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Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems can convert low-temperature (<150 ℃) thermal energy into mechanical energy to generate electricity. To improve the performance of small-scale ORC power systems, an ORC test-rig was built, which has a scroll expander directly connected to the generator. With a 24 kW variable-temperature heat source and the work fluid R245fa, the effects of the variations of load resistance (50~200 Ω) and the heat source temperatures (75~95 ℃) on the performance of the ORC test-rig were explored. The results indicate that, both the output shaft work and the thermal efficiency initially increase and then decrease with rising the load resistance. An optimal load resistance exists to maximize either the output shaft work or thermal efficiency, and this value varies with the heat source temperature. When the heat source temperature is 95 ℃, the output shaft work and thermal efficiency both reach the maximum at 100 Ω load resistance value, which is 722 W and 2.30%. When the heat source temperature is 75 ℃, the output shaft work reaches the maximum at 200 Ω load resistance, which is 532 W, but the thermal efficiency reaches the maximum at 150 Ω load resistance, which is 1.7%. The variation of the resistive load or the heat source temperature can change the scroll expander rotation speed and thus affect system flow rate. Therefore, the simultaneous changes of the resistance load and the heat source temperature have a synergistic effect on the system performance. The results highlight the importance of matching the resistance load and the heat source temperature. The experimental data also provide a direction for optimizing the ORC power systems.
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有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)发电系统可以将低温(<150 ℃)热能转换为机械能进而发电。为提高小型ORC发电系统运行性能,搭建了涡旋膨胀机直连发电机形式的ORC实验台,在24 kW变温热源与工质五氟丙烷(R245fa)条件下,分析了负载电阻在50~200 Ω与热源温度在75~95 ℃变化对ORC系统性能的协同影响。结果表明:ORC系统输出轴功与热效率随负载电阻增加呈现出先增加再减少的趋势,即存在最优负载电阻使系统输出轴功或热效率最大化,且最优负载电阻值会随热源温度变化;当热源温度为95 ℃时,系统输出轴功和热效率在负载电阻100 Ω时达到最大,分别达722 W,2.30%;然而,当热源温度在75 ℃时,系统输出轴功则在负载电阻200 Ω达到最大,为532 W,系统热效率在负载电阻150 Ω达到最大,为1.7%;负载电阻与热源温度变化均会引起涡旋膨胀机转速变化,并进而影响系统流量,导致负载电阻与热源温度同时变化,产生协同作用。该研究结果强调了ORC发电系统热源温度与电力负载协调匹配的重要性,为ORC发电系统设计优化提供了指导与实验数据。
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1.College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266520, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236688429153571510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, authorId=1236688428901913249, language=CN, stringName=许永超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.青岛理工大学环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛 266520, bio={"content":"
许永超(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为余热利用技术,xu1194903841@163.com。
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许永超(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为余热利用技术,xu1194903841@163.com。
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2.Linyi Wisdom New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Linyi 276002, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236688429426201297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, authorId=1236688429241651902, language=CN, stringName=吴玉麒, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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36(5): 1642-1648., articleTitle=Improvement and experimental research on the performance of scroll expander using organic Rankine cycle (ORC), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236688437261160518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, awardId=2023TSGC0423, language=EN, fundingSource=Shandong Province Science and Technology-based Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Innovation Capacity Enhancement Project(2023TSGC0423), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236688437374406730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, awardId=2023TSGC0423, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2023TSGC0423), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236688428637672082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236688428646060691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, companyId=1236688428637672082, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Basic structure of the ORC system, figureFileSmall=XyK8QVOcyy2Olkw9Q/o68w==, figureFileBig=TiI2o4D5/eTnnBi6NeDY0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688433431761827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
