Article(id=1236688424426590774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779096943, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779096943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779096943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779096943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688424778912316, articleId=1236688424426590774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Multi-objective optimization dispatch of power systems including geothermal power generation based on improved NSGA-II algorithm, columnId=1236688422530773373, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Integrated technology of source-grid-load-storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the current problems of high volatility in wind and photovoltaic power generation and difficulties in consumption in typical areas, a new hybrid energy system optimization scheduling method for promoting wind and solar consumption through geothermal power generation is proposed by incorporating reliable and rapidly climbing geothermal power generation into the hybrid energy system. Taking into account both operational costs and risks, and constrained by physical characteristics of the power units, a multi-objective optimization dispatch model for the new hybrid energy system is established. A rolling repair strategy is introduced to correct the initial values of the population, and the model is solved based on the adaptive trade-off model and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. This algorithm is more suitable for solving high-dimensional, complex constraint problems compared with the conventional algorithms and offers a faster convergence rate. Through a comparative analysis of two scenarios during typical winter days in a specific region of Tibet, geothermal power is found to enhance the absorption rates of wind and solar energy by 8.0% and 7.9%, respectively. Simultaneously, the system’s operating costs decreases by 2.5%, and risk indices decreases by 7.1%. These findings underscore the role of geothermal power in promoting the integration of wind and solar energy and improving the overall reliability of the power system. The research provides valuable theoretical support for decision-making and scheduling in hybrid energy systems.

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针对目前风电、光伏发电波动性大和典型区域消纳困难的问题,将出力可靠、爬坡迅速的地热发电纳入混合能源系统,提出了一种地热发电促进风光消纳的新型混合能源系统优化调度方法。综合考虑运行成本和运行风险,以机组物理特性为约束条件,建立新型混合能源系统多目标优化调度模型;提出滚动修补策略修复种群初始值,基于自适应均衡模型和非支配排序遗传算法求解模型。本算法相较于传统算法更适合解决高维度、高复杂度的约束问题,且收敛速度较快。通过西藏某区域冬季典型日2种场景计算实例对比分析发现,地热发电使风光消纳率分别上升了8.0%、7.9%,同时系统运行成本和风险指数分别下降了2.5%、7.1%。证实地热发电可促进风光消纳和提高电力系统可靠性,为混合能源系统的决策调度提供理论支撑。

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邵萌(1984),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为海洋工程管理与决策,
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孔祥祺(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源配置与调度优化,

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language=CN, label=图9, caption=风电出力对比, figureFileSmall=RtoSzUKT/yObpgDPzRBwEg==, figureFileBig=a/ztIAWdENmZgZMV1su2JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236700337957040691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Operating parameters for each unit

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机组参数水电光伏发电风电地热发电外部电网
功率上限/MW25050505030
功率下限/MW20000–30
爬坡速率/(MW·h–1)125无限制2530无限制
下坡速率/(MW·h–1)125无限制2530无限制
), ArticleFig(id=1236700338024149556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各机组的运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组参数水电光伏发电风电地热发电外部电网
功率上限/MW25050505030
功率下限/MW20000–30
爬坡速率/(MW·h–1)125无限制2530无限制
下坡速率/(MW·h–1)125无限制2530无限制
), ArticleFig(id=1236700338091258421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the energy storage system

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项目数值项目数值
最大容量/(MV·h)50初始电量/(MV·h)20
最小容量/(MV·h)5最大输入功率/MW20
效率/%90最大输出功率/MW20
年固定成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)10
), ArticleFig(id=1236700338158367286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电化学储能系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
最大容量/(MV·h)50初始电量/(MV·h)20
最小容量/(MV·h)5最大输入功率/MW20
效率/%90最大输出功率/MW20
年固定成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)10
), ArticleFig(id=1236700338217087543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Pollutants discharge and treatment situation

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污染物类型治理费用/(元·kg–1)污染物排放系数/(g·(kW·h)–1)
水电光伏发电风电地热发电储电池外部电网
烟尘0.150000000.012
CO20.0550001220541.000
SO22.600000000.057
NOx7.500000000.091
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污染物排放及治理情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物类型治理费用/(元·kg–1)污染物排放系数/(g·(kW·h)–1)
水电光伏发电风电地热发电储电池外部电网
烟尘0.150000000.012
CO20.0550001220541.000
SO22.600000000.057
NOx7.500000000.091
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Maintenance costs of renewable energy in power systems

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维护成本组成年固定成本/(元·kW–1)可变成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)
水电123.456.32
地热发电85.129.17
风电50.760
光伏发电75.800
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可再生能源维护成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维护成本组成年固定成本/(元·kW–1)可变成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)
水电123.456.32
地热发电85.129.17
风电50.760
光伏发电75.800
), ArticleFig(id=1236700338485523003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688424426590774, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of system abandoned wind and solar volume and abandoned wind and solar rate

