Article(id=1236688425219314250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779097131, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779097131, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779097131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779097131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688426796372560, articleId=1236688425219314250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of flow field in heat pump scroll compressor and study on characteristics of variable operating conditions, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a key component of air source heat pump, the thermodynamic performance of scroll compressor has an important influence on the heat pump system. A three-dimensional transient simulation model of the scroll compressor is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments. Based on computational fluid dynamics method, the non-uniformly distributed flow characteristics of internal flow field of the scroll compressor under the influence of tangential leakage flow are investigated. The influence of different operating conditions on thermodynamic performance of the scroll compressor is explored. The sensitivity analysis method is used to discuss the sensitivity of thermodynamic performance of the scroll compressor under different operating conditions. The results show that, with the increase of pressure ratio, the isentropic efficiency increases at first and then decreases, the heat production decreases, the maximum increase in time-averaged exhaust temperature is 11.26 K. When the suction temperature increases to 311.65 K, the isentropic efficiency grows by 16.72 percentage points. The increase of rotational speed will weaken the phenomenon of reflux and reduce the exhaust temperature, when the rotational speed rises to 4 500 r/min, the volumetric and isentropic efficiencies increase to 86.61% and 46.86%, respectively.

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涡旋压缩机作为空气源热泵的关键部件,其热力学性能对热泵系统有着重要的影响。建立了涡旋压缩机三维瞬态仿真模型,通过实验验证了模型的准确性;基于计算流体力学方法,探究了切向泄漏流影响下涡旋压缩机内部流场非均匀分布流动特性;探讨不同工况参数对涡旋压缩机热力学性能的影响;采用敏感性分析法,讨论涡旋压缩机热力学性能对于不同工况参数的敏感性。结果表明:随着压比的增大,等熵效率先增大后减小,制热量降低,时均排气温度最大增幅为11.26 K;吸气温度增至311.65 K时,等熵效率增长了16.72百分点;转速的增大会弱化回流现象并降低排气温度,当转速升至4 500 r/min时,容积效率和等熵效率分别增至为86.61%和46.86%。

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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,

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彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,

