Article(id=1236688423151530387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779096638, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779096638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779096638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779096638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688423466103199, articleId=1236688423151530387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Feasibility analysis for vapor injection-regeneration Carnot battery, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to grid integration. A waste heat-coupled Carnot battery system, based on heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles, is considered a potential solution. However, the system’s power-to-power efficiency is greatly affected by waste heat temperature. To address this issue, a novel high-efficiency Carnot battery system is proposed, utilizing vapor injection and regeneration technologies in the charging and discharging modules, respectively. A thermodynamic model is developed to investigate the cycle performance of the system under various operating conditions. Additionally, the energy consumption and economic viability of the system are analyzed in three representative cities: Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin. The results indicate that, the power-to-power efficiency increases with higher heat source temperatures and lower ambient temperatures. Moreover, the new system features an optimal intermediate pressure during both the charging and discharging processes, maximizing efficiency. Compared with the conventional Carnot battery systems, the new system demonstrates a 21.8%, 22.5%, and 23.6% increase in daily average power to power efficiency in Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin, respectively. Furthermore, the annual net income increases by 45.6%, 52.8%, and 50.2% in these cities, respectively. This study provides theoretical guidance for enhancing the efficiency of Carnot battery systems.

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可再生能源发电的间歇性和波动性对电网的消纳能力提出了巨大挑战,基于热泵和有机朗肯循环的余热耦合卡诺电池被认为是潜在的解决方案之一,但其电-电转换效率受热源温度影响较大。为解决这一问题,提出了一种在充、放电模块分别应用了补气增焓和抽气回热技术的新型高效卡诺电池系统。基于所建立的热力学模型,研究了该系统在不同运行参数下的循环性能,并分析了其在广州、南京、哈尔滨3座典型城市中的能耗表现和经济性。结果表明:卡诺电池系统的电-电转换效率随热源温度的升高、环境温度的降低而增大,且新系统在充放电过程均存在最优中间压比使效率达到最佳;与传统卡诺电池系统相比,新系统在广州、南京、哈尔滨3座城市的日平均电-电转换效率分别提升了21.8%、22.5%和23.6%,年净收入分别提升了45.6%、52.8%和50.2%。该研究为卡诺电池系统的提效提供了理论指导。

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李敏霞(1971),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用,
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王志朋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热泵储能技术,

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王志朋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热泵储能技术,

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Parameters of each point under typical condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/Mpa焓值/(kJ·kg–1)
VIHP模块150.00.252440.9
281.60.612462.1
2`80.60.612461.1
3106.71.151476.0
4102.61.151332.4
577.00.612332.4
677.00.612297.5
777.00.612457.7
845.00.252297.5
RORC模块A82.90.625463.1
B45.80.151439.7
C24.30.151230.0
D24.40.340230.2
E65.70.340453.0
F55.10.340268.9
G55.30.625269.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436669772747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423151530387, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型工况下各点参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/Mpa焓值/(kJ·kg–1)
VIHP模块150.00.252440.9
281.60.612462.1
2`80.60.612461.1
3106.71.151476.0
4102.61.151332.4
577.00.612332.4
677.00.612297.5
777.00.612457.7
845.00.252297.5
RORC模块A82.90.625463.1
B45.80.151439.7
C24.30.151230.0
D24.40.340230.2
E65.70.340453.0
F55.10.340268.9
G55.30.625269.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436766241745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423151530387, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design parameters of the VIHP-RORC system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值文献
VIHP
模块
蒸发器热源进口温度/℃45~70[11]
蒸发器热源侧温降/℃10[24]
蒸发器出口过热度/℃5[26]
蒸发器夹点温差/℃5[26]
冷凝器出口过冷度/℃2[26]
冷凝器夹点温差/℃5[26]
压缩机等熵效率0.80[11]
RORC
模块
冷凝器空气进口温度/℃-25~35[11]
冷凝器空气侧温升/℃10[24]
冷凝器夹点温差/℃5[26]
冷凝器出口过冷度/℃5[26]
蒸发器夹点温差/℃8[26]
蒸发器出口过热度/℃5[26]
膨胀机等熵效率0.85[11]
泵等熵效率0.70[11]
TES
模块
储热介质[24]
热罐温度/℃100[24]
冷罐温度/℃80[24]
储热效率1.00[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436871099348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423151530387, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