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系统日弃风量/(MW·h)弃风率/%日弃光量/(MW·h)弃光率/%
基准组145.325.635.525.8
对照组100.617.651.117.9
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系统弃风光量、弃风光率对比

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系统日弃风量/(MW·h)弃风率/%日弃光量/(MW·h)弃光率/%
基准组145.325.635.525.8
对照组100.617.651.117.9
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基于改进NSGA-II算法的含地热发电电力系统多目标优化调度
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孔祥祺 1 , 张鹏 2 , 孟珣 1 , 邵萌 1 , 唐涛 1 , 张新茹 1 , 孙金伟 1
热力发电 | 源网荷储一体化技术研究 2025,54(2): 30-41
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热力发电 | 源网荷储一体化技术研究 2025, 54(2): 30-41
基于改进NSGA-II算法的含地热发电电力系统多目标优化调度
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孔祥祺1 , 张鹏2, 孟珣1, 邵萌1 , 唐涛1, 张新茹1, 孙金伟1
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.水电水利规划设计总院,北京 100120
  • 孔祥祺(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源配置与调度优化,

通讯作者:

邵萌(1984),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为海洋工程管理与决策,
Multi-objective optimization dispatch of power systems including geothermal power generation based on improved NSGA-II algorithm
Xiangqi KONG1 , Peng ZHANG2, Xun MENG1, Meng SHAO1 , Tao TANG1, Xinru ZHANG1, Jinwei SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2.China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406132
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针对目前风电、光伏发电波动性大和典型区域消纳困难的问题,将出力可靠、爬坡迅速的地热发电纳入混合能源系统,提出了一种地热发电促进风光消纳的新型混合能源系统优化调度方法。综合考虑运行成本和运行风险,以机组物理特性为约束条件,建立新型混合能源系统多目标优化调度模型;提出滚动修补策略修复种群初始值,基于自适应均衡模型和非支配排序遗传算法求解模型。本算法相较于传统算法更适合解决高维度、高复杂度的约束问题,且收敛速度较快。通过西藏某区域冬季典型日2种场景计算实例对比分析发现,地热发电使风光消纳率分别上升了8.0%、7.9%,同时系统运行成本和风险指数分别下降了2.5%、7.1%。证实地热发电可促进风光消纳和提高电力系统可靠性,为混合能源系统的决策调度提供理论支撑。

混合能源系统  /  地热发电  /  多目标优化  /  自适应均衡模型  /  非支配排序遗传算法

In response to the current problems of high volatility in wind and photovoltaic power generation and difficulties in consumption in typical areas, a new hybrid energy system optimization scheduling method for promoting wind and solar consumption through geothermal power generation is proposed by incorporating reliable and rapidly climbing geothermal power generation into the hybrid energy system. Taking into account both operational costs and risks, and constrained by physical characteristics of the power units, a multi-objective optimization dispatch model for the new hybrid energy system is established. A rolling repair strategy is introduced to correct the initial values of the population, and the model is solved based on the adaptive trade-off model and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. This algorithm is more suitable for solving high-dimensional, complex constraint problems compared with the conventional algorithms and offers a faster convergence rate. Through a comparative analysis of two scenarios during typical winter days in a specific region of Tibet, geothermal power is found to enhance the absorption rates of wind and solar energy by 8.0% and 7.9%, respectively. Simultaneously, the system’s operating costs decreases by 2.5%, and risk indices decreases by 7.1%. These findings underscore the role of geothermal power in promoting the integration of wind and solar energy and improving the overall reliability of the power system. The research provides valuable theoretical support for decision-making and scheduling in hybrid energy systems.