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Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2023, 14(4): 488-495., articleTitle=Operating characteristics under variable conditions of a scroll-compressor in CO2 air-conditioning-system for electric vehicle, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236688445914009926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, awardId=51675254; 51966009, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51675254; 51966009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236688446006284617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, awardId=51675254; 51966009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51675254; 51966009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236688446081782091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, awardId=SQ2020YFF042098, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(SQ2020YFF042098), fundOrder=null, 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Geometrical parameters of scroll compressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
基圆a/mm2.228
渐开线发生角α/rad0.785
涡旋齿高h/mm28.000
涡旋齿壁厚t/mm3.500
偏心距ror/mm3.500
最终展角Φe/rad26.596
径向间隙d/μm25
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445175812404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

涡旋压缩机几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
基圆a/mm2.228
渐开线发生角α/rad0.785
涡旋齿高h/mm28.000
涡旋齿壁厚t/mm3.500
偏心距ror/mm3.500
最终展角Φe/rad26.596
径向间隙d/μm25
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445276475703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of operating conditions with different pressure ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温
度/K
工况13.130.752.352 900291.65
工况23.360.702.352 900291.65
工况33.620.652.352 900291.65
工况43.920.602.352 900291.65
工况54.270.552.352 900291.65
工况64.700.502.352 900291.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445414887738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同压比运行工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温
度/K
工况13.130.752.352 900291.65
工况23.360.702.352 900291.65
工况33.620.652.352 900291.65
工况43.920.602.352 900291.65
工况54.270.552.352 900291.65
工况64.700.502.352 900291.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445498773823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of operating conditions at different suction temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温度/K
工况13.360.702.352 900286.65
工况2291.65
工况3296.65
工况4301.65
工况5306.65