VIHP-RORC系统设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值文献
VIHP
模块
蒸发器热源进口温度/℃45~70[11]
蒸发器热源侧温降/℃10[24]
蒸发器出口过热度/℃5[26]
蒸发器夹点温差/℃5[26]
冷凝器出口过冷度/℃2[26]
冷凝器夹点温差/℃5[26]
压缩机等熵效率0.80[11]
RORC
模块
冷凝器空气进口温度/℃-25~35[11]
冷凝器空气侧温升/℃10[24]
冷凝器夹点温差/℃5[26]
冷凝器出口过冷度/℃5[26]
蒸发器夹点温差/℃8[26]
蒸发器出口过热度/℃5[26]
膨胀机等熵效率0.85[11]
泵等熵效率0.70[11]
TES
模块
储热介质[24]
热罐温度/℃100[24]
冷罐温度/℃80[24]
储热效率1.00[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436967568346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688423151530387, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Physical properties of R1233zd(E)

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物性数值物性数值
临界温度/℃165.60ODP0.000 34
临界压力/MPa3.57GWP1
沸点/℃18.26安全分类A1
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R1233zd(E)物性参数

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物性数值物性数值
临界温度/℃165.60ODP0.000 34
临界压力/MPa3.57GWP1
沸点/℃18.26安全分类A1
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Peak-valley electricity price and duration of typical cities

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城市哈尔滨南京广州
尖峰电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.354 91.751 9
尖峰时长/h203
高峰电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.135 81.316 11.407 1
高峰时长/h887
平时电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.760 50.787 20.839 0
平时时长/h989
低谷电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.400 50.355 70.336 0
低谷时长/h788
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典型城市峰谷电价和时长

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城市哈尔滨南京广州
尖峰电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.354 91.751 9
尖峰时长/h203
高峰电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.135 81.316 11.407 1
高峰时长/h887
平时电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.760 50.787 20.839 0
平时时长/h989
低谷电价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.400 50.355 70.336 0
低谷时长/h788
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补气增焓-抽气回热型卡诺电池可行性分析
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王志朋 1 , 叶琳 2 , 童欢 2 , 侯焙然 1 , 张家兴 1 , 张宇 1 , 李敏霞 1 , 田华 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(2): 126-134
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(2): 126-134
补气增焓-抽气回热型卡诺电池可行性分析
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王志朋1 , 叶琳2, 童欢2, 侯焙然1, 张家兴1, 张宇1, 李敏霞1 , 田华1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 2.上海船舶设备研究所,上海 200031
  • 王志朋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热泵储能技术,

通讯作者:

李敏霞(1971),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用,
Feasibility analysis for vapor injection-regeneration Carnot battery
Zhipeng WANG1 , Lin YE2, Huan TONG2, Beiran HOU1, Jiaxing ZHANG1, Yu ZHANG1, Minxia LI1 , Hua TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2.Shanghai Marine Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 200031, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406133
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可再生能源发电的间歇性和波动性对电网的消纳能力提出了巨大挑战,基于热泵和有机朗肯循环的余热耦合卡诺电池被认为是潜在的解决方案之一,但其电-电转换效率受热源温度影响较大。为解决这一问题,提出了一种在充、放电模块分别应用了补气增焓和抽气回热技术的新型高效卡诺电池系统。基于所建立的热力学模型,研究了该系统在不同运行参数下的循环性能,并分析了其在广州、南京、哈尔滨3座典型城市中的能耗表现和经济性。结果表明:卡诺电池系统的电-电转换效率随热源温度的升高、环境温度的降低而增大,且新系统在充放电过程均存在最优中间压比使效率达到最佳;与传统卡诺电池系统相比,新系统在广州、南京、哈尔滨3座城市的日平均电-电转换效率分别提升了21.8%、22.5%和23.6%,年净收入分别提升了45.6%、52.8%和50.2%。该研究为卡诺电池系统的提效提供了理论指导。

卡诺电池  /  补气增焓  /  抽气回热  /  能效表现  /  经济性

The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to grid integration. A waste heat-coupled Carnot battery system, based on heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles, is considered a potential solution. However, the system’s power-to-power efficiency is greatly affected by waste heat temperature. To address this issue, a novel high-efficiency Carnot battery system is proposed, utilizing vapor injection and regeneration technologies in the charging and discharging modules, respectively. A thermodynamic model is developed to investigate the cycle performance of the system under various operating conditions. Additionally, the energy consumption and economic viability of the system are analyzed in three representative cities: Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin. The results indicate that, the power-to-power efficiency increases with higher heat source temperatures and lower ambient temperatures. Moreover, the new system features an optimal intermediate pressure during both the charging and discharging processes, maximizing efficiency. Compared with the conventional Carnot battery systems, the new system demonstrates a 21.8%, 22.5%, and 23.6% increase in daily average power to power efficiency in Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin, respectively. Furthermore, the annual net income increases by 45.6%, 52.8%, and 50.2% in these cities, respectively. This study provides theoretical guidance for enhancing the efficiency of Carnot battery systems.