hybrid energy system  /  geothermal power generation  /  multi-objective optimization  /  adaptive trade-off model  /  non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm
孔祥祺, 张鹏, 孟珣, 邵萌, 唐涛, 张新茹, 孙金伟. 基于改进NSGA-II算法的含地热发电电力系统多目标优化调度. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406132
Xiangqi KONG, Peng ZHANG, Xun MENG, Meng SHAO, Tao TANG, Xinru ZHANG, Jinwei SUN. Multi-objective optimization dispatch of power systems including geothermal power generation based on improved NSGA-II algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406132
在全球气候变化日益严峻的背景下,碳中和已经成为国际社会关注的热点。我国于2020年提出了“双碳”目标,电力脱碳是实现碳中和的关键环节之一[1]。作为产业化程度较高的可再生能源,风电、光伏发电迎来了跨越式发展。随着风电、光伏发电在能源体系中的比例逐年提升,不可避免地带来发电系统波动性增加和大规模弃风弃光等问题[2]。而当前调峰市场难以满足深度、快速调峰的需求,因此,由风电、光伏发电与其他较为稳定的能源组成混合能源系统是发挥可再生能源优越性、提升系统可靠性的重要手段,也是当前的研究热点之一[3]
地热发电作为一种潜力巨大的清洁可再生能源,在能源消纳和电力调峰方面具有显著优势[4]。1)地热发电能够高效调频,通过快速响应电网的频率波动,维持电网稳定运行;2)地热发电可以灵活调峰,通过增加或减少发电量,平衡电网负荷波动,满足用户的用电需求;3)地热发电机组爬坡迅速,能够深度参与电力调峰,保障电网的正常供电[5]。目前,我国的中低温地热资源得到大规模直接利用,但地热发电仍处于起步阶段,具有广阔的发展前景。
国内外对混合能源系统电源优化配置和调度策略[6]开展了相关研究。对于混合能源系统,充分考虑其经济性和可靠性、实现合理有效的调度优化具有重要的现实意义[7]。Fadaee和Radzi对基于进化算法的混合能源系统优化进行了综述[8],重点介绍不同的优化目标、约束条件、算法性能和评价指标,指出混合能源系统优化的主要挑战是如何处理不确定性、动态性和复杂性,以及如何选择合适的算法和参数设置。刘超等[9]建立了1 MW地热有机朗肯循环模型,以系统吨水净发电量为分析目标,研究系统热力学性能参数的变化规律,实现地热流体的高效利用。胡波文等[10]以贵德盆地干热岩储层为研究对象,用非支配排序遗传算法II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,NSGA-II)对增强型地热系统的最优参数组合进行优化,评估干热岩的开发潜力以及经济和环境效益。钟崴等[11]针对地热-燃气混合供热系统提出了一种基于模型预测的调度控制方法,通过系统的互补调控在满足供热需求的前提下控制成本。王婷等[12]将可再生能源与制氢工艺整合,构建集成地热能和氢能的混合能源系统;通过双层优化模型同时优化建设成本和运营成本,减小负荷损失,取得较好的经济和环境效益。Sohani等人[13]提出一种太阳能-地热混合系统,通过动态多目标优化方法确定太阳能-地热混合能源系统的最佳运行条件,提高系统的经济可行性和安全性。Li等人[7]提出一种基于地热能的混合能源系统多目标优化方法,该方法以电力、制冷、氢气和淡水为产品,构建一个新颖的混合能源系统;采用基于遗传算法和模糊决策的多目标优化方法来优化系统的设计和运行,同时从热力学、经济、环境和社会角度对系统进行分析。
然而,上述研究大多只关注系统技术参数,并没有以合理的运营调度和多能互补策略进行系统优化;多以传统的遗传算法进行目标优化,随机性强,算法效率低。对此,本文在混合能源系统中引入地热发电,承担电力基荷并参与调峰,可以有效缓解可再生能源的波动对电力系统造成的不利影响,充分发挥可再生能源的优势。分别以最低发电成本和最小运行风险建立目标函数,构建混合能源系统多目标优化调度模型;在算法方面,提出基于自适应均衡模型(adaptive trade-off model,ATM)和滚动修补策略的NSGA-II,在不降低计算精度的同时提高算法效率,并引入接近理想点法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS),通过求解Pareto最优解集的方案与正理想解和负理想解的欧式距离得到相对接近度,并根据位置相似性对方案进行排序。以西藏某区域冬季典型日为计算实例,以包含水电、光伏发电、风电等可再生能源和储能电站的混合能源系统作为基准组,以引入地热发电的新型能源系统作为对照组,对基准模型和对照模型分别进行综合优化,论证地热发电在促进风光消纳和提高系统可靠性方面的作用,为电力系统的决策调度提供理论支撑。
本文采用如图1所示的混合能源系统,首先对各发电机组(系统)的物理特性进行精确描述,分别建立地热发电机组模型、光伏发电系统功率特性模型、风电机组功率特性模型、水轮发电机组模型和电化学储能电站出力模型。