工况6311.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445570076991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同吸气温度运行工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温度/K
工况13.360.702.352 900286.65
工况2291.65
工况3296.65
工况4301.65
工况5306.65
工况6311.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445700100417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of operating conditions at different speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温度/K
工况13.360.702.352 500291.65
工况23.360.702.352 900291.65
工况33.360.702.353 300291.65
工况43.360.702.353 700291.65
工况53.360.702.354 100291.65
工况63.360.702.354 500291.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236688445804958019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688425219314250, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同转速运行工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号压比吸气压力/MPa排气压力/MPa转速/(r·min–1)吸气温度/K
工况13.360.702.352 500291.65
工况23.360.702.352 900291.65
工况33.360.702.353 300291.65
工况43.360.702.353 700291.65
工况53.360.702.354 100291.65
工况63.360.702.354 500291.65
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热泵涡旋压缩机内流场数值模拟及变工况特性研究
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彭斌 , 赵亚珑
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(2): 97-108
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(2): 97-108
热泵涡旋压缩机内流场数值模拟及变工况特性研究
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彭斌 , 赵亚珑
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 彭斌(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为涡旋机械和低温余热发电,

Numerical simulation of flow field in heat pump scroll compressor and study on characteristics of variable operating conditions
Bin PENG , Yalong ZHAO
Affiliations
  • College of Electromechanical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406147
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涡旋压缩机作为空气源热泵的关键部件,其热力学性能对热泵系统有着重要的影响。建立了涡旋压缩机三维瞬态仿真模型,通过实验验证了模型的准确性;基于计算流体力学方法,探究了切向泄漏流影响下涡旋压缩机内部流场非均匀分布流动特性;探讨不同工况参数对涡旋压缩机热力学性能的影响;采用敏感性分析法,讨论涡旋压缩机热力学性能对于不同工况参数的敏感性。结果表明:随着压比的增大,等熵效率先增大后减小,制热量降低,时均排气温度最大增幅为11.26 K;吸气温度增至311.65 K时,等熵效率增长了16.72百分点;转速的增大会弱化回流现象并降低排气温度,当转速升至4 500 r/min时,容积效率和等熵效率分别增至为86.61%和46.86%。

空气源热泵  /  涡旋压缩机  /  数值模拟  /  流场特性  /  变工况