Carnot battery  /  vapor injection for enthalpy increase  /  extraction and heat regeneration  /  energy efficiency performance  /  economy
王志朋, 叶琳, 童欢, 侯焙然, 张家兴, 张宇, 李敏霞, 田华. 补气增焓-抽气回热型卡诺电池可行性分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 126 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406133
Zhipeng WANG, Lin YE, Huan TONG, Beiran HOU, Jiaxing ZHANG, Yu ZHANG, Minxia LI, Hua TIAN. Feasibility analysis for vapor injection-regeneration Carnot battery[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 126 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406133
以太阳能、风能为主的可再生能源在全球能源结构中的占比稳步上升。然而,可再生能源发电的间歇性和波动性使得电网的消纳能力面临巨大挑战[1]。储能技术可以捕获、存储各种形式的能量并在需要时释放给用户,在电力系统调峰填谷、可再生能源并网等方面发挥着重要的作用[2]。目前,国内外较为成熟的储能技术包括抽水储能、压缩空气储能和电化学储能等[3]。然而,抽水储能和压缩空气储能技术均对周围地理条件有较高要求,电化学储能技术受限于高昂的初始投资和有限的使用寿命,推广难度较高[4-5]
卡诺电池是一种新兴储能技术,其遵循着“电-热-电”的转化路径,具有安装灵活性高、不受地理条件限制、建设成本较低等优点[6]。同时,基于热泵循环(HP)和有机朗肯循环(ORC)的卡诺电池系统可以耦合自然界和工业生产中存在的废热,能够在储能的同时实现低品位热能的回收,因而展现出独特的优势[7]。目前,已有一些关于余热耦合卡诺电池系统的研究。Mateu-Royo等人[8]设计了一种带有废热回收功能的卡诺电池系统。Bellos等人[9]将太阳集热模块应用至卡诺电池系统中以提高系统效率。卢沛等[10]提出了一种全时段耦合余热的卡诺电池系统,该系统可以全面提高卡诺电池的热经济性。
值得注意的是,余热耦合卡诺电池系统的电-电转换效率受热源温度影响较大,使其应用领域受限[11]。如果能提高系统在充放电循环的能效表现,将会极大提高系统整体效率,进而削弱热源的影响。从系统充电循环来看,传统热泵系统运行温区较宽、系统不可逆损失较高[12],且压缩机排气温度较高、系统的可靠性与安全性较差[13]。在实际工程中,补气增焓技术以其形式简单,可靠性强的优势被广泛应用于热泵领域[14-17]。从系统放电循环来看,传统有机朗肯发电模块同样存在发电效率较低的问题[18]。但在朗肯循环发电系统中,抽气回热技术是一种较为成熟的提效技术[19-20],其与热泵中的补气增焓技术形式相似。若将其应用到有机朗肯发电循环中可有效地提升循环效率[21-23]
为提高余热耦合卡诺电池系统的效率,本研究提出了一种应用补气增焓和抽气回热技术的新型卡诺电池系统。为探究系统的可行性,本文分析了系统在不同运行参数下的循环特性,并选择哈尔滨、南京与广州作为应用地点,以传统卡诺电池系统作为对比对象,进一步分析了系统全年能耗表现和经济性。
图1图2分别为补气增焓-抽气回热(VIHP-RORC)卡诺电池系统的原理和温熵图。该系统由补气热泵模块(VIHP)、抽气有机朗肯循环模块(RORC)和蓄热模块(TES)3个部分组成。其中,VIHP模块包括蒸发器、冷凝器、膨胀阀、闪蒸器和补气式压缩机,RORC模块包括蒸发器、冷凝器、工质泵、再生器和抽气式膨胀机。而TES模块由高、低温水箱和配套的水泵以及开关阀组成,用于连接VIHP模块和RORC模块。当VIHP模块工作时,开关阀V2与水泵3开启,水箱2中的低温水经冷凝器1吸热后进入水箱1中储存;当RORC模块工作时,开关阀V1与水泵2开启,水箱1中储存的高温水经蒸发器2放热后重新回到水箱2。表1为典型工况下各点的参数,典型工况下热源温度为60 ℃、环境温度为15 ℃。