地热发电机组内部各系统的简化模型需要满足以下约束条件[5,14]
E=Q×C×(T0Tr)×η
式中:E为发电量;Q为日开采水量;C为地热水平均热容量;T0Tr分别为出水温度和尾水温度;η为发电机组效率。
将整个循环的传热工质视为1个节点,在一定的运行条件下,系统输入的热功率(换热器传递给工质的热量)、系统输出的电功率(透平机做功)和工质循环过程中的损失功率需要满足平衡关系。损失功率包括换热器、冷凝器、透平机和工质泵等部件的传热损失、压力损失、摩擦损失、机械损失等。
Pin=Pout+Ploss
式中:Pin为系统输入热功率;Pout为系统输出电功率;Ploss为系统内部损失功率。
Wnet=WturWp
式中:WturWnet为汽轮机发电量和系统的净发电量;Wp为工质泵消耗的功率。
光伏发电系统的功率特性模型可以用来描述光伏电池组阵列在不同环境条件下的整体性能[15-16]。这个模型主要考虑光照强度、温度等环境因素的变化,通过分析光照强度对光伏电池输出电流和电压的影响,可以预测其在不同光照强度下的发电能力。其模型可表示为:
Pso=PsR1 000[1+αT(T25)]
式中:Pso为光伏电池的实际功率;Ps为光伏电池的额定功率;R为所在地区的地表太阳辐照度小时均值;αT为光伏电池的功率温度系数;T为光伏电池运行时的温度。
风力发电机的功率特性以确定性模型为主。三次多项式模型是一种经典的风力发电机的功率特性模型,采用1个三次方程来近似整个功率曲线。Manobel等人[17]提出了基于人工神经网络对风力涡轮机功率曲线建模的完整方法,其模型可表示为:
Pwi={0,0vi<vinavi3+bvi2+cvi+d,vinvi<vratedPrated,vratedvi<vout0,voutvi
式中:Pwi为风力发电机的实际功率;vii点的风速;vinvoutvrated分别为切入风速、切出风速、额定风速;Prated为额定功率;a、b、c、d为发电参数,与风机型号有关。
水电站在不同时段内的出力,常因电力系统要求、天然流量、水头及机组效率的变化和各综合利用部门用水的改变而不断变化。因此,各时段的发电量也在变化[18-19],其模型可表示为:
Pwa=9.81ηtηgQtHt
QminQtQmax
HminHtHmax
式中:Pwa为水电站的实际功率;ηt为水轮机的效率系数;ηg为发电机的效率系数;QtQminQmax分别为t时刻发电流量、最小发电流量、最大发电流量;HtHminHmax分别为t时刻扬程、最小运行扬程、最大运行扬程。
储能电站建成投运后对电力系统的调峰、调频、调压等支撑作用明显,有助于解决新能源的不稳定性、间歇性和随机性等问题,提高新能源的消纳利用率,保障电力系统的安全稳定运行。电化学储能模型主要与充放电效率及其状态有关。在给定的第t时刻,电池组的充电状态取决于前一小时的充电状态以及随后充电和放电期间的净能量流[20-21]。所以,电池组在某时刻的容量可表示为:
SOC(t)=SOC(t1)+ηcPbess,in(t)ηd1Pbess,out(t)
SOC(t)=SOC(0)+τ=1tηcPbess,in(τ)τ=1tηd-1Pbess,out(τ)
SOCminSOC(t)SOCmax
式中:SOC(t)为第t时刻电池组的充电状态;ηcηd分别为充电效率和放电效率;Pbess,inPbess,out分别为电池充电时的功率和放电时的功率;SOCmin、SOCmax分别为电池组最小容量和最大容量。
在满足机组特性约束条件下,综合考虑混合能源系统的经济性和可靠性,建立运行成本最低以及运行风险最小的多目标优化调度模型。
目标之一为混合能源系统运行成本最小[22]。主要成本包括送受电费用、运营成本和环境保护成本。送受电费用包括和外部电网交互的购电支出和送电收入。运营成本包括固定成本和可变成本。环境保护成本包括电力生产和消费过程中对环境造成的损害或影响所产生的经济成本。
污染物排放系数法是一种计算电力系统环境保护成本的方法,根据电力生产和消费过程中排放的污染物种类和数量,以及污染物对环境造成的损害单价,求得污染物排放成本。污染物排放系数是在正常技术经济和管理条件下生产某单位产品所产生的污染物数量的统计平均值或计算值。
f1=Cfix+t=1TCvar(t)+t=1TCbuy(t)t=1TCsell(t)+Cenv
{Cfix=Cfixgeo+Cfixwi+Cfixso+Cfixbess+CfixwaCvar(t)=Cvargeo(t)+Cvarwi(t)+Cvarso(t)+Cvarbess(t)+Cvarwa(t)Cenv=i=1nQi×Ei×PiCbuy(t)=cbuy(t)Pbuy(t)Csell(t)=csell(t)Psell(t)
式中:CfixCvarCbuyCsellCenv分别为固定成本、可变成本、购电支出、送电收入和环境保护成本;CfixgeoCfixwiCfixsoCfixbessCfixwa分别为地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能、水电的固定成本;CvargeoCvarwiCvarsoCvarbessCvarwa分别为地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能、水电的可变成本;cbuy(t)、csell(t)分别为t时刻与外部电网的购售电价;Pbuy(t)、Psell(t)为t时刻的购电功率和售电功率;Qi为第i种产物的总量;Ei为第i种产物的排污系数;Pi为第i种污染物的损害单价。