As a key component of air source heat pump, the thermodynamic performance of scroll compressor has an important influence on the heat pump system. A three-dimensional transient simulation model of the scroll compressor is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments. Based on computational fluid dynamics method, the non-uniformly distributed flow characteristics of internal flow field of the scroll compressor under the influence of tangential leakage flow are investigated. The influence of different operating conditions on thermodynamic performance of the scroll compressor is explored. The sensitivity analysis method is used to discuss the sensitivity of thermodynamic performance of the scroll compressor under different operating conditions. The results show that, with the increase of pressure ratio, the isentropic efficiency increases at first and then decreases, the heat production decreases, the maximum increase in time-averaged exhaust temperature is 11.26 K. When the suction temperature increases to 311.65 K, the isentropic efficiency grows by 16.72 percentage points. The increase of rotational speed will weaken the phenomenon of reflux and reduce the exhaust temperature, when the rotational speed rises to 4 500 r/min, the volumetric and isentropic efficiencies increase to 86.61% and 46.86%, respectively.

air source heat pump  /  scroll compressor  /  numerical simulation  /  flow field characteristics  /  variable operating conditions
彭斌, 赵亚珑. 热泵涡旋压缩机内流场数值模拟及变工况特性研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 97 -108 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406147
Bin PENG, Yalong ZHAO. Numerical simulation of flow field in heat pump scroll compressor and study on characteristics of variable operating conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 97 -108 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406147
随着全球经济的快速发展及工业水平的提高,能源消耗和CO2排放量迅速增加。中国作为全球最大的能源消耗国之一[1],其建筑能耗、暖通空调系统和生活热水系统消耗了近60%能源[2]。余热空气源热泵热水器(WH-ASHPWH)作为一种可将低热能(如工业余热)转化高热能的节能装置,广泛应用于各行各业[3-6]。压缩机作为空气源热泵系统中的核心部件,可将低温低压制冷剂工质压缩为高温高压状态流入冷凝器,涡旋压缩机以传输压力更为灵活、效率高的优点,是高温热泵系统压缩机的优先选择[7]
在涡旋压缩机的研究中,涡旋型线及结构设计优化通常是涡旋压缩机的研究热点之一。Liao等人[8]提出了一种组合式代数螺旋线涡旋压缩机,缩短了径向泄漏曲线长度并优化了涡旋压缩机的几何性能。张朋成等[9]提出了一种由不同圆渐开线组合的新型变截面涡旋齿的建立方法,扩大了变截面涡旋压缩机的实际应用。Zhen等人[10]提出了一种在静涡旋盘侧壁面上设置连续密封槽的模型,容积效率和等熵效率分别提高1.63%和1.32%。Sun等人[11]对制冷涡旋压缩机的吸气流道进行了改良,有效降低了吸气脉动强度并提高了容积效率。
随着实验条件的改善,众多学者也在关注涡旋压缩机的实验研究。Yu等人[12]采用2台涡旋压缩机并联工作,测试了17.3 MPa的排气压力和112 ℃的最大排气温度,结果表明高压比工况下涡旋压缩机的容积效率和COP会降低。Huang等人[13]在不同冷凝温度条件下,使用定频涡旋压缩机测试了热泵系统循环,实验结果表明在高温条件下需要提高压缩机吸入过热度。唐景春等[14]搭建了电动汽车空调准双级涡旋压缩机性能测试平台,研究发现在低温工况下,压缩机排气质量流量提高了12.9%~17.4%,系统制热量提高了7.3%~8.3%。
