatTw,out
LTD=Tdc,outTw,in
式中:UTD为回热加热器的上端差,K;LTD为回热加热器的下端差,K;Tsat为抽汽的饱和温度,K;Tw,out为给水的出口温度,K;Tdc,out为疏水的出口温度,K;Tw,in为给水的进口温度,K。
5)汽轮机
汽轮机启动过程包括汽轮机金属预热以及汽轮机做功过程。进入汽轮机的蒸汽质量流量Dtb[25]
Dtb=Rtbϕtbptb,inTtb,in
式中:Rtb为汽轮机的阻力系数;ϕtb为汽轮机调节阀的阀位信号,%;ptb,in为汽轮机进口蒸汽压力,MPa;Ttb,in为汽轮机进口蒸汽温度,K。
根据汽轮机弗留格尔公式[26],可以获得汽轮机级组内蒸汽压力和流量的关系为:
Di,tbDi,tb,0=(pi,in,tb)2(pi,out,tb)2(pi,in,tb,0)2(pi,out,tb,0)2Ti,tb,0Ti,tb
式中:Di,tb为汽轮机第i级进口蒸汽的质量流量,kg/s;pi,in,tb为汽轮机第i级进口蒸汽压力,MPa;pi,out,tb为汽轮机第i级的出口蒸汽压力,MPa;Ti,tb为汽轮机第i级的进口蒸汽温度,K;Di,tb,0为设计工况下汽轮机第i级的进口蒸汽质量流量,kg/s;pi,in,tb,0为设计工况下汽轮机第i级的进口蒸汽压力,MPa;pi,out,tb,0为设计工况下汽轮机第i级的出口蒸汽压力,MPa;Ti,tb,0为设计工况下汽轮机第i级的进口蒸汽温度,K。
本文分别对系统在汽轮机热耗验收工况(turbine heat acceptance,THA)、75%THA、50%THA、20%THA工况的仿真结果进行验证。验证依据是制造商提供的热平衡图,关键热力学参数的相对误差见表1。在不同工况下,系统关键热力学参数的稳态误差均小于2%,满足《ANSI/ISA 77.20.01—2012标准》[27]中小于2%的要求,证明了本模型的有效性。
为了在优化运行方式中考虑光热电站的启动能耗,本文建立了启动能耗随时间变化的二维时间序列。由于在冷态启动前机组停机时间超过了32 h,在这种情况下使用优化运行方式并不能降低启动能耗,因此本文仅建立热态和温态启动能耗的二维时间序列。光热电站在启动过程中除了消耗能量也会发电,尤其是在升负荷阶段。本文利用文献[28]的启动仿真模型,获得了发电模块在热态和温态启动过程中启动能耗和发电量随时间的变化,结果如图2所示。
分析春日、夏日、秋日和冬日4个典型气象日下,光热电站不同运行方式对能耗的影响。假设机组在光照出现前储热系统无初始储热量,并以全日额外发电量作为判断优化运行方式节能的指标。全日额外发电量定义为优化运行方式与常规运行方式下机组的全日总发电量的差值。
本文提出了4种不同的运行方式,即机组在无光照条件下分别以10%THA、15%THA、20%THA和25%THA低负荷运行,分别对应方式1、方式2、方式3和方式4。以春日气象条件为例,对机组在不同运行方式下的发电系统功率进行介绍,结果如图3所示。
在原运行方式下,机组11:00启动后以额定负荷运行至24:00后停机。由于机组全天获得的光照总能量是相同的,优化运行方式下机组低负荷运行会减少机组额定负荷的运行时间。
图4为不同运行方式和气象日下机组全日额外发电量对比。由图4可见,随着机组的最低运行负荷不断增加,机组全日额外发电量逐渐降低,全日额外发电量排序为运行方式1>运行方式2>运行方式3>运行方式4。这是因为机组全天获得的光照总能量相同,机组在低负荷运行的功率越高,低负荷运行消耗的能量越多,机组在额定负荷的发电时间就越短。由于机组在低负荷运行时发电效率明显低于额定负荷,因此机组低负荷运行消耗的能量越多,机组发电量越少。
