Article(id=1236688427056427534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779097569, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779097569, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779097569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779097569, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688427387777572, articleId=1236688427056427534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Remaining useful life prediction for fatigue crack growth based on VSG-ELM model, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Overdue service of thermal power units has become a trend, but fatigue crack of turbine rotor steel seriously affects the operation safety of steam turbine units. Due to the lack of the fatigue crack growth (FCG) test data of rotor steel, and large computation cost for stochastic model modeling and solution, the estimation of fatigue crack remaining useful life (RUL) is currently insufficient. On the basis of fatigue crack growth tests and analysis on its random models, a modified Gaussian membership information expanded (GMIE) sample domain method is proposed to generate virtual samples based on mega trend diffusion (MTD). Meanwhile, an extreme machine learning (ELM) neural network combined with the expective regression (ER) model is used to predict the RUL of fatigue crack propagation. The RUL of fatigue crack propagation under a specific cycle is calculated. By comparing the results with the RUL probability density function (PDF) curve and fatigue crack propagation curve of the existing numerical analysis methods, it shows that mean absolute percentage error (δMAPE) is 2.78%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method and provides robust support for safe operation of the turbine rotor systems.

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火电机组超期服役成为趋势,但汽轮机转子钢疲劳裂纹却严重影响机组运行安全。转子钢疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据缺失,随机模型建模与求解计算量大使得疲劳裂纹剩余寿命(RUL)预测受限。在对已有疲劳裂纹扩展试验及随机模型分析基础上,提出了基于整体趋势扩散(MTD)技术的高斯隶属度信息扩散(GMIE)样本域的方法生成虚拟样本,运用期望分位数回归(ER)与极限学习机(ELM)神经网络模型相结合预测疲劳裂纹扩展的RUL。对特定循环周次下疲劳裂纹扩展的RUL进行预测,通过与已有数值分析方法的RUL概率密度函数(PDF))曲线和疲劳裂纹扩展曲线对比,得出平均绝对百分比误差(δMAPE)为2.78%,验证了所提方法的有效性,为汽轮机转子系统安全运行提供了有力支持。

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吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
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郑卫东(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂自动化控制,

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figureFileBig=Z4SXKbpltKaPd0irtW6zXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688438347493393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688427056427534, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The predicted RUL before and after using VSG-ELM

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循环周次VSG-ELM数值分析误差/%
30 00014 27714 1580.84
35 0008 9958 8531.60
40 0003 8993 7613.67
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使用VSG-ELM前后RUL预测对比

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循环周次VSG-ELM数值分析误差/%
30 00014 27714 1580.84
35 0008 9958 8531.60
40 0003 8993 7613.67
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基于VSG-ELM模型的疲劳裂纹扩展剩余寿命预测
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郑卫东 1 , 熊伟 1 , 李晓燕 1 , 白培强 1 , 林思宇 1 , 崔雄华 2 , 吕延军 3 , 石瑞 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(2): 145-153
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(2): 145-153
基于VSG-ELM模型的疲劳裂纹扩展剩余寿命预测
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郑卫东1 , 熊伟1, 李晓燕1, 白培强1, 林思宇1, 崔雄华2, 吕延军3 , 石瑞3
作者信息
  • 1.华电能源股份有限公司玉环电厂,浙江 台州 317604
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 郑卫东(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火力发电厂自动化控制,

通讯作者:

吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
Remaining useful life prediction for fatigue crack growth based on VSG-ELM model
Weidong ZHENG1 , Wei XIONG1, Xiaoyan LI1, Peiqiang BAI1, Siyu LIN1, Xionghua CUI2, Yanjun LYU3 , Rui SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Yuhuan Power Plant, Huadian Energy Co., Ltd., Taizhou 317604, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406148
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火电机组超期服役成为趋势,但汽轮机转子钢疲劳裂纹却严重影响机组运行安全。转子钢疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据缺失,随机模型建模与求解计算量大使得疲劳裂纹剩余寿命(RUL)预测受限。在对已有疲劳裂纹扩展试验及随机模型分析基础上,提出了基于整体趋势扩散(MTD)技术的高斯隶属度信息扩散(GMIE)样本域的方法生成虚拟样本,运用期望分位数回归(ER)与极限学习机(ELM)神经网络模型相结合预测疲劳裂纹扩展的RUL。对特定循环周次下疲劳裂纹扩展的RUL进行预测,通过与已有数值分析方法的RUL概率密度函数(PDF))曲线和疲劳裂纹扩展曲线对比,得出平均绝对百分比误差(δMAPE)为2.78%,验证了所提方法的有效性,为汽轮机转子系统安全运行提供了有力支持。

