Article(id=1236688422656602497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407180, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779096521, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779096521, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779096521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779096521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688422946009484, articleId=1236688422656602497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic performance of adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system coupled with buffer tank, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the continuously stable operation of adiabatic isothermal-compressed air energy storage system, an adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage method coupled with buffer tank is proposed. The dynamic thermodynamic model of the buffer tank coupled system is established, and the experimental platform is set up to verify the model. Besides, the variation mechanism of air temperature and pressure in the buffer tank is revealed, and the influence of design parameters of buffer tank on system performance is explored. The results show that, the adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system with buffer tank exhibits favorable isotherm, and the highest temperature difference at 30 K during the cycle. The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor unit of the coupled buffer tank system increased by 8 percentage points, and the exergy loss of the compressor unit decreased. Sensitivity analysis shows that the change of energy storage power has little effect on thermodynamic parameters of the air storage room, and the volume of the buffer tank decreases with the increase of energy storage power. Moreover, the change of energy storage scale has little influence on thermodynamic parameters of the air storage room, and the change trend of air temperature shows a periodic fluctuation. When the system energy storage scale increases, the volume of buffer tank will increase with the energy storage scale. The study provides a novel scheme for the continuous, stable and efficient operation of adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system.

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为了确保绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统连续稳定运行,提出了一种耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能方法,建立了耦合缓冲罐系统的动态热力学模型,并搭建实验平台对模型进行了验证,揭示了缓冲罐内空气温度及压力的动态演化机理,探究了缓冲罐设计参数对系统性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统表现出较好的等温性能,循环过程中空气温度最大温差为30 K;耦合缓冲罐后,储能系统压缩机组的绝热效率提高8百分点;敏感性分析表明,储能功率的变化对储气室内空气热力学参数影响较小,缓冲罐体积随系统储能功率的增大而减小;储能规模的变化对储气室内空气热力学参数影响较小,储气室内空气温度变化呈周期性波动;为保持系统连续稳定运行,增大系统储能规模,缓冲罐体积会随之增加。研究为绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统连续、稳定和高效运行提供了新的方案。

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李瑞雄(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为大规模物理储能技术,
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陈昊(1992),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能技术,

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Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 199: 111953., articleTitle=Energy, exergy and economic analysis of biomass and geothermal energy based CCHP system integrated with compressed air energy storage (CAES), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236688437164700646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, awardId=51676151, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51676151), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236688437269558250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, awardId=51676151, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51676151), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236688427769459250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236688427786236467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Temperature profile of air in ASR and BFT, figureFileSmall=wDx5A5mcyhkyMaCXqMYHMg==, figureFileBig=16MRQUwk6WvPwsJPOwlATw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688432655823637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=图5, caption=储气室和缓冲罐内空气温度随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=wDx5A5mcyhkyMaCXqMYHMg==, figureFileBig=16MRQUwk6WvPwsJPOwlATw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688432756486940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pressure profile of air in ASR and BFT, figureFileSmall=yaxbKia12X+SU1d26P4gIg==, figureFileBig=efd9zxstceV7podcqH+U9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688432852955936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, 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different energy storage scales, figureFileSmall=txwavaBVAiDCfVYTKuQQ2g==, figureFileBig=CReM0u2OeLT9Av6a0pHLBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688434132218745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=图13, caption=系统往返效率和㶲效率, figureFileSmall=txwavaBVAiDCfVYTKuQQ2g==, figureFileBig=CReM0u2OeLT9Av6a0pHLBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435205960571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Temperature profile of air in AST and BFT at different energy storage scales, figureFileSmall=j1o+x49EaFZ99Od6KoIlyA==, figureFileBig=gJHNN6sbr19NgK+nrLpzcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435298235266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同储能规模下储气室和缓冲罐内空气温度随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=j1o+x49EaFZ99Od6KoIlyA==, figureFileBig=gJHNN6sbr19NgK+nrLpzcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435373732744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Pressure profile of air in AST and BFT at different energy storage scales, figureFileSmall=POEE5Z9QFFJqhJH6bT+ZOQ==, figureFileBig=loFOVozpV7QJNtom+s170g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435461813136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同储能规模下储气室和缓冲罐内空气压力随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=POEE5Z9QFFJqhJH6bT+ZOQ==, figureFileBig=loFOVozpV7QJNtom+s170g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435537310612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The exergy calculation formula for each component of system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备E˙PE˙F
压缩机E˙P,C=E˙C,outE˙C,inE˙F,C=W˙C
膨胀机E˙F,E=W˙EE˙P,C=E˙E,inE˙E,out
储气室E˙P,ASR=E˙ASR,outE˙F,ASR=E˙ASR,in
级间冷却E˙P,IC=E˙P,IC,outE˙P,IC,inE˙F,IC=E˙F,IC,inE˙F,IC,out
再热器E˙P,RE=E˙P,RE,outE˙P,RE,inE˙P,RE=E˙P,RE,inE˙P,RE,out
), ArticleFig(id=1236688435646362524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储能系统关键设备㶲分析方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备E˙PE˙F
压缩机E˙P,C=E˙C,outE˙C,inE˙F,C=W˙C
膨胀机E˙F,E=W˙EE˙P,C=E˙E,inE˙E,out
储气室E˙P,ASR=E˙ASR,outE˙F,ASR=E˙ASR,in
级间冷却E˙P,IC=E˙P,IC,outE˙P,IC,inE˙F,IC=E˙F,IC,inE˙F,IC,out
再热器E˙P,RE=E˙P,RE,outE˙P,RE,inE˙P,RE=E˙P,RE,inE˙P,RE,out
), ArticleFig(id=1236688435772191652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The experimental operating parameters