ORC发电系统基本结构, figureFileSmall=XyK8QVOcyy2Olkw9Q/o68w==, figureFileBig=TiI2o4D5/eTnnBi6NeDY0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688433662448565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram and picture the ORC test-rig, figureFileSmall=YSq8L3xVPFXoH+8Xp5EQOA==, figureFileBig=u5Oo+x1llfck4swe0gKFqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688433775694779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
ORC实验平台示意和实物, figureFileSmall=YSq8L3xVPFXoH+8Xp5EQOA==, figureFileBig=u5Oo+x1llfck4swe0gKFqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688433867969472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Variations of average output shaft work at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=HgxApasUeVtz/8gLeFZ47Q==, figureFileBig=vD2c2XMOrFfCBw1EVQRRBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688434014770120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下系统平均输出轴功变化, figureFileSmall=HgxApasUeVtz/8gLeFZ47Q==, figureFileBig=vD2c2XMOrFfCBw1EVQRRBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688434111239118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Variations of speed and torque versus shaft work at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=7FKCiKUnlBL/+MCAoCOXYg==, figureFileBig=AolrEVsb6iwTD7r74saA5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435205952473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下转速、扭矩与轴功的变化, figureFileSmall=7FKCiKUnlBL/+MCAoCOXYg==, figureFileBig=AolrEVsb6iwTD7r74saA5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435319198687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Variations of system average thermal efficiency at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=kMthmKQErTlPxEZNGYspOw==, figureFileBig=cnF6nlHdto33E210TsA5Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435415667686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同热源温度与负载电阻下系统平均热效率的变化, figureFileSmall=kMthmKQErTlPxEZNGYspOw==, figureFileBig=cnF6nlHdto33E210TsA5Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435512136683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Variations of inlet and outlet parameters of the expander at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=1RsfEwPfqRgijim00FNj6Q==, figureFileBig=/ueax68tAiAAzWAqPx9Inw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435604411378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下膨胀机进出口参数的变化关系, figureFileSmall=1RsfEwPfqRgijim00FNj6Q==, figureFileBig=/ueax68tAiAAzWAqPx9Inw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435700880375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Variations of expander mechanical efficiency at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=tA9FhAUP4YdJ1OpGCA7KgA==, figureFileBig=Jyomm8jTXRVvSbqpExVCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435784766461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下膨胀机机械效率的变化, figureFileSmall=tA9FhAUP4YdJ1OpGCA7KgA==, figureFileBig=Jyomm8jTXRVvSbqpExVCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435851874308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Variations of mass flow rate at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=V+xnKAK7sTN400kz6NKAjg==, figureFileBig=Y2nUKCKB4wjvFUfclpccJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435935760393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下质量流量变化, figureFileSmall=V+xnKAK7sTN400kz6NKAjg==, figureFileBig=Y2nUKCKB4wjvFUfclpccJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436040618002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Variations of evaporator heat gain