另一个目标是混合能源系统的运行风险最小。运行风险是指可能导致电力系统失稳、失效或损坏不利后果的度量,其包括事件发生的概率和事件发生造成的后果2个方面。在本混合能源系统中,主要不确定因素包括水电站未达到最小运行水头概率、风机故障概率、光伏系统故障概率和储能系统部分功率缺失概率。事件后果包括风机和光伏系统故障造成的失负荷量和弃风弃光量,以及水电站和储能系统非正常工作状态造成的失负荷量。系统运行风险指标定义为电力系统失效事件的概率与其造成的后果指标的加权和。
f2=w1λwaPdiswa+w2λwiPdiswi+w3λsoPdisso+w4λbessPdisbess
Pdis wa=max(P(Pso+Pgeo+Pwi+Pbess +Pgrid ),0)Pdis wi=max(P(Pso+Pgeo+Pwa+Pbess +Pgrid ),0)+PwiPdis so=max(P(Pwi+Pgeo +Pwa+Pbess +Pgrid ),0)+PsoPdis bess=max(P(Pso+Pgeo+Pwi+Pwa+Pgrid ),0)
式中:w1、w2、w3、w4分别为水电、风电、光伏发电、储能系统对混合能源系统影响的权重,分别取0.5、0.2、0.2、0.1;λwaλwiλsoλbess分别为水电站、风机、光伏系统、储能系统的失效概率;Pdis waPdis wiPdis soPdis bess分别为水电站、风机、光伏系统、储能系统失效造成的后果。
{PwaminPwa,tPwamaxPgeominPgeo,tPgeomaxPwiminPwi,tPwimaxPsominPso,tPsomaxPbessminPbess,tPbessmaxPgridminPgrid,tPgridmax
式中:PwaminPgeominPwiminPsominPbessminPgridmin分别为水电、地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能系统、外部电网的最小出力;PwamaxPgeomaxPwimaxPsomaxPbessmaxPgridmax分别为水电、地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能系统、外部电网的最大出力;Pwa,tPgeo,tPwi,tPso,tPbess,tPgrid,t分别为水电、地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能系统、外部电网在t时刻的出力。
{Pgeo,t+1Pgeo,tΔNgeoupPgeo,tPgeo,t+1ΔNgeodown
式中:ΔNgeoup为地热发电爬坡速度;ΔNgeodown为地热发电下坡速度。
储能容量约束为式(11)。
Δtt=1TPgeo,tEgeomax
Pwa,t+Pgeo,t+Pwi,t+Pso,t+Pbess,t+Pgrid,t=Pt
式中:Ptt时刻的用电荷载。
本文基于自适应均衡模型和滚动修补策略,提出改进的NSGA-II方法对混合能源系统多目标优化调度模型进行求解。
多目标优化问题需要同时考虑多个优化目标,由于目标函数最大化和最小化可以相互转化,所以问题一般可以描述为:
minf(X)=(f1,f2,,fr(X))Tgi(X)0(i=1,2,,k)hj(X)=0(j=1,2,,l)
式中:f(X)为目标函数;rf(X)的维数;Xn维的优化变量,X=x1,x2,…,xngi为第i个不等式约束条件;hj为第j个等式约束条件。
Srinivas和Deb于1994年提出非支配排序遗传算法[23],该算法是在基本遗传算法的基础上,对解集选择方法进行改进。具体改进为:可以在1次搜索中找到1组近似的Pareto最优解,即在多个目标函数之间没有支配关系的解。将每个个体按照它们的支配与非支配关系进行分层,再做选择、交叉和变异操作,从而使种群保持多样性和收敛性,在多目标优化方面得到更好的结果。Deb等人[24]于2002年提出NSGA-II,对NSGA进行了改进,增加了精英策略和快速非支配排序法,提高了算法的效率和鲁棒性,保证了非劣最优解的均匀分布。NSGA-II的主要算法流程如下。
1)随机生成一个初始种群,计算每个个体的目标函数值和适应度值。
2)对种群中的个体进行非支配排序,将种群分为若干个非支配层,每个层中的个体都不被其他层中的个体支配。
3)对每个非支配层中的个体进行拥挤度计算。
4)根据适应度值和个体的拥挤度进行选择操作,使用锦标赛法,从当前种群中选择出一定数量的个体作为父代。
5)对父代进行交叉和变异操作,使用单点交叉法或模拟二进制交叉法等方法,以一定的概率交换或改变父代的染色体,产生新的子代。
6)重复步骤2—步骤5,直到达到预设的进化代数或收敛条件,得到1组Pareto最优解。
实际科学和工程中存在的问题往往存在多种复杂约束,难以求解。求解难点主要在于如何在约束和目标之间实现有效平衡。为了发挥多目标进化算法的高效搜索性能,需要对问题中存在的约束条件进行处理。约束处理方法可大致分为4类:约束和目标分离法、惩罚函数法、多目标优化法、混合法[25]
当面对高维度变量的复杂问题时,单一的约束处理计算往往表现不佳。因此,许多研究者开始关注具有自适应和混合机制的混合法约束处理技术,即将2种或2种以上的约束处理技术相结合,同时优化和处理约束问题。混合法的关键在于如何在不同阶段采用合适的约束处理技术,从而发挥不同约束处理技术的优势。