此外,随着光照强度的增加,即夏日>春日>秋日>冬日,机组以低负荷方式运行的全日额外发电量逐渐增加。冬日机组以低负荷运行时,机组的全日额外发电量为负值。这是因为优化运行方式利用低负荷运行替代启停过程,虽然降低了启停能耗,但是低负荷发电效率低于额定负荷,因此优化运行方式能否增加发电量,取决于低负荷发电由于效率降低所增加的能耗是否低于启动能耗。春、夏、秋季的光照强度高,机组低负荷工况的运行时间短,低负荷发电增加的能耗低于启动能耗,因此运行方式1比原方式更优。而冬季的光照强度低,机组低负荷工况的运行时间长,导致运行方式1的发电量低于原方式。
综上,机组以低负荷方式运行能否增加机组的发电量,还取决于机组在低负荷的发电功率以及光照强度,降低机组在低负荷的发电功率或增加光照强度均可以增加机组的全日额外发电量。
考虑到已建成投运的光热电站目前的最低运行负荷为15%THA,本节机组的优化运行方式均采用运行方式2。图5为不同初始储热量和气象日下机组的全日额外发电量。全日额外发电量为机组在优化运行方式全日累计发电量与常规运行方式全日累计发电量的差值。由图5可见,随着储热系统初始储热量的增加,全日额外发电量不断增加。秋日时在无初始储热量的情况下,在优化运行方式下机组全日累计发电量比常规运行方式的少0.8 MW·h。在初始储热时长达到3 h时,优化运行方式下机组全日累计发电量比常规运行方式的高7.3 MW·h,说明提高储热系统初始储热量可以提高机组优化运行方式下的全日额外发电量。
对于春日、夏日和冬日,随着储热系统初始储热时长从0增至3 h,机组在优化运行方式下的全日额外发电量分别增加8.1、8.0、7.6 MW·h。这是因为增加储热系统初始储热量可以减少机组的低负荷运行时间,减少低负荷运行的能耗,从而使优化运行方式的节能效果更加明显。
综上所述,提高储热系统初始储热量可以增加优化运行方式的全日额外发电量,也就是优化运行方式全日总发电量减去原运行方式全日总发电量的差值逐渐增加。对于本文研究的50 MW槽式光热电站,在4个典型气象日下,随着储热系统的初始储热时长从0增至3 h,光热电站在优化运行方式下全日额外发电量从增加–17.9~5.1 MW·h变为增加–10.3~13.1 MW·h。
机组以低负荷方式运行能否提高机组发电量,取决于光照强度、低负荷功率和初始储热量。在实际运行过程中,可通过这些因素判断机组以低负荷方式运行能否提高机组发电量流程繁琐。为此,提出了临界停机时间的判断准则,即临界停机时间定义为优化运行方式和常规运行方式发电量相同时的机组停机时间,在机组的实际停机时间低于临界停机时间时,使用优化运行方式才能增加发电量。
在理论推导之前,提出以下假设条件:1)机组在常规运行方式与优化运行方式下,光照强度、储热系统的初始储热量以及机组的性能均完全相同;2)机组在2种运行方式下,集热系统的运行方式完全相同,而发电系统的运行方式不同;3)光热电站的控制系统正常工作,即使光照和环境温度变化,通过控制系统也可以保证发电功率的稳定性;4)光热电站启动至额定参数视为完成启动过程。
机组常规运行方式的总发电量Wcnv,tot为:
Wcnv,tot=We+Wrd+Wst
式中:We为机组额定工况的发电量,MW·h;Wrd为与优化运行方式相比增加的额定工况的发电量,MW·h;Wst为机组在启动过程中的发电量,MW·h。
机组在常规运行方式时的总能耗Qcnv,tot为:
Qcnv,tot=(We+Wrd)1ηeηe+Qst
式中:ηe为机组在额定工况的发电效率;Qst为机组在启动过程中消耗的能量,MW·h。
机组在优化运行方式的总发电量Wopt,tot为:
Wopt,tot=We+Wlw
式中:Wlw为机组在低负荷运行时总发电量,MW·h。
机组在优化运行方式的总能耗Qopt,tot为:
Qopt,tot=We1ηeηe+Wlw1ηlwηlw
式中:ηlw为机组在低负荷运行时的发电效率。
如果优化运行方式更节能,则需在减少能耗的条件下,增加光热电站的发电量,即:
{Wcnv,totWopt,totQcnv,totQopt,tot
假设2种运行方式的总发电量相同,则使用优化运行方式的节能量Δstg为:
Δstg=QstWlw(1ηlw1ηe)Wst(1ηe1)
令优化运行方式的节能量Δstg=0,则:
Wlw=QstWst(1ηe1)1ηe1ηlw