随着CFD技术的发展,各个学者通过数值模拟的方法对涡旋压缩机的内流场及性能展开研究。孙健等[15]对无油双涡漩压缩机展开了三维非稳态数值模拟,研究结果表明,压缩机转速越高理论容积流量及容积效率越大。Wang等人[16]用计算流体及结构力学法计算了给定轨道半径的涡旋在载荷和接触作用下的综合变形。结果表明,侧漏间隙和径向泄漏间隙的时空不均匀性明显。Zheng等人[17-18]对于热泵空调用CO2涡旋压缩机进行了仿真分析,研究发现径向间隙尺寸减小4 µm,容积效率提高近5%,且排气温度下降了5 K。Li等人[19]对双间隙涡旋压缩机进行了数值模拟,结果表明当转速提升至9 000 r/min时最大泄漏速度为160 m/s,显著影响容积效率。Liu等人[20]对以空气为工质的涡旋压缩机进行数值研究,结果表明径向间隙尺寸对涡旋压缩机的气体力及时均性能影响显著。杨小亮等[21]对无油涡旋压缩机在变转速工况下进行了模拟,研究发现增大转速可以增大质量流量并降低切向泄漏量。吴凯等[22]对变压比工况下涡旋制冷压缩机进行了研究,结果表明随着压比的增大,绝热效率先增大后减小且压比对排气质量流量有较大的影响。刘蓉等[23]对制冷涡旋压缩机在变工况运行条件下进行了数值模拟,研究发现转速及压比对压缩机制冷量、COP及容积效率影响较大。Zhao等人[24]对一种带有新型排气孔的涡旋压缩机进行仿真分析,结果表明涡旋压缩机的等熵效率提高了2.4%。安钟衍等[25]对CO2空调系统及涡旋压缩机变工况运行性能展开了研究,结果表明压缩机转速从2 500 r/min增加至6 000 r/min,吸气预压缩程度增加1.92%,容积效率提高4.72%。
涡旋压缩机内部流场特性及热力学性能变化受各种因素的影响。如压缩机结构、间隙尺寸、运行工况等。在现有对涡旋压缩机流场特性研究中,多数学者只针对涡旋压缩机在特定工况下,或者只改变某一工况参数,对其内部流场特性及性能指标变化作定量分析,且多数学者忽视了涡旋压缩机工质进口温度的影响,缺乏对涡旋压缩机多因素变工况综合比对分析。本文建立了三维瞬态仿真模型,结合实验验证数值模型的准确性与计算方法的可行性;探讨了内部流场受切向泄漏流影响非均匀分布流动特性,探究不同工况参数(压比、转速、进口温度)对涡旋压缩机质量流量、排气温度、制热量、容积效率及等熵效率的影响;结合敏感性分析法得出各项热力学性能对于工况参数的敏感程度。研究结果可为热泵用涡旋压缩机优化与设计提供理论指导。
本文所研究的几何模型源于某空气源热泵热水器测试平台中的涡旋压缩机,实体模型如图1所示。依据压缩机内动静涡旋盘啮合模型建立了后续三维仿真模型,模型的基本几何结构参数见表1。该模型的型线为圆渐开线,齿头部分选用双圆弧修正法进行修正,动静涡旋盘型线结构参数一致。涡旋压缩机的工作腔室主要由多对月牙形的压缩腔组成,图2给出了其工作腔室划分示意。该工作腔室从外到内划分为背压腔(Bac)、吸气腔(Suc)、压缩腔(Cc)和排气腔(Dis),其中背压腔1(Bac-1)为变形区域,背压腔2(Bac-2)为非变形区域。随着动涡旋盘连续转动,月牙形工作腔容积不断变化,完成吸气-压缩-排气的工作过程。
本数值模拟通过求解雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程模拟涡旋压缩机瞬态流场,使用MATLAB表格函数关联NistRefprop数据库调用R22真实气体模型,工质的流动需遵循质量守恒定律、能量守恒定律和动量守恒定律,所对应的控制方程如下。
连续性方程:
ρt+ρux+ρvy+ρwzS=0
式中:ρ为密度;t为时间;uvw分别为沿xyz轴方向的分速度;Sm为分散到连续项的质量及其他自定义源项,假设为0。
能量守恒方程:
t(ρE)+(ρE+p)=(λeffTjhjJj+τeffu)+S
式中:λeff为有效传热系数;hj为组分比焓;Jj为物质j的扩散系数;E为比能;τeff为应力张量;p为表压;Sh为体积热源。等式右侧表示由湍流耗散、组分扩散和热传递造成的能量运输。
动量方程:
t(ρv)+(ρvv)+p=μ[(v+vT)23vξ]+Sf
式中:μ为分子有效黏度;x为单位应力张量;Sf为微元所受力及其他自定义源项。
在流体机械数值模拟中,RNG k-ε湍流模型是一种高雷诺数湍流模型,模型中改进了湍动黏度μt并添加反映高应变率的项Rε。对于高流线曲率,较大的应变率以及附带旋流的流动有较好的计算精度,所以本研究采用RNG k-ε湍流模型。此外,为求解近壁区低雷诺数的流动,选用标准壁面函数配合求解,采用分离式算法中的SIMPLEC压力速度耦合算法求解离散方程,SIMPLEC算法更适合处理涉及多种流动和热传递机制的复杂问题。边界条件设置中均采用进出口压力条件,所有壁面设置为绝热且无滑移,初始计算工况为吸气压力为0.70 MPa,吸气温度为291.65 K,排气压力为2.35 MPa,转速为2 900 r/min。
作为热泵系统重要的核心部件,涡旋压缩机的性能指标对整个系统有着极其重要的影响。以涡旋压缩机的质量流量、排气温度、制热量、等熵效率、容积效率作为涡旋压缩机的性能评价指标。其方程定义如下:
m.ave=mindtT
Tave=TindtT
Qh=m.ave(hdish0)
ηv=MacMth=30m.aveπNrVSρin
ηis=PthPac=hdis,shinhdishin
ε=poutpin
式中:为min瞬时吸气质量流量,kg/s;为Tin瞬时排气温度,K;Qh为制热量,kW;mave为时均吸气质量流量,kg/s;ηv为容积效率;ηis为等熵效率;MacMth分别为吸气质量流量模拟值与理论值,kg/s;Nr为压缩机转速,r/min;ρin为工质的吸气密度,kg/m3VS为吸气结束后的吸气腔容积,mL;PthPac分别为等熵压缩过程中理论输入的功率和压缩过程中所需的轴功率,kW;hin为压缩机吸气口的比焓,kJ/kg;hdis为压缩机出口比焓,kJ/kg;hdis,s为等熵压缩过程计算得出的出口比焓,kJ/kg;h0为工质过热气体比焓,kJ/kg;ε为排气压力与吸气压力的比值。