整体趋势扩散  /  疲劳裂纹扩展  /  VSG-ELM  /  剩余寿命预测

Overdue service of thermal power units has become a trend, but fatigue crack of turbine rotor steel seriously affects the operation safety of steam turbine units. Due to the lack of the fatigue crack growth (FCG) test data of rotor steel, and large computation cost for stochastic model modeling and solution, the estimation of fatigue crack remaining useful life (RUL) is currently insufficient. On the basis of fatigue crack growth tests and analysis on its random models, a modified Gaussian membership information expanded (GMIE) sample domain method is proposed to generate virtual samples based on mega trend diffusion (MTD). Meanwhile, an extreme machine learning (ELM) neural network combined with the expective regression (ER) model is used to predict the RUL of fatigue crack propagation. The RUL of fatigue crack propagation under a specific cycle is calculated. By comparing the results with the RUL probability density function (PDF) curve and fatigue crack propagation curve of the existing numerical analysis methods, it shows that mean absolute percentage error (δMAPE) is 2.78%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method and provides robust support for safe operation of the turbine rotor systems.

mega-trend-diffusion  /  fatigue crack propogation  /  VSG-ELM  /  remaining useful life prediction
郑卫东, 熊伟, 李晓燕, 白培强, 林思宇, 崔雄华, 吕延军, 石瑞. 基于VSG-ELM模型的疲劳裂纹扩展剩余寿命预测. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 145 -153 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406148
Weidong ZHENG, Wei XIONG, Xiaoyan LI, Peiqiang BAI, Siyu LIN, Xionghua CUI, Yanjun LYU, Rui SHI. Remaining useful life prediction for fatigue crack growth based on VSG-ELM model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 145 -153 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406148
汽轮机高、中压转子是亚临界大型火力发电机组的关键部件,其运行时长期承受扭转、热应力、高温、高压、高转速和恶劣蒸汽等[1-2]。由于频繁启停或负荷变动使得转子局部区域承受交变应力,形成低周疲劳裂纹等类似缺陷[3-4],并在转子表面或内部应力集中处缓慢扩展。疲劳裂纹使得部件承载能力降低,或将导致转子脆断,威胁汽轮机运行安全[5-7]。对于超期服役即运行时间超过30年或20万h的火电机组,汽轮机转子发生疲劳裂纹损伤的概率更高。因此,研究汽轮机的转子寿命,尤其是疲劳裂纹损伤导致汽轮机转子寿命受限问题至关重要[8-9]。分析其疲劳裂纹扩展(fatigue crack growth,FCG)状态、进行剩余寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)预测是科学评估其运行安全性和制定技术改造措施的重要手段[10]