机组在低负荷工况的总发电量Wlw除了由式(24)计算,也等于低负荷发电功率与发电时间的乘积。
Wlw=Plwτlw
式中:Plw为机组在低负荷工况的发电功率,MW;τlw为机组在低负荷工况的运行时间,h。
联立式(24)和式(25),可以得到临界低负荷运行时间τlw为:
τlw=QstWst(1ηe1)Plw(1ηlw1ηe)
为了获得临界停机时间,假设机组在优化运行方式和常规运行方式中的总发电量相同,即机组在低负荷工况的总发电量等于机组在额定工况减少的发电量Wrd,则机组在常规运行方式的临界停机时间τcrt为:
τcrt=[QstWst(1ηe1)](1PlwPe)Plw(1ηlw1ηe)
将机组的启动能耗Qst、启动过程的发电量Wst、额定工况的发电效率ηe、低负荷工况的发电功率Plw和发电效率ηlw代入公式,可以得到机组的临界停机时间τcrt。除了低负荷工况发电功率Plw以外,其他均为机组固有属性参数。
该50 MW光热电站的临界停机时间如图6所示。随着机组在低负荷工况的发电功率降低,机组临界停机时间逐渐增加,且增加的速率逐渐提高。
目前,光热电站的最低运行负荷为15%THA,此时机组的临界停机时间为14.0 h,即机组的停机时间低于14.0 h时,使用优化运行方式可以提高机组发电量。以全年光照数据作为边界条件,通过使用优化运行方式,最低运行负荷为15%THA时,光热电站的全年发电量可以增加1.85 GW·h(0.9%)。
本文通过研究50 MW槽式光热电站,对光热电站的日运行方式进行了优化。通过推导获得临界停机时间指标,结合当日储热系统的储热量,可以快速判断使用优化运行方式能否增加发电量,从而为电厂运行人员的运行决策提供指导。该优化运行方式对降低光热电站的能耗,提高发电量有重要作用。
1)降低光热电站低负荷功率,可以提高全日额外发电量。此外,在4个典型气象日下,随着光热电站运行低负荷时的发电功率从25%THA降至10%THA,机组使用优化运行方式可以使全日额外发电量增加16.3~26.3 MW·h。
2)在光照出现之前,提高储热系统的初始储热量可以增加机组在优化运行方式的全日额外发电量。在4个典型日气象下,随着储热系统的初始储热时长从0 h增至3 h,机组使用优化运行方式可以使全日额外发电量增加7.3~8.1 MW·h。
3)机组运行低负荷发电功率为15%THA时,临界停机时间为14 h,当机组停机时间低于临界停机时间时,使用优化运行方式才可以增加机组发电量。
4)通过使用优化运行方式,光热电站的年发电量可以增加1.85 GW·h(0.9%)。
  • 国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406144
  • 接收时间:2024-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26
基金
The State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company Technology Project(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
作者信息
    1.国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,河北 石家庄 050000
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

张顺奇(1995),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为光热及储能电站运行优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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