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工况最小压力/MPa最大压力/MPa最小液位/m最大液位/m水轮机流量/(m3·h–1)
12.13.11.42.812
21.04.01.04.250
31.74.01.03.250
), ArticleFig(id=1236688435860272041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验运行参数

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工况最小压力/MPa最大压力/MPa最小液位/m最大液位/m水轮机流量/(m3·h–1)
12.13.11.42.812
21.04.01.04.250
31.74.01.03.250
), ArticleFig(id=1236688435952546734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of the energy storage system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
环境温度Tamb/K298.15
环境压力p0/MPa0.1
液体活塞水温度Tamb/K298.15
压缩机质量流量m/(kg·s–1)25
储气室最大储气压力/MPa9
储气室最小储气压力/MPa4
缓冲罐初始压力/MPa5
缓冲罐最大压力/MPa6
缓冲罐体积/m31 000
储气室体积/m310 000
液体活塞HP1体积/m3500
液体活塞HP2体积/m3500
液体活塞HP1初始液位高度/m4
液体活塞HP2初始液位高度/m1
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436036432819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

储能系统主要计算参数

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项目数值
环境温度Tamb/K298.15
环境压力p0/MPa0.1
液体活塞水温度Tamb/K298.15
压缩机质量流量m/(kg·s–1)25
储气室最大储气压力/MPa9
储气室最小储气压力/MPa4
缓冲罐初始压力/MPa5
缓冲罐最大压力/MPa6
缓冲罐体积/m31 000
储气室体积/m310 000
液体活塞HP1体积/m3500
液体活塞HP2体积/m3500
液体活塞HP1初始液位高度/m4
液体活塞HP2初始液位高度/m1
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436200010679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Status parameters of key points of the system

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状态点温度/K压力/MPa状态点温度/K压力/MPa
1298.150.10023297.935.007
2416.870.28024298.015.007
3309.890.28025298.014.990
4433.290.78026297.934.990
5313.170.78027297.934.990
6437.872.16028297.935.190
7314.102.16029293.585.190
8439.166.00030298.169.000
9314.356.00031257.099.000
10368.1532349.139.000
11283.1533276.142.010
12368.1534357.752.010
13283.1535267.490.480
14368.1536356.450.480
15283.1537368.15
16368.1538283.19
17283.1539368.15
18314.355.82040290.54
19293.585.00041368.15
20293.585.00742274.35
21297.935.00743266.980.100
22297.935.007
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436346811325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