然而,现有的火电机组寿命评估多针对关键高温部件的蠕变持久寿命,对汽轮机转子疲劳寿命仅按启停寿命消耗进行简单计算,难以综合评估其寿命状态[11-12]。在可靠性领域,循环荷载作用下的FCG数据是典型的退化数据[13]。部分学者基于这一特性采用具有随机效应的Wiener过程进行FCG的RUL预测研究[10,14]。针对金属材料FCG的RUL预测研究,通常是基于相关的FCG数据,再结合建立的裂纹扩展随机模型,运用数值分析方法计算RUL的概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)实现RUL预测[15-16]。除了Wiener过程,已有的裂纹扩展随机模型还包括概率进化[17]、连续的马尔可夫过程[18]、标量随机微分方程[19]等。
虽然随机模型精度很高,但其模型建立需要明确的先验知识和大量的经验数据来初始化模型参数,且数学模型推导及PDF数值求解过程复杂。数据驱动方法通过对历史数据进行分析来建立相关特征,采用机器学习算法构建退化过程的前后期映射关系,最终实现RUL预测[20-21]。通过机器学习能够分析测量数据,准确进行RUL预测,从而省去复杂的数学建模和数值求解过程[21]。相较于其他算法,极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)是一种用于单层前馈神经网络的学习算法[22],在RUL预测方面具有学习速度快、泛化能力强、预测精度高的特点[23]
但是,获得一组有统计意义的汽轮机转子FCG试验数据耗时、耗力。目前国内外FCG随机模型的建立主要是基于Virkler等人[24]的等幅裂纹扩展试验数据。有部分学者运用Wu等人[25]的数据进行FCG动力学研究[19]。国内外转子钢裂纹扩展速率的试验研究均基于双对数坐标系中分析裂纹扩展速率da/dt与应力强度因子ΔK之间的关系,未考虑扩展裂纹长度a与循环周次t对剩余寿命的影响[26]
在转子钢FCG的裂纹长度-循环周次数据不足的情况下,可采用虚拟样本生成(virtual sample generation,VSG)法扩充、填补缺失试验数据[27]。基于已有数据样本的统计特征和规律,生成大量具有相似特征和代表性的新数据样本,可有效提高RUL预测准确性和可靠性[28]。根据样本产生思路不同,VSG法可分为基于领域先验知识[29]、基于扰动[30]和基于分布[31]。基于先验知识和某种概率分布是VSG常用的方法[32],后者是通过对样本数据的学习及判断构建样本的近似分布模型,再使用抽样手段获取契合该分布的虚拟样本[33]。整体趋势扩散(mega-trend-diffusion,MTD)技术[34]是在某一概率下,将数据点当作某种分布的中间点,对称或非对称地向两边扩散出虚拟样本,能够填充一部分的信息间隔[33]。高斯分布虚拟样本生成(Gaussian distribution-virtual sample generation,GD-VSG)法是典型的模拟生成服从高斯分布的MTD技术。已有研究中,VSG法在汽轮机转子钢FCG的RUL预测方面鲜有应用[33-35]
基于以上分析,针对转子钢FCG数据缺失,随机模型建模与求解计算量大的问题,本文提出运用VSG与ELM相结合以拓展转子钢FCG的RUL预测方法。具体研究过程包括在分析FCG试验数据及其随机模型的基础上,基于GD-VSG法的MTD技术提高虚拟样本合理性与适应性,再用ELM神经网络结合期望分位数回归(expectile regression,ER)模型的方法预测转子钢FCG的RUL。
金属材料发生疲劳破坏要历经裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失稳扩展3个阶段,所以疲劳分析既要研究裂纹萌生,又要研究裂纹稳定扩展[3]。根据这一概念,汽轮机转子中允许存在初始裂纹。然而,在下一个修复日期之前,它们的生长速率必须在有限的范围内,才能使转子在具有足够的RUL情况下安全工作。
本文以《火力发电厂金属材料手册》[36]和Wu等人[25]监测的FCG数据作为参考研究转子钢FCG过程。试验随机选取了30个样本,裂纹长度从18 mm开始,每隔5 000个循环周次,共记录了7个FCG离散点,最大监测循环周次为40 000次。此外,每隔2 mm记录了20~30 mm裂纹尺寸对应的循环周次,并记录了样本发生断裂的循环周次,具体如图1所示。从图1中不难看出,样本间差异显著,最小断裂循环周次为43 172,而最大断裂循环周次可达到75 300,在建立扩展模型时有必要考虑样本个体差异性。通过分析数据得知,FCG过程存在非线性,进行显著性水平为0.05的非线性拟合,随机选取5个样本的拟合曲线如图2所示。