at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=tpQXs37V3SBVUKzi3y3p+Q==, figureFileBig=eM/TZ4OYYIX1mzJOeBipxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436191612950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下蒸发器吸热量变化, figureFileSmall=tpQXs37V3SBVUKzi3y3p+Q==, figureFileBig=eM/TZ4OYYIX1mzJOeBipxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436330024989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Variations of isentropic efficiency of an expander at different temperatures and load resistances, figureFileSmall=3vpJTHh6/26KQl7WKj13Jw==, figureFileBig=Q8ZPp+VufodcYVQWniTy3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436460048421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同温度与负载电阻下膨胀机等熵效率的变化, figureFileSmall=3vpJTHh6/26KQl7WKj13Jw==, figureFileBig=Q8ZPp+VufodcYVQWniTy3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436556517420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Component parameters of the ORC test-rig
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 设备 | 项目 | 数值 | 设备 | 项目 | 数值 |
|---|
| 涡旋膨胀机(奥特佳ATC-085-C3) | 蒸发压力/MPa | 0.281 | 蒸发器/冷凝器(国新换热器 有限公司B3-60-66) | 设计压力/MPa | 3.0 |
| 冷凝压力/MPa | 1.796 | 设计温度/℃ | –195/+200 |
| 冷凝温度/℃ | 62.8 | 换热面积/m2 | 3.63 |
| 蒸发温度/℃ | –1.1 | | |
| 隔膜工质泵(上海大江工业泵厂SJ3-M-460/0.85) | 额定流量/(L·h–1) | 460 | 电热热水锅炉(河南省恒信 锅炉制造有限公司CWDR-24KW-D) | 额定功率/kW | 24 |
| 额定功率/kW | 1.5 | 额定温度/℃ | 85 |
| 额定压力/MPa | 0.85 | 最大温度/℃ | 100 |
| 风冷式冷水机(万浩达设备有限公司 风冷6HP) | 总功率/kW | 4.5 | 电子负载分析仪(东莞市不凡 电子有限公司DCT7103) | 最大电压/V | 500 |
| 水泵功率/kW | 0.37 | 最大电流/A | 100 |
| 制冷温度/℃ | 5~35 | 最大功率/W | 1 200 |
| 电压/V | 380/3PH | 额定电压/V | 220 |
| 储液罐(悦子制冷配件批发S-11) | 容量/L | 6 | 永磁发电机(江苏乃尔风电800M2) | 额定功率/W | 800 |
| 工作温度/℃ | –40/+130 | 额定电压/V | 48 |
| 最大工作压力/MPa | 3.5 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436652986416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
ORC实验台部件参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 设备 | 项目 | 数值 | 设备 | 项目 | 数值 |
|---|
| 涡旋膨胀机(奥特佳ATC-085-C3) | 蒸发压力/MPa | 0.281 | 蒸发器/冷凝器(国新换热器 有限公司B3-60-66) | 设计压力/MPa | 3.0 |
| 冷凝压力/MPa | 1.796 | 设计温度/℃ | –195/+200 |
| 冷凝温度/℃ | 62.8 | 换热面积/m2 | 3.63 |
| 蒸发温度/℃ | –1.1 | | |
| 隔膜工质泵(上海大江工业泵厂SJ3-M-460/0.85) | 额定流量/(L·h–1) | 460 | 电热热水锅炉(河南省恒信 锅炉制造有限公司CWDR-24KW-D) | 额定功率/kW | 24 |
| 额定功率/kW | 1.5 | 额定温度/℃ | 85 |
| 额定压力/MPa | 0.85 | 最大温度/℃ | 100 |
| 风冷式冷水机(万浩达设备有限公司 风冷6HP) | 总功率/kW | 4.5 | 电子负载分析仪(东莞市不凡 电子有限公司DCT7103) | 最大电压/V | 500 |
| 水泵功率/kW | 0.37 | 最大电流/A | 100 |
| 制冷温度/℃ | 5~35 | 最大功率/W | 1 200 |
| 电压/V | 380/3PH | 额定电压/V | 220 |
| 储液罐(悦子制冷配件批发S-11) | 容量/L | 6 | 永磁发电机(江苏乃尔风电800M2) | 额定功率/W | 800 |
| 工作温度/℃ | –40/+130 | 额定电压/V | 48 |
| 最大工作压力/MPa | 3.5 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436757844018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423998771762, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
The measuring instrument parameters of the ORC test-rig
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 范围 | 精度/% | 数量 |
|---|
| 温度传感器K型 | 0~1 370 ℃ | ±0.5 | 12 |
| 压力传感器 | 0~4 MPa | 0.25 | 12 |
| 热水涡旋流量计 | 1.5~15.0 m3/h | 1.0 | 1 |
| 冷水涡旋流量计 | 1.5~15.0 m3/h | 1.0 | 1 |
| 超声波流量计 | >0.05 m3/h | 2.0 | 1 |
| 扭矩仪(转速) | 0~20 N·m,0~10 000 r/min | 0.3 | 1 |
| 功率测量仪 | 0.5~600 V,0.01~40 A | 0.1 | 1 |
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ORC实验台测量仪器参数
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| 项目 | 范围 | 精度/% | 数量 |
|---|
| 温度传感器K型 | 0~1 370 ℃ | ±0.5 | 12 |
| 压力传感器 | 0~4 MPa | 0.25 | 12 |
| 热水涡旋流量计 | 1.5~15.0 m3/h | 1.0 | 1 |
| 冷水涡旋流量计 | 1.5~15.0 m3/h | 1.0 | 1 |
| 超声波流量计 | >0.05 m3/h | 2.0 | 1 |
| 扭矩仪(转速) | 0~20 N·m,0~10 000 r/min | 0.3 | 1 |
| 功率测量仪 | 0.5~600 V,0.01~40 A | 0.1 | 1 |
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The ORC experiment settings
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热源 温度/℃ | 负载 电阻/Ω | 冷源 温度/℃ | 热源流量/ (m3·h–1) | 冷源流量/ (m3·h–1) | 环境温度/ ℃ |
|---|
| 75~80 | 50~200 | 10 | 2 | 3.4 | 18~20 |
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ORC实验设置
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热源 温度/℃ | 负载 电阻/Ω | 冷源 温度/℃ | 热源流量/ (m3·h–1) | 冷源流量/ (m3·h–1) | 环境温度/ ℃ |
|---|
| 75~80 | 50~200 | 10 | 2 | 3.4 | 18~20 |
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