网格划分对于数值模拟计算的准确性及收敛性有着关键的作用。图3为各区域的网格模型,将整个流体区域分为变形和非变形区域,动涡盘的变形区域为转子区域,随着动涡旋盘的公转而变化;非变形区域由进气管、排气管和非变形工作区域组成,采用动网格法对于动涡旋盘的工作过程进行瞬态流场的模拟,实现了对涡旋运动的平滑控制及网格质量的控制。通过软件内置模板生成六面体结构网格,这种网格结构相较于非结构网格在动网格运动过程中不易发生断裂,且有着更高的网格质量。其中25 μm径向间隙网格层数达到了10层。采用软件内置的动网格控制方法,各流体域之间的流体传输通过边界层进行数据传输。
考虑计算网格数量对计算精度和计算时长的影响,要进行网格无关性验证。本文采用了5组网格数量进行验证,通过调整轴向和径向的网格节点数改变网格数量,生成了网格数量为14.2万至51.2万的流体域网格模型,以容积效率和等熵效率作为评价指标。
网格无关性验证结果如图4所示。由图4可知:在初始计算工况下,随着网格数量的增大,等熵效率和容积效率的变化幅度减小,但总计算时间随着网格数量的增大明显增加;当网格数量总数未达到32万时,涡旋压缩机的等熵效率和容积效率相对误差小于0.18%,总计算时间为30 h,可满足网格无关性要求,因此综合考虑计算精度和效率,本文选用32万的网格模型进行计算。
为验证本文所采用的数值模型的准确性与计算方法的可行性,需要通过实验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比。图5为空气源热泵热水器系统测试原理,图中灰色实线框内为热泵系统,热泵系统中的蒸发器使制冷剂液体蒸发通过气液分离器进入压缩机进口;橙色虚线部分为试验平台的水循环系统,水循环系统中的冷水通过循环水泵进入与热泵系统中的冷凝管进行换热,吸热升温后的热水流入到保温水箱进行储存。按照测试原理搭建了余热型空气能热泵热水器系统测试平台(图6)。图6中所需要的温度由变频风机所提供,冷却水路上装有一个循环水泵及涡轮流量计,各个主要部件的进出口处均设置了温度及压力传感器对流入系统中的工质进行测量,实验中测量了压缩机进气口排气口的压力及温度、蒸发器冷凝器水路进的出口温度以及涡轮流量计所测得的流量,通过以上数据可求得涡旋压缩机的质量流量、等熵效率和容积效率。
实验通过调节驱动电机的转速改变涡旋压缩机的转速,共测试了6种转速。图7对比了质量流量和容积效率的实验值与模拟值。
由于该数值模拟模型未考虑轴向间隙的影响,而样机由于密封方式不可避免地存在由轴向间隙引起的径向泄漏;且随着转速的增大,实验样机会发生齿头干涉的现象,内部泄漏损失逐渐增大,而数值模拟间隙值保持不变,这将导致质量流量的实验值略低于模拟值,进而导致容积效率的实验值低于模拟值。由图7可知,质量流量与容积效率都随着转速的增大而呈增长趋势,质量流量最大误差为0.004 3 kg/s,容积效率的最大相对误差小于3%。
图8为排气温度与等熵效率模拟值与实验值的对比。
由于实验样机外壳与外侧环境间存在少量的热量损失,这将导致排气温度降低,而数值模拟中壁面条件设置为绝热无滑移,从而排气温度的实验值略低于模拟值。数值模拟的排气温度随着的压缩机转速的升高而下降,实验值与模拟值最大误差为6.2 K,等熵效率的最大相对误差小于4%。综上所述,在给定工况下,数值模拟结果与实验结果在合理的误差范围内。这表明所计算模型的准确性与数值模拟方法的可行性。
为研究由径向间隙引起的切向泄漏下的流场特征,单独在初始计算工况下进行流场特性分析,视吸气结束时即吸气腔闭合时刻的曲柄转角为0°,本节只对曲轴转角0°和180°作流场特性分析。图9为50%齿高横截面及轴向截面压力场分布。由图9可看出,压力分布由工作腔室Dis至Bac呈现递减的趋势。由于压力的传导速度较快,所以任意时刻单个工作腔室内的压力分布基本一致,而对称工作腔室压力呈现非对称分布,压力场变化并不一致。尤其在0°曲轴转角下,对称腔室Cc2-1与Cc2-2呈现不对称压力分布特性最为明显,Cc2-2压力分布明显大于Cc2-1,而在180°转角下对称腔室Cc压力分布不对称性减弱,导致这种现象的主要原因是排气口的偏置导致流体的不均匀流入对称的吸气腔。且在径向间隙处可观察到明显的压力梯度分布,这是由压缩过程中径向间隙引起的高速切向泄漏流所导致。
图10为主轴转角为0°和180°下的温度场分布。由图10可发现,同压力场一样,温度大小由Dis腔室至Bac腔室呈递减趋势,但由于热传导速度较慢,各个对称腔室温度场呈非均匀对称性分布。在0°转角下,Cc腔啮合间隙处可见明显高温区域;在180°转角下,Cc腔和Suc腔内的切向泄漏高温区已占据腔室的一半,这是由于Cc腔的高温高压流体经由径向间隙流入下游Suc腔,扰乱了Suc腔室的流场分布,造成温度场的非均匀分布。在轴向截面上2对Cc腔室在轴向方向上温度也呈非均匀分布,且高温区域基本处于工作腔中间位置上,并靠近排气侧,并且由于切向泄漏流沿着工作腔室的外侧壁面延展,导致动涡旋齿内壁面形成了大范围的高温区。
图11为0°和180°转角下速度流线。由图11可进一步分析工质的流态变化及运动变化规律,观察到各工作腔内流体流动方向与动盘运动方向相同,为顺时针方向,流线沿着涡旋齿内外壁面延伸,这是由于动盘的旋转以及动静盘之间的相互挤压导致的,各腔室内部整体流速较小,径向间隙处存在高速泄漏流,最大流速可达300 m/s。在转角0°下,吸气口处均存在涡流现象,这是由于容积在Suc腔完全闭合前,容积已经开始减小,有少量气体排出,流体向Bac腔泄漏从而在吸气口处产生涡流,且在Bac-2腔内流线较为稀疏,表明流入的流体较少,流速较低,在轴向截面上可观察到流体在各工作腔室内流动方向基本呈对称分布,Bac室对称流动现象最为明显,Dis腔内流体沿排气孔方向呈螺旋式流入排气管,一部分流体受到动盘的周期性遮挡产生涡流。在转角180°下,Suc腔室打开,Bac腔室流体明显增多,且由于动盘的运动导致对流场的扰动形成涡流,在Cc2-2腔室可观察到沿着动涡旋齿的外壁面出现分流现象,一部分朝着径向间隙方向向排气口流动,这将导致排气质量流量的降低,另一部分朝着Suc腔室流动并产生涡流。