在电网非高峰时段,系统利用VIHP模块进行充电循环,将过剩电力以热量的形式储存在TES模块;在电网高峰时段,系统切换到RORC模块进行放电循环,将储存的热量转换为电力重新输回电网。具体工作原理如下。
1)充电循环
低温低压工质在蒸发器1中被外部热源加热后,进入压缩机中被一级压缩至中温中压状态;接着,与闪蒸器气态出口处工质混合并被二级压缩至高温高压状态后,进入冷凝器1中向TES模块放热,然后经膨胀阀2节流进入闪蒸器中分离;最后,闪蒸器液态出口处工质经膨胀阀1节流至低温低压状态,重新进入蒸发器1中完成充电循环。
2)放电循环
中温高压工质在蒸发器2中被TES模块加热后,进入膨胀机中经一级膨胀至中温中压状态;接着,部分工质被抽出通入再生器,剩余工质在膨胀机中二级膨胀至低温低压状态后,经冷凝器2冷却、工质泵5加压进入再生器;最后,工质在再生器中与从膨胀机抽出的工质混合换热后经工质泵4加压至中温高压状态,重新进入蒸发器2中完成放电循环。
循环工质对卡诺电池系统的电-电转换效率具有显著影响[24],R1233zd(E)因其安全性、不易燃性、环境友好性以及出色的热力学性能而被认为是卡诺电池储能技术最有潜力的工质之一[25]。因此,本文选择R1233zd(E)作为HP和ORC系统的循环工质,热源侧流体为Novec 649,对所提出的新系统进行热力学和经济性分析。系统设计参数及R1233zd(E)物性见表2表3
同时,为了便于分析,对数学模型做出如下假设:
1)系统各部件稳定运行,压缩机、膨胀机和泵的效率恒定;
2)换热器均为逆流换热,忽略管道或部件的压降和热损失;
3)工质节流为绝热过程。
对于压缩机的消耗功率Wcomp和补气压比α1,计算公式为:
Wcomp=m1(h2h1)+(m1+Δm1`)(h3h2`)
α1=p2p1p3p1
式中:m1为压缩机进口处的工质流量,kg/s;Δm1为压缩机补气量,kg/s;h为工质的比焓,kJ/kg;p为工质压力,MPa;下标1—8为VIHP模块的状态点,下标A—G为RORC模块的状态点。
对于膨胀机的输出功率Wexp和抽气压比α2,计算公式为:
Wexp=mA(hAhB)+(mAΔmA)(hEhB)
α2=pEpBpApB
式中:mA为膨胀机进口处的工质流量,kg/s;ΔmA为膨胀机抽气量,kg/s。
对于泵的输入功率Wpmp,计算公式为:
Wpmp4=mA(hGhF)
Wpmp5=(mAΔmA)(hDhC)
对于蒸发器内的吸热量Qeva,计算公式为:
Qeva1=m1(h1h8)
Qeva2=mA(hGhA)
对于冷凝器内的放热量Qcon,计算公式为:
Qcon1=(m1+Δm1)(h3h4)
Qcon2=(mAΔmA)(hBhC)
在闪蒸器中,能量方程为:
(m1+Δm1)h5=m1h6+Δm1h7
在再生器中,能量方程为:
mAhF=ΔmAhE+(mAΔmA)hD
电-电转换效率ηPHP是评价卡诺电池系统的关键指标,其被定义为放电周期总输出电能与充电周期总输入电能之比[28],通常由式(13)计算:
ηPHP=ηstoηORCCOP
ηORC=WnetQsto
COP=QstoWtot
式中:ηsto为储热效率;ηORC为有机朗肯循环热效率;COP为热泵性能系数;Qsto为储热模块中储存的热量,kW;Wnet为放电周期内输出的净功率,kW;Wtot为充电周期内输入的总功率,kW。
此外,以热效率为基础的㶲效率ηex和储能密度ρe也是储能系统常用的评价指标之一[24]。㶲效率通常由式(16)计算:
ηex=ExORCExhs+ExHP=ηPHPExHPExhs+ExHP
ExHP=QhsCOP1
Exhs=mhs(hinhout)mhsTo(sinsout)
式中:ExORC、ExHP、Exhs分别为系统的输出㶲以及电网和耦合热源的输入㶲,kW;Qhs为热源输入热量,kW;mhs为热源质量流量,kg/s;T0为环境温度,K;hinhout分别为热源进出口比焓,kJ/kg;sinsout分别为热源进出口比熵,kJ/(kg·K)。
储能密度ρe通常由式(19)计算:
ρe=WnettVH+VL
式中:VH为高温储水箱的容积,m3VL为低温储水箱的容积,m3t为充电时长,h。
对于系统的经济性能,本文选取卡诺电池放电周期的收入CORC与充电周期的支出CHP的差值ΔC作为评价指标,由式(20)计算:
ΔC=CORCCHP=WtottvηPHPZpZv
式中:tv为系统应用地区日谷电的时长,h;Zp为系统应用地区的峰电或尖端电价,元/(kW·h);Zv为系统应用地区的谷电电价,元/(kW·h)。