考虑到裂纹的尺寸、材料的性能等因素,FCG的随机模型可表示为[26]
da(t)/dt=F(ΔK,Kmax,a,R,)X(t)t0
式中:da(t)/dt为裂纹扩展速率;a(t)为试样疲劳荷载的加载循环周次为t时的裂纹长度;X(t)为一个非负的平稳随机过程;函数F(·)依赖于多个参数,以著名的Paris公式为例,等幅重复加载下可描述为:
F(a)=C[ΔK(a)]m
式中:参数Cm为常数,取决于试样的材料和几何尺寸;在实验条件和试件尺寸确定的情况下,应力强度因子ΔK(a)与裂纹长度a相关。Paris公式适用于描述II区的裂纹扩展行为。
按照《金属材料轴向等幅低循环疲劳试验方法》(GB/T 15248—2008)进行低周疲劳试验[37]得到测试材料的应变和寿命之间的关系,用Masson-Coffin公式进行分析:
Δε2=σE(2t)b+ε(2t)c
式中:Δε为应变范围;σ'为疲劳强度系数;E为杨氏弹性模量;ε'为疲劳延性系数;bc分别为疲劳强度指数和疲劳延性指数;t为循环周次。Manson-Coffin公式是一个经验公式,对于疲劳寿命小于105次的金属材料描述效果比较好[38]
以上随机模型可通过Ito’s变换为随机微分方程形式[19]
da(t)=bexp(αt)+cexp(βt)dB(t)
式中:B(t)为标准维纳过程;bexp(αt)和cexp(βt)分别为漂移系数和扩散系数;αβbc为未知参数。
将裂纹扩展用Wiener过程描述,且FCG数据服从正态分布时得到[13,39-40]
a(t)N(a0+b(exp(αt)1)/α,c2(exp(2βt)1)/2β)
进一步地,裂纹长度a(t)在固定循环次数t下的概率密度函数同样呈正态分布。为了计算特定循环次数下裂纹长度的概率密度函数,我们引入后向Kolmogorov微分方程[41]
R(a,t)t=bexp(αt)R(a,t)a+c2exp(2βt)2R2(a,t)a2
式中:R(a,t)为与裂纹长度a(t)相关的可靠度函数。对于a0<a<a*,有初始条件R(a,0)=1,边界条件R(a*, t)=0,且∂μR(a0, N)/∂a=0。通过对后向Kolomo-gorov方程进行数值求解得到可靠度函数R(a, t),进而得到首次穿越裂纹长度失效阈值a*对应循环次数t的概率密度p(t)。
传统疲劳裂纹RUL预测仅基于试验数据,本文在分析裂纹扩展试验数据的基础上,通过MTD技术对数据进行扩展时,采用GD-VSG法来扩大样本域的范围以增加样本量。
GD-VSG的核心是确定符合高斯分布的扩展变量域范围。在选择样本分布函数时,常用线性隶属度函数表示样本扩散情况,但实际上的FCG的观测点和采样点不是线性分布,而是服从高斯分布[42]。因此,在传统三角隶属度信息扩散(triangular membership information expanded,TMIE)函数基础上,引入高斯隶属度信息扩散(Gaussian membership information expanded,GMIE)函数以提高数据的可靠性[43]
GMIE方法如图3所示,min、max分别表示样本数据中某个属性的最小值、最大值。ABC 3点的坐标分别是A(CL,1)、B(min, skL)、C(max, skU),主扩展域包括[LB,A]和[C,UB]。GMIE样本域的扩散由数据中心位置CL两侧的数据量,即可接受扩散数据下边界LB和上边界UB决定。其中CL可表示为:
CL=1ni=1nxi
式中:xi为数据集X每次的监测值;n为监测值个数。LB、UB可表示为[42]
{LB=CL2c12lnβUB=CL+2c22lnβc1=(minCL)22ln(skL)c2=(maxCL)22ln(skL)
式中:β为偏置变量,设置为0.1。用发生概率表示GMIE函数,可见其偏度与相对量有关,则左偏度skL和右偏度skU可定义为:
{skL=NLNL+NU+spskU=NUNL+NU+sp
式中:NL、NU为比CL小(大)的样本数量;sp为调整偏度大小的修正因子,取值为1。采用GMIE可有效避免不均匀采样造成左偏度skL和右偏度skU差异较大,能有效提高虚拟样本的准确性。
在原始样本周围生成高斯随机数,随机数据的均值和方差与虚拟样本的真实性密切相关,因此这2个参数的确定至关重要[44]。但在试验过程中不可避免地会存在误差,其均值代表数据的真实性,方差则与监测精度相关。基于改进GMIE对扩展域范围进行非对称扩展,在结合正态分布的68-95-99.7准则,99.73%的值位于均值的3个标准差内,即[μ-3σ, μ+3σ]。得到标准差估计量为:
σ^(tj)=UB(tj)LB(tj)6