压比的变化对于涡旋压缩机的效率、功耗、排气量等性能指标有着极其重要的影响。本文通过控制吸气压力改变压比,对6种工况进行比对分析,表2为6种压比运行工况参数。图12给出了不同压比下瞬态进出口质量流量的变化。
为方便区分,进口质量流量的大小为负值,代表与出口质量流量的方向相反。由图12可以看出,随着主轴转角的变化,进出口质量流量均有较大波动,且随着压比的增大而呈现递减的趋势。在一个周期内,不同压比下进口质量流量整体波动趋势基本一致,在主轴转角195°左右进口质量流量达到最大值,主轴转角120°达到最小值。说明吸气过程受压比的影响较小。而出口质量流量受动盘齿头对排气孔的遮挡作用波动幅度较为显著。不同压比下出口质量流量在主轴转角205°左右下取得最大值,在压比3.13~3.92时,压缩机处于过压缩状态,排气质量流量在主轴转角218°达到最小值且出现回流现象,这是由于此时排气孔受动盘齿头遮挡影响流阻增大,且受排气压力波动及背压腔室的影响下使得部分流体在排气开始前朝着工作腔室倒流。在压比为4.27及4.70的高压比工况下时,强过压缩现象更为显著,回流现象明显增大,说明压比对出口质量流量的影响较大。
图13为不同压比下排气温度瞬态变化。由图13可看出,随着压比的增大,瞬时排气温度曲线整体呈现上升趋势,但温度波动幅度逐渐降低,在转角为195°时瞬时排气温度最高。这是由于随着压比的升高,压缩机的回流损失与泄漏逐渐增大,进而导致瞬时排气温度升高。并且在低压比工况下排气腔的温度要低于中心工作腔,随着压比的增大,温差逐渐减小,进而导致瞬时排气温度的升高。
图14为不同压比下制热量及容积效率。由图14可以看出,容积效率与制热量均随压比的增大而递减。其中容积效率从81.23%到79.83%只减小了1.40百分点,这表明尽管压比的增大会增加回流损失及质量流量,但由于吸入气体密度的增加,导致容积效率整体变化幅度微小;而制热量自11.61 kW分别减少了0.53、0.76、0.65、0.66、0.61 kW,这是由于压比的增大不仅导致了质量流量的减少,且由于压缩机的压缩效率降低,内部机械能和摩擦损失增加,从而导致实际用于加热制冷剂的能量减小。
图15为不同压比下等熵效率及时均排气温度。由图15可以看出:压比在3.1~4.3内,等熵效率随着压比的增大而呈现缓慢递增的趋势,自42.39%逐步增长了1.29、1.77、0.41、0.36百分点;当压比从4.30到4.70时,等熵效率呈下降趋势,降低了0.85百分点。这表明随压比的改变,工质入口状态发生了变化,在一定压比范围内,压比的增大可以提高等熵效率;而当压比提升到一定范围时,高压比工况下可能会导致压缩机的泄漏及摩擦损失增加,从而导致等熵效率的降低。而时均排气温度随着压比的增长显著升高,基本呈线性递增的趋势。时均排气温度自394.65 K依次升高了5.96、6.48、7.04、7.84、11.26 K,温升逐渐增大。由此可见压比的变化对于排气温度有着显著影响。
大多研究工况参数对制冷涡旋压缩机的影响时,均忽略了工质进口温度对压缩机性能的影响。本文通过改变低沸点制冷剂R22的吸气温度,探究其对涡旋压缩机性能的影响。表3为6种不同吸气温度下运行工况参数。
图16为不同吸气温度工况下瞬态涡旋压缩机进口质量流量的变化。吸气质量流量趋势波动主要是由吸气流道与Bac-1腔中的压力波动所引起的。可以看出随着工质吸气温度的增大,工质的密度减小,质量流量曲线整体下移,整体变化趋势基本一致。工质温度的增大会增加流动时的粘滞损失,使得工质的动能和压力能更多地转化为内能,工质进口流速降低,流量减小。在吸气温度为311.65 K的工况6下,工质由吸气流道到Bac-1腔的压降最大,导致其质量流量下降最为明显。
图17为不同吸气温度下排气温度的变化趋势。由图17可以看出,随着吸气温度的增大,瞬时排气温度曲线整体呈上升趋势,温度波动幅度更为明显。可以观察到在转角190°~210°下,吸气温度为311.65 K工况下,排气温度波动最为明显,升温幅度达到7 K。这主要是由于提高吸气温度导致制冷剂的比热容增大,这意味着在压缩过程中需要更多的热量来加热制冷剂至排气温度;由于吸气温度的升高,压缩机需要更多的能量来抵消由吸气温度升高而增加的内部摩擦及流动阻力;吸气温度的升高可能会导致吸入气体比容的增加,实际吸气量减少,导致制热量降低,功耗增加,导致排气温度上涨。
图18为不同吸气温度下涡旋压缩机的时均排气温度及等熵效率变化。由图18可以看出:随着吸气温度的增大,涡旋压缩机的等熵效率及时均排气温度呈线性递增的趋势;吸气温度由286.65 K上升到311.65 K时,等熵效率自40.51%提高了16.72百分点;而时均排气温度由401.71 K逐步增长了1.77、1.82、1.75、1.73、1.72 K,升温幅度基本一致。
图19为不同吸气温度下容积效率及制热量的变化。由图19可以看出,随着吸气温度的升高,制热量及容积效率都呈下降的趋势。制热量自11.195 kW依次减小了0.128、0.132、0.123、0.119、0.114 kW,整体变化幅度较小,这主要是因为吸气温度的升高会导致压缩机内部热传导的效率降低,导致压缩机从制冷剂中吸收的热量减少,进而导致制热量的减少;而容积效率自81.23%依次减小了0.31、0.14、0.30、0.24、0.42百分点,主要原因是随着吸气温度的上升,吸入气体密度降低且泄漏质量流量逐渐增大。
涡旋压缩机的转速对涡旋压缩机的寿命、稳定性、摩擦磨损有着极其重要的影响。为探究转速对涡旋压缩机性能的影响,选取了6种不同转速工况对其进行探讨,表4为涡旋压缩机6种不同转速下设计工况。不同转速下进出口瞬态质量流量如图20所示。
图20可明显观察到主轴转角在80°~210°内,受排气孔完全通流截面影响,气体被大量排出到达峰值,随后逐渐降低,在转角210°~230°内,质量流量发生“回流现象”,使得气体由排气管再次进入到背压腔内。随着转速的提高,相邻工作腔室切向泄漏量减少,气体流速变大,导致出口质量流量到达峰值的幅度增大,在转速4 500 r/min工况下,最大出口质量流量可达0.258 kg/s;同时随着转速的升高,回流现象减弱,在转速4 500 r/min工况下,“回流现象”基本消失,且发生时间整体缩短且向后推移。