ATM是基于混合法根据进化过程中种群可行解和不可行解的数量,将进化过程分为3个不同的阶段,并在不同的进化阶段采取不同的处理技术。具体来说,ATM约束处理技术包括以下3个阶段。
1)完全不可行的情况 现有种群中的个体不存在可行解。在这个阶段,算法采用多目标优化法来处理约束,将约束违反度作为一个附加目标,将具有m个目标和n个约束的约束多目标优化问题转化为具有(m+n)个目标的无约束多目标优化问题。应用非支配排序,筛选出第1支配层中违反约束较少的50%个体,然后对种群中剩余的个体执行相同的过程,直到筛选出理想数量的个体。本阶段的目的是在搜索空间中快速找到一些可行解,为后续的搜索提供基础。
2)半可行的情况 现有种群中的个体存在部分可行解。现有种群中的个体根据约束违反程度可以分为可行组和不可行组。
{P1={xP  C(x)=0}P2={xP  C(x)>0}
式中:P为现有的种群;P1、P2分别为可行组和不可行组;C为约束违反程度。
首先,需要按照下式计算所有个体的适应度:
fi(xj)={fi(xj),     xjmax{φfbi+(1φ)fwifi(xj)}xj 
式中:fbi=maxxPfi(x)fbi=maxxPfi(x)φ为种群中可行解的比例。
然后,对适应度和约束违反度进行归一化:
fi(xj)=fi(xj)minxI^Pfi(x)maxxPfi(x)minxPfi(x),i{1,,m}
C(xj)={0,xjP1C(xj)minxP2C(x)maxxP2C(x)minxP2C(x),xjP2
最后,计算个体xj在第i个目标函数上的最终适应度:
Fi(xj)=fi(xj)+C(xj),i{1,,m}
基于最终适应度对种群进行非支配排序,可以在可行域和不可行域之间保持一个平衡的搜索压力,避免过早收敛或陷入局部最优。
3)完全可行的情况 现有种群中的个体全部为可行解。该阶段算法采用基于目标函数值的非支配关系排序,目的是在可行域内进行精细的搜索,寻找最优解或接近最优解的个体。
1)机组出力限制约束越界的处理方法
假设机组it时刻存在如下出力限制Pi,tPminPi,tPi,tmax,当机组出力处于出力限制区时,按照下式进行修正:
{Pi,t=Pi,tmin,Pi,tmin<Pi,t(Pi,tmin+Pi,tmax)/2Pi,t=Pi,tmax,(Pi,tmin+Pi,tmax)/2<Pi,tPi,tmax
特别是有机组出力在限制区之外时:
{Pi,t=Pi,tmin,Pi,t<Pi,tminPi,t=Pi,tmax,Pi,t>Pi,tmax
2)机组爬坡下坡约束越界的处理方法
假设机组i存在最大爬坡速率ΔPiup和最大下坡速率ΔPidown,那么破坏的爬坡下坡约束按照下式进行修正:
{Pi,t+1=Pi,t+ΔPiup,Pi,tPi,t+1Pi,t+1=Pi,tΔPidown,Pi,tPi,t+1
3)储电池容量约束越界的处理方法
当储电池储存电量大于储电池最大容量时,按下式修正其出力:
{Pbess,t=η(SOCmaxSOCt)SOCt+1=SOCmax,SOCt+1>SOCmax
当储电池储存电量小于储电池最小容量时,按下式修正其出力:
{Pbess,t=(SOCminSOCt)/ηSOCt+1=SOCmin,SOCt+1<SOCmin
4)功率平衡约束越界的处理方法
t时刻的所有机组、储能电站和外部电网出力之和为Pt,整个电网的荷载为Pt
Pt=Pwa,t+Pgeo,t+Pwi,t+Pso,t+Pbess,t+Pgrid,t
功率平衡约束破坏分为Pt>PtPt>Pt2种情况。以Pt>Pt为例说明如何修正功率平衡约束,Pt>Pt的修正同理。当Pt>Pt时,存在负荷缺口ΔPt=Pt-Pt,应增大相应的出力。考虑到经济性因素,优先增加发电成本较小的电站出力。按照风电、光伏发电、地热发电、水电、储电池、外部电网购电的顺序进行修正。假设风电、光伏发电、地热发电、水电、储电池、外部电网购电的剩余可用容量分别为C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6
{C1=Pwi,tmaxPwi,tC2=Pso,tmaxPso,tC3=Pgeo,tmaxPgeo,tC4=Pth,tmaxPth,tC5=Pbess,tmaxPbess,tC6=Pgrid,tmaxPgrid,t
修正步骤如下。
1)进行修正,增加风电出力,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPwi,t=ΔPt(Pwi,tmaxPwi,t)C1,C1ΔPt
{ΔPwi,t=Pwi,tmaxPwi,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPwi,t,C1ΔPt
转入步骤2。
2)进行修正,增加光伏发电,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPso,t=ΔPt(Pso,tmaxPso,t)C2,C2ΔPt
{ΔPso,t=Pso,tmaxPso,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPso,t,C2ΔPt
转入步骤3。