式中:LB(tj)、UB(tj)分别为GMIE计算时间tj时的下边界和上边界。
根据参考试验数据,样本在10 000循环周次时其裂纹尺寸均已达到18 mm以上,即设备已经发生故障,但未到达失效等级。此外,裂纹扩展过程具有单调递增性,扩展尺寸随着循环周次的增加呈非线性增长,直至断裂。在传统GMIE的基础上,用试验获得实际初始裂纹作为扩散数据的下边界LB,用试验获得裂纹断裂阈值作为扩散数据的上边界UB,更符合工程实际。图4为传统GMIE与本文改进GMIE生成虚拟样本在全裂纹扩展范围内的PDF对比曲线。
图4中改进后的GMIE-VSG数据比传统GMIE-VSG数据更扁平,其在均值附近分布数量明显减少,在高裂纹尺寸处的分布数量明显增加,且非对称分布特性更突出,这与裂纹扩展实际相符。因此,改进后的GMIE-VSG数据具有更高适应性。
由于对运行中的转子进行FCG试验较困难,使得超期服役材料的FCG数据有限,本文提出采用GD-VSG法扩展样本后运用ELM神经网络进行RUL预测。采用1.1节的疲劳裂纹试验数据,将监测周期内的数据集表示为D=(Aij;i=1,…,m, j=1, …,n),其中Aij为第i个样本在第tj次循环周次时的裂纹扩展值。
首先,基于试验数据建立样本量m=30,监测次数n=7的数据集Ds=(Aij;i=1,…,30, j=1,…,7)。不同于以往,本文将每一次循环周次监测的扩展裂纹作为样本属性,即裂纹扩展尺寸作为输入,在扩展域内进行有效扩展。将试验数据集内所有样本的前4个属性作为训练集Dtr={(Aij|i=1,…,30, j=1,2,3,4},其余属性为测试集Dte={(Aij|i=1,…,30, j=5,6,7}。根据本文提出的裂纹扩展尺寸a(t)服从正态分布N(μ(t),σ2(t)),在已有循环周次tj( j=1,…,m)基础上采用上述GD-VSG法生成裂纹扩展虚拟样本数据集Dvir={(Aij|i=1,…,30, j=1,…,600}。
本文选用平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,δMAPE)评估所使用的GD-VSG方法的模型性能,其计算公式为:
δMAPE=1Ni=1N(yiy^i)/yi×100%δ¯MAPE=1mi=1mδMAPEi
式中:N为测试集样本的数量;yiy^i分别为第i个测试样本的真实值和估计值;m为独立试验的样本个数。δMAPE的值越小,表示模型的性能越好,精度越高。使用δMAPE评估模型性能,当推估超平面H^δMAPE<10%时,通过H^可产生与虚拟输入x对应的虚拟输出y。虚拟样本生成方法的δMAPE对比如图5所示。
图5中由于样本差异,使用GD-VSG法后4号、8号样本的δMAPE值更大,为此本文通过δ¯MAPE评估模型性能。使用2种VSG法的数据δMAPE值均小于10%,但通过GD-VSG方法的使用,样本精度得到改善,其δ¯MAPE比其他VSG法提高了3.7%,验证了模型性能。
由于分位数回归的损失函数不可微,ER模型采用非对称最小二乘回归,通过优化Y-v关于v的期望损失来产生Y的q-E[45]
EY(θ)=argminvE[ρθ(Yv)]ρθ(u)=|θI(u<0)|u2
式中:q∈(0,1)为损失函数的不对称程度;EY(q)为Y的q期望分位数;I(·)为示性函数。ER模型的本质是通过网络参数优化使损失函数L(q)达到最小。
ELM通过求解线性方程组,训练过程一次完成,避免了反向传播神经网络易陷入局部极值,在极快的收敛速度下提供了更好的泛化性能。机器学习中,基于原始数据建立的预测模型,即小样本集推估超平面H^用于表征对象的特征关系。可以表示为:
H:y=F(x,α)H^:y=F(x,α^)
式中:αα^为广义参数。当小样本集推估超平面H^越接近总体超平面H,则建模精度越高[22]。ELM神经网络包含输入层、隐藏层和输出层3个层次,其结构原理如图6所示。其输出层节点值可以表示为:
fj(x)=i=1LβiGi(xj)j=1,,N
式中:fj为输出矩阵;x为输入向量;L为隐藏单元的数量;N为训练样本的数量;βi为第i个隐藏层和输出层之间的权重向量;G为激活函数。不同隐藏神经元可以使用不同激活函数,本文选取的激活函数为Sigmoid函数。
G(ai,bi,xj)=11+exp((aixj+bi))
式中:a为输入权重;b为隐藏层偏置。当ELM的aibi被随机确定,隐藏层的输出矩阵HG唯一确定。经过训练后,ELM模型以零误差无限逼近样本的输出时,即j=1Nfjyj=0,同时结合ER建立的非对称二次损失函数为:
L(θ)=jNρθ[iLβiGi(ai,bi,xj)Yj]
ELM模型的等效线性系统为:
Y=HGβ
HG可表示为:
HG=[G(a1,b1,x1)G(aL,bL,x1)G(a1,b1,xN)G(aL,bL,xN)]L×N
依据Moore-Penrose(MP)广义逆理论,输出权重β^为:
β^=HG1Y
式中:HG-1HG的广义逆矩阵。由于训练样本中N>L,且为防止过拟合,加入正则化参数B,式(19)改写为:
β^=(HGTHG+1B)1HGTY
通过对历史数据的充分学习完成模型的训练过程,建立RUL的预测模型为:
Ci+1=ELM(CiT+1,CiT+2,,Ci1,Ci)
式中:Ci+1为下一循环的裂纹长度预测值;T为输出矩阵的长度。将测试数据集代入该公式进行迭代预测,从而得到每一循环的裂纹长度预测值,最终计算得到RUL。
本文提出的VSG-ELM模型进行FCG的RUL预测流程如图7所示,可以概括为以下步骤。
1)数据处理 根据裂纹扩展实验数据,基于MTD技术采用GD-VSG法扩展样本量。裂纹尺寸作为模型输入,循环周次作为输出。
2)ELM模型构建 结合ER建立非对称二次损失函数L(q),再通过网络参数优化使得损失函数最小。
3)RUL预测 通过训练集对ELM模型进行训练,用测试集进行验证,实现RUL预测。
根据转子钢的运行特点,其对可靠性和安全性要求较高,选择使用首达时间概念定义转子钢寿命[5],即裂纹扩展尺寸首次超过失效阈值Df的循环周次,表示为:
N=inf{t>0:a(t)Df|a(0)<Df}
为了设备运行安全起见,当转子裂纹深度尺寸达到转子半径70%时即认定失效。假设转子钢在离散循环周次tj(tj≥0)进行状态监测得到的裂纹扩展数据为A(tj),若产品的寿命为N,则在循环周次tj时的剩余寿命Nk可表示为Nk=N-tj。利用寿命与剩余寿命的关系,以及首达时间的概念得出剩余寿命Nk={tk:N-tj|tk>tj},进而循环周次tk的剩余寿命可以进一步表示为:
Nk=inf{tk>0:a(tk+tj)Df|a(tj)<Df}
式中:tk为剩余寿命为Nk时的循环周次。
图8为样本7在循环周次为35 000次时使用VSG-ELM模型及文献[14]使用数值分析方法得到的FCG剩余寿命的PDF曲线。从图8中可以看出,通过VSG-ELM方法的应用,裂纹扩展RUL的PDF曲线变得更低更窄,表明数据的概率密度更高且方差更小,具体的剩余循环周次与数值分析方法相比误差在5%以内,证明本文所提方法的有效性。同一样本在不同循环周次下使用VSG-ELM方法得到的RUL预测结果见表1
图9为试验样本1在不同循环周次下的裂纹扩展尺寸曲线。由图9可知,当循环次数达到50 000时,VSG-ELM方法预测的裂纹扩展尺寸为23.197 1 mm,数值分析方法预测的裂纹扩展尺寸为22.570 4 mm,两者相差0.626 6 mm。通过计算,采用VSG-ELM方法的δMAPE=2.78%,远小于10%,进一步验证了本文所用方法的有效性,预测结果稳定。此外,采用VSG-ELM方法进行RUL预测,除去样本生成时间,仅训练模型的计算时间比数值方法进行迭代求解时间少约30%,表明本文方法先进性。
针对汽轮机转子钢FCG试验数据不足,随机模型建模与求解计算量大的问题,本文提出基于裂纹扩展-循环周次试验数据,采用VSG-ELM模型来预测FCG的RUL的方法。通过建模与计算研究得出以下结论。
1)基于MTD技术,将改进的高斯分布GMIE样本域扩展方法生成的虚拟样本,作为ELM神经网络预测裂纹扩展RUL,其数据的δ¯MAPE提高了3.7%,可在已有试验数据基础上有效扩展试验数据,为RUL预测提供数据基础。
2)相较于建立Wiener等随机过程模型的数值分析方法,本文所用VSG-ELM方法结合ER模型对疲劳裂纹进行RUL预测,省去了复杂的数学建模与求解过程,其δMAPE达到2.78%,具有更好的预测精度和预测稳定性,为准确评估设备RUL和保障安全运行提供了有力支持。
3)在裂纹扩展尺寸-循环周次试验数据基础上采用VSG-ELM模型预测FCG的RUL,有效扩充了转子钢RUL预测的方法,但其预测精度的提升还需进一步优化模型得以实现。
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406148
  • 接收时间:2024-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-02
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    1.华电能源股份有限公司玉环电厂,浙江 台州 317604
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院,陕西 西安 710048

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吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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