图21为不同转速工况下瞬时排气温度的变化趋势。由图21可见,随着转速的升高,瞬时排气温度整体呈下降趋势,且温度波动幅度逐渐增大。在转速4 500 r/min工况下,最大瞬时温升达7 K。这是由于随着压缩机转速的升高,同一转角位置下泄漏发生的持续时长变短,降低了径向泄漏的总量,并且由于转速的提高减少了压缩机的重复做功,因此减少了由高温泄漏流对主流的传热量,所以随着压缩机的转速升高,瞬时排气温度整体降低。
图22为不同转速下涡旋压缩机等熵效率及时均排气温度变化。由图22可以看出,随着转速的升高,压缩机的等熵效率效率基本呈递增趋势,等熵效率自42.19%逐次递增了1.48、0.65、0.98、1.07、0.73百分点。这是由于随着转速的增大,气体在腔体内流动特性得到改善,气动损失减少,等熵效率提高。而时均排气温度随转速的升高呈现线性递减的趋势,自405.76 K分别递减了2.28、1.70、1.73、1.41、1.19 K,降温幅值逐渐降低。
图23为不同排气温度下容积效率及制热量的变化趋势。可以看出随着转速的增大,涡旋压缩机的容积效率及制热量都随着转速的升高而呈递增的趋势。其中制热量自9.27 kW逐次递增了1.79、1.75、1.72、1.71、1.69 kW,增长率逐渐减小。导致这种现象的原因是随着转速的增大,单位时间内排气量增大可以在相同的时间内完成更多的压缩循环。同时随着转速的提高,泄漏损耗逐渐减少,容积效率逐渐增大,自79.43%逐次递增了1.49、1.56、1.01、2.32、0.78百分点。
为进一步明确热泵涡旋压缩机的热力学性能指标对压比、吸气温度和转速的敏感程度,选取压缩机的容积效率、等熵效率、排气温度、制热量4个性能指标作为因变量进行敏感性分析。敏感性系数定义为:
ξ=1n(i=1,j=1nΔYi,j/Yi,jΔXi,j/Xi,j)
式中:X和ΔX分别为自变量的基准值与变化量;Y和ΔY分别为性能指标的基准值与变化量;i为工况参数,i=1表示压比的大小,i=2表示吸气温度的大小,i=3表示转速大小;j为压缩机性能指标,j=1表示容积效率,j=2表示等熵效率,j=3表示排气温度,j=4表示制热量。
根据上文中的计算结果,由式(9)可得热泵涡旋压缩机性能指标对于3个工况参数的敏感性。图24为压缩机4个性能指标的敏感性分析。由图14可以看出:容积效率敏感性大小排序为转速>压比>吸气温度,等熵效率的敏感性大小排序为压比>吸气温度>转速,排气温度的敏感性大小排序为压比>转速>吸气温度,制热量的敏感性大小排序为转速>压比>吸气温度。综上可知除等熵效率外,吸气温度对压缩机的性能影响很小,而控制压比和转速的大小对提升压缩机的性能,减少间隙泄漏的损失有着重要的影响。
本文基于空气源热泵涡旋压缩机建立了三维瞬态仿真模型,结合实验平台对模型进行了验证,对工质流体R22在压缩机内流场特性进行研究,分别探讨3个关键工况参数对压缩机热力学性能的影响,结合敏感性分析法得出各性能指标对于各工况参数的敏感程度,具体结论总结如下。
1)受切向泄漏流及排气孔偏置影响,涡旋压缩机内部流场呈现不对称非均匀流动特性,且由于热传导速度较慢,这种现象在温度场最为明显。
2)随着压比的增大,排气温度升高,压缩机回流现象更加明显,等熵效率先增大后降低,当压比增至4.27时,等熵效率最高达到了46.19%,容积效率及制热量均呈降低趋势,最大降幅分别为1.41%和3.21 kW。
3)压缩机吸气温度的升高导致吸气质量流量减小和排气温度升高,当吸气温度升至311.65 K时,时均排气温度及等熵效率分别增长了8.775 K与16.72%,其余热力学性能变化幅度较小。
4)提高转速会导致质量流量明显增大且弱化了回流现象,排气温度降低,当转速提升至4 500 r/min时,制热量涨幅为8.66 kW,等熵效率和容积效率最大分别为46.86%和86.61%。
5)制热量及容积效率对转速的敏感性最高,等熵效率及排气温度对于压比的敏感性最高,吸气温度对于压缩机热力学性能影响最小。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51675254; 51966009)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(SQ2020YFF042098)
  • 甘肃省科技计划项目(20YF8GA057)
  • 甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406147
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51675254; 51966009)
国家自然科学基金项目(51675254; 51966009)
National Key Research and Development Program(SQ2020YFF042098)
国家重点研发计划项目(SQ2020YFF042098)
Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(20YF8GA057)
甘肃省科技计划项目(20YF8GA057)
Excellent Doctoral Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA235)
甘肃省优秀博士生项目(22JR5RA235)
作者信息
    兰州理工大学机电工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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