3)进行修正,增加地热发电,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPgeo,t=ΔPt(Pgeo,tmaxPgeo,t)C3,C3ΔPt
{ΔPgeo,t=Pgeo,tmaxPgeo,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPgeo,t,C3ΔPt
转入步骤4。
4)进行修正,增加水电出力,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPwa,t=ΔPt(Pwa,tmaxPwa,t)C4,C4ΔPt
{ΔPwa,t=Pwa,tmaxPwa,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPwa,t,C4ΔPt
转入步骤5。
5)进行修正,增加储电池出力,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPbess,t=ΔPt(Pbess,tmaxPbess,t)C5,C5ΔPt
{ΔPbess,t=Pbess,tmaxPbess,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPbess,t,C5ΔPt
转入步骤6。
6)进行修正,增加外部电网出力,迭代负荷缺口。
ΔPgrid,t=ΔPt(Pgrid,tmaxPgrid,t)C6,C6ΔPt
{ΔPgrid,t=Pgrid,tmaxPgrid,tΔPt=ΔPtΔPgrid,t,C6ΔPt
由于电力多目标优化问题存在多且复杂的约束,优化算法会花费大量的时间寻找一个初始的可行解。本文提出一种修补策略提高群体的可行率,节约了约束处理的时间。对于1个不可行的初始决策向量xo,按照出力限制约束、爬坡下坡约束、储电容量约束、功率平衡约束的顺序,根据3.4.1节的修复方法进行循环。虽然,某个环节的约束可以通过修正得以满足,但后一步的修正可能会破坏前一步修正结果的可行性,因此在所有违反约束都进行修正后,要对所有约束条件进行检验,若不满足则进行新的一轮循环修正,直到所有约束都被满足或达到最大迭代次数,具体流程如图2所示。
本文利用改进的ATM-NSGA-II算法求解混合能源系统多目标调度模型。该算法能够自适应的处理约束,根据不同的种群可行率选择算法,基于Pareto分层排序原则筛选出优秀个体,得到Pareto最优解,具体算法流程如图3所示。
多目标优化调度具体流程如下。
1)数据初始化,即输入组成电力系统的各种物理参数、模型参数、算法参数等,同时生成初始的种群作为解集。
2)依次验证每个个体是否满足所有约束条件,对违反了约束的个体进行滚动修正,直到所有的个体都满足约束或达到最大迭代次数。
3)计算种群的可行率,再按照可行率计算每个个体的适应度值,采用锦标赛法,从当前种群中选择出一定数量的优秀个体作为父代。
4)优秀父代通过交叉、变异产生新子代。子代和优秀父代共同组成混合种群。
5)计算混合种群的可行率。当混合种群完全不可行时采用多目标优化法进行排序,当混合种群半可行时采用基于适应度的非支配关系进行排序,当混合种群完全可行时采用基于目标函数值的非支配关系进行排序。
6)在排序完成的混合种群中筛序出排名靠前的个体组成新种群。
7)返回步骤3,直到满足迭代中止条件。本文以最大迭代次数作为中止条件。
8)输出最终优化结果。
目前,我国西藏地区形成以水电为主,光伏发电、风电、地热发电电为主的电力系统季节特性明显,进入冬季枯水期和用电高峰期后,电力供需矛盾尤其突出。同时,光伏发电、风电存在消纳困难、弃风弃光的问题。西藏地区地热资源丰富,中高温地热资源发电潜力可达1.92 GW,目前已建成羊易等地热电站。
本文构建西藏某区域水电、地热发电、风电、光伏发电、储能等混合能源系统,以解决电力供需矛盾及弃风、弃光问题。西藏地区在冬季进入枯水期,同时用电荷载达到峰值,供电压力和电力系统风险最大。因此,选取西藏某区域冬季典型日为计算实例,验证地热发电在提供基荷荷载、促进风光消纳和降低系统风险及成本方面的作用。
以水电、光伏发电、风电和储能的混合能源系统作为基准组,以引入地热发电的新型能源系统作为对照组,分别建立基准模型和对照模型。基准模型和对照模型的机组参数完全一致。电力系统中各个机组的运行参数见表1,储能参数见表2,污染物排放及治理情况见表3,电力系统中可再生能源的维护成本见表4。采用ATM-NSGA-II算法进行求解,算法相关参数取值为:种群规模为100,最大迭代次数为500,采用模拟二进制交叉和多项式变异,交叉率为0.9,交叉分布指数为20,变异率为0.02,变异分布指数为20。
选取西藏某区域冬季典型日24 h荷载数据,光伏发电、风电按照最大功率点追踪模式运行,根据某典型日的光照强度和风速情况,预测光伏电站、风电场的最大出力,用电荷载变化情况如图4所示。
本文对基准模型和对照模型分别进行迭代优化500代,产生2组Pareto最优解,得到的运行成本和运行风险的Pareto最优解集如图5所示。从图5可以看出,随着运行成本的增加,运行风险会相应地降低,二者呈负相关关系。同时发现,对照模型的Pareto最优解可以支配基准模型的Pareto最优解,也就是说增加了地热发电机组后,可以同时降低电力系统的运行成本和运行风险。由于地热发电的成本最大的一部分为初期投资,而维护成本相对较低,所以地热发电机组加入电力系统后会明显降低系统的运行成本;地热发电机组运行可靠、故障率较低且出力稳定、不易受外界影响,所以可以降低运行风险,显著提升电力系统的可靠性。