图3为VIHP模块COP随补气压比的变化情况。由图3可知,在相同热源温度下,随着补气压比的增加系统热泵模块COP呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在热源温度为60 ℃的情况下,当补气压比从0.1增到0.3时,系统COP从4.31增到4.56;当补气压比继续增到0.6时,系统COP又减小到4.45。这是因为随着补气压比的增加,系统的功耗先减小后增大,进而使得系统COP先增大后减小。
图4为RORC模块ηORC随抽气压比的变化情况。由图4可知,在相同环境温度下,随着抽气压比的增加系统ORC模块ηORC也呈现出与先增大后减小的趋势,但变化幅度较小。在环境温度为–25 ℃的情况下,当抽气压比从0.1增加到0.3时,系统ηORC从18.3%增大到18.5%;当抽气压比继续增加到0.6时,系统ηORC又减小到17.9%。原因在于,增加抽气压比会使得蒸发器吸热量减小,进而使得系统ηORC增大,同时也会降低膨胀机的做功能力。
图3图4可知,在系统稳定运行过程中,VIHP模块和RORC模块分别存在最优中间压比使得VIHP-RORC系统的整体能效达到最优。但值得注意的是,系统的最优补气压比、抽气压比分别受热源温度、环境温度的影响。图5为最优补气压比随热源温度和最优抽气压比随环境温度的变化情况。从图5可以看出,VIHP模块的最优补气压比随热源温度的升高而增大,RORC模块的最优补气压比随着环境温度的升高而增大。因此,当热源温度或环境温度较高时,可以通过增大补气压比、抽气压比的方式使系统达到最优能效。
图6为环境温度15 ℃时VIHP-RORC系统的COP、ηORCηPHP随热源温度的变化情况。由图6可知,当热源温度升高时,系统热泵模块的COP逐渐增大,而ORC模块的ηORC却保持不变。这是因为热源温度升高导致热泵模块的蒸发温度升高,从而提高了COP;而储热温度和环境温度保持不变,ORC模块ηORC不受影响。另外,VIHP-RORC系统的ηPHP受热泵模块COP和ORC模块ηORC影响,当热源温度升高时,系统ηPHP也随之增大。当热源温度从45 ℃增到70 ℃时,系统热泵模块COP从3.61升至5.54、系统ηPHP从37.3%升至57.2%。
图7为环境温度为15 ℃时BHP-BORC系统与VIHP-RORC系统的ηexηPHP随热源温度的变化情况。由图7可知,当热源温度升高时,系统ηex也随之增大,原因在于,系统ηexηPHP的影响较大。当热源温度从45 ℃升高到70 ℃时,VIHP-RORC系统的ηex从31.0%提升至34.2%。此外,在不同热源温度下,VIHP-RORC系统效率均高于BHP-BORC系统。当热源温度为60 ℃时,VIHP-RORC系统ηexηPHP为32.9%和47.2%,而BHP-BORC系统ηexηPHP为28.1%和38.5%。
图8为热源温度60 ℃时系统的COP、ηORCηPHPηex随环境温度的变化情况。由图8可知,当环境温度升高时,热泵模块的COP保持不变,而ORC模块的ηORC、系统ηPHPηex逐渐减小。原因在于,当环境温度升高、热源温度和储热温度不变时,系统热泵模块COP不受影响,ORC模块的冷凝温度随着环境温度的升高而增大,使得膨胀机做功能力下降、ηORC减小,进而导致系统ηPHP减小,最终影响系统ηex。当环境温度从–25 ℃升高到25 ℃时,VIHP-RORC系统ORC模块ηORC从18.5%降低至8.1%,系统ηPHP从84.7%降低至37.1%,系统ηex从45.3%降低至28.0%。
为评估VIHP-RORC系统的可行性,本文选取3座气候差异较为明显的典型城市作为应用地点,并将传统卡诺电池系统作为对比对象,分析VIHP-RORC系统在年耗电量、年发电量和年净收入方面的优越性。其中,给定热源温度为60 ℃,热负荷为160 kW,选取的典型城市为哈尔滨、南京和广州,3座城市的谷电时段和峰谷电价见表4,数据来源为各省电网公司关于2023年7月代理购电工商业用户价格的公告。其中,哈尔滨尖峰电价执行时间为7月—9月、11月—次年1月,广州尖峰电价执行时间为7月—9月,而南京并未执行尖峰电价政策。3座城市的年气象参数如图9所示,数据来源为暖通空调系统模拟软件DeST。
通过系统在不同城市的电-电转换效率、年耗电量以及发电量来评估其能耗表现。图10为VIHP-RORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨的日平均电-电转换效率变化情况。从图10可以看出,3座城市的日平均电-电转换效率都具有冬季高,夏季低的特点,且随着城市纬度的升高,系统同天的平均电-电转换效率也增大。VIHP-RORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨的年平均日电-电转换效率分别为39.8%、46.2%和57.4%。
图11为BHP-BORC系统与VIHP-RORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨的年耗电量和年发电量情况。与BHP-BORC系统相比,VIHP-RORC系统的年耗电量更少。
BHP-BORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨中的年耗电量分别为153 899 kW·h、153 899 kW·h和134 662 kW·h,而VIHP-RORC系统的年耗电量分别为130 883 kW·h、130 883 kW·h和114 522 kW·h,约降低了15%。同时,VIHP-RORC系统在3座城市的年发电量也更高。BHP-BORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨的年发电量分别为50 269 kW·h、57 991 kW·h和62 523 kW·h,而VIHP-RORC系统的年发电量分别为52 080 kW·h、60 435 kW·h和65 736 kW·h。此外,系统在哈尔滨的年耗电量低于广州和南京是因为哈尔滨谷电时段较短,以至于系统充电时间较短;而系统在哈尔滨的年发电量最高是因为哈尔滨的环境温度较低,系统放电周期发电效率高。
通过系统在不同城市的年净收入来评估其经济表现。图12为BHP-BORC系统与VIHP-RORC系统在3座典型城市的年净收入情况。其中,BHP-BORC系统在广州、南京和哈尔滨的年净收入分别为22 767元、21 580元和24 091元,而VIHP-RORC系统的年净收入分别为33 157元、32 983元和36 175元。从图12可以看出,与BHP-BORC系统相比,VIHP-RORC系统在3座城市的年净收入更高,分别提高了45.6%、52.8%和50.2%。此外,与年耗电量相同的广州相比,VIHP-RORC系统在南京的年发电量更高,但由于南京的峰谷电价差值相较于广州更小,其净收入反而低于广州。因此,VIHP-RORC系统的经济表现不仅与应用地点的气候有关,还与当地的峰谷电价有关。
本文将补气增焓技术和抽气回热技术与卡诺电池储能技术相结合,提出了一种新型高效的卡诺电池系统,并验证了其在能耗表现和经济性方面的优越性,研究结果如下。
1)将补气增焓、抽气回热技术分别应用到卡诺电池系统充放电循环中可以显著提高系统性能。当热源温度60 ℃、环境温度15 ℃时,系统电-电转换效率可提升22.5%。同时,将充放电循环时的补气/抽气压比调至最优可进一步提高系统性能。
2)本文提出的新型卡诺电池系统具有良好的能效表现和经济性,且在热源温度较高、环境温度较低的情况下表现更为突出。此外,系统的经济性还受应用地点的峰谷电价影响。
值得注意的是,储能密度作为储能系统的重要评价指标之一,直接影响到其空间利用和投资成本。由于本文旨在为卡诺电池系统提出一种高效可行的改进方式,未考虑储热方式对储能密度的影响,系统在典型工况下的储能密度仅为2.3 (kW·h)/m3。因此,在后续研究中,有必要选取更加优秀的储热方式,进一步优化系统性能。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF0306801)
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406133
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFF0306801)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF0306801)
作者信息
    1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    2.上海船舶设备研究所,上海 200031

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李敏霞(1971),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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