为进一步在现有Pareto最优解集下寻找最优解,本文采用TOPSIS法,根据有限个评价对象与理想化目标的接近程度选择最优解。其中,系统可靠性和系统运行成本2个目标的权重向量为ω=(0.5,0.5)。基于TOPSIS法对基准模型和对照模型Pareto最优解集进行二次优化,系统运行成本由16.4万元下降到了16.0万元,风险指数由14.1下降到了13.1,分别下降了2.5%、7.1%。调度结果如图6图7所示。
图6图7可以看出,地热机组出力曲线和荷载曲线趋势一致。冬季水电站出力变低,除了水电站承担基本负荷,地热电站也需要承担一部分基本负荷;枯水期水电站调节能力较低,地热电站也能补偿部分调节能力。由图6可以看出,10:00到14:00光伏发电和风电的发电量先后达到峰值,但荷载较低。为了平衡荷载和功率的关系,水电站和地热电站同时降低出力,承担电力调峰的任务。由图7可以看出,18:00到21:00水电站和外部电网出力达到极限,对比对照组模型发现,地热发电机组的出力能有效缓解水电站的压力,同时减小对外部电网的依赖。
根据基准模型和对照模型的优化调度结果,分析系统弃风、弃光的对比情况,结果如图8图9所示。由图8图9可见,对照组由于地热发电机组的参与能够显著增加光伏发电和风电的消纳量,消纳率分别上升了7.9、8.0百分点,具体的系统弃风光量和弃风光率见表5。由于地热发电机组降低了水电站在枯水期的调峰压力,所以即使地热发电机组在成本上对比水电站没有明显优势,但依旧可以在不增加系统总成本的同时,提高风光的消纳量。
同时,在2个系统中储能电站都发挥了重要的调峰任务。储能系统可以有效地时移电力生产,在能源充足时吸收多余的能量,并在需求高峰时释放能量,有助于平滑电力供应,减少对备用电源的依赖。储能系统可以减轻配电网络的拥塞情况,并减少对电网基础设施升级的需求。它可以在高峰需求时提供本地化的能源支持,减轻输电和配电线路的负担。
由以上分析可知,地热发电机组可以代替水电机组承担一部分电力调峰的任务,同时由于地热发电机组的深度调峰性能和较低的故障率,增加了光伏发电和风电的消纳量。
为解决风电、光伏发电波动性大和典型区域消纳困难的问题,本文将地热发电纳入混合能源系统,构建了混合能源系统多目标优化调度模型并提出了改进的模型求解方法:考虑混合能源系统的运行成本、运行风险和机组物理特性约束,建立了包含成本和运行风险的多目标优化模型;基于自适应均衡模型和滚动修补策略,提出了改进的ATM-NSGA-II方法,与传统算法相比,该方法能够自适应地处理约束,根据不同的种群可行率选择算法,缩减约束处理时间,使算法更加关注优化本身,同时在不降低求解精度的前提下提高了计算速度。
本文以西藏地热电站混合能源系统为例建立了基准模型及对照模型,并分别进行了优化求解。计算结果表明,将地热发电引入混合能源系统使系统运行成本和风险指数分别下降了2.5%、7.1%,同时光伏发电和风电的消纳率分别上升了7.9、8.0百分点,且电力系统的调峰能力和可靠性明显增强。另外,地热发电作为一种稳定可靠的清洁能源,可以代替传统水电站承担一部分电力基荷。本研究可为混合能源系统的优化调度提供理论支撑,进一步推进地热发电产业的规模化发展。
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023ME028)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51609224; 52071307)
  • 水电水利规划设计总院研究项目(ZY-KJXN-20230025)
  • 国家重点研究发展计划项目(2022YFC3104201)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406132
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ME028)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023ME028)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51609224; 52071307)
国家自然科学基金项目(51609224; 52071307)
China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute Research Project(ZY-KJXN-20230025)
水电水利规划设计总院研究项目(ZY-KJXN-20230025)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3104201)
国家重点研究发展计划项目(2022YFC3104201)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2.水电水利规划设计总院,北京 100120

通讯作者:

邵萌(1984),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为海洋工程管理与决策,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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