关键节点状态参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/K压力/MPa状态点温度/K压力/MPa
1298.150.10023297.935.007
2416.870.28024298.015.007
3309.890.28025298.014.990
4433.290.78026297.934.990
5313.170.78027297.934.990
6437.872.16028297.935.190
7314.102.16029293.585.190
8439.166.00030298.169.000
9314.356.00031257.099.000
10368.1532349.139.000
11283.1533276.142.010
12368.1534357.752.010
13283.1535267.490.480
14368.1536356.450.480
15283.1537368.15
16368.1538283.19
17283.1539368.15
18314.355.82040290.54
19293.585.00041368.15
20293.585.00742274.35
21297.935.00743266.980.100
22297.935.007
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436481029058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Adiabatic efficiency of compressors before and after coupling buffer tank

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件未耦合缓冲罐耦合缓冲罐
第1段压缩机8383
第2段压缩机8083
第3段压缩机7783
第4段压缩机6083
压缩机组7583
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436560720840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

耦合缓冲罐前后压缩机组绝热效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件未耦合缓冲罐耦合缓冲罐
第1段压缩机8383
第2段压缩机8083
第3段压缩机7783
第4段压缩机6083
压缩机组7583
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436665578443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

BFT volume at different energy storage powers

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储能功率/MW37.2524.8312.42
缓冲罐体积/m³5 0005 2005 500
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436766241743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同储能功率下缓冲罐体积

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储能功率/MW37.2524.8312.42
缓冲罐体积/m³5 0005 2005 500
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436875293655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

BFT volume at different energy storage scales

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储能规模/(MW·h)16.5134.4053.0574.52
缓冲罐体积/m³1 0001 0003 0005 000
), ArticleFig(id=1236688436996928477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688422656602497, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同储能规模下缓冲罐体积

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储能规模/(MW·h)16.5134.4053.0574.52
缓冲罐体积/m³1 0001 0003 0005 000
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耦合缓冲过程的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统热力性能研究
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陈昊 , 张宇飞 , 李瑞雄 , 孙昊 , 王焕然
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(2): 68-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(2): 68-78
耦合缓冲过程的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统热力性能研究
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陈昊 , 张宇飞, 李瑞雄 , 孙昊, 王焕然
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 陈昊(1992),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能技术,

通讯作者:

李瑞雄(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为大规模物理储能技术,
Thermodynamic performance of adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system coupled with buffer tank
Hao CHEN , Yufei ZHANG, Ruixiong LI , Hao SUN, Huanran WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407180
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为了确保绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统连续稳定运行,提出了一种耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能方法,建立了耦合缓冲罐系统的动态热力学模型,并搭建实验平台对模型进行了验证,揭示了缓冲罐内空气温度及压力的动态演化机理,探究了缓冲罐设计参数对系统性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统表现出较好的等温性能,循环过程中空气温度最大温差为30 K;耦合缓冲罐后,储能系统压缩机组的绝热效率提高8百分点;敏感性分析表明,储能功率的变化对储气室内空气热力学参数影响较小,缓冲罐体积随系统储能功率的增大而减小;储能规模的变化对储气室内空气热力学参数影响较小,储气室内空气温度变化呈周期性波动;为保持系统连续稳定运行,增大系统储能规模,缓冲罐体积会随之增加。研究为绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统连续、稳定和高效运行提供了新的方案。

液体活塞  /  绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统  /  缓冲罐  /  热力学分析

To ensure the continuously stable operation of adiabatic isothermal-compressed air energy storage system, an adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage method coupled with buffer tank is proposed. The dynamic thermodynamic model of the buffer tank coupled system is established, and the experimental platform is set up to verify the model. Besides, the variation mechanism of air temperature and pressure in the buffer tank is revealed, and the influence of design parameters of buffer tank on system performance is explored. The results show that, the adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system with buffer tank exhibits favorable isotherm, and the highest temperature difference at 30 K during the cycle. The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor unit of the coupled buffer tank system increased by 8 percentage points, and the exergy loss of the compressor unit decreased. Sensitivity analysis shows that the change of energy storage power has little effect on thermodynamic parameters of the air storage room, and the volume of the buffer tank decreases with the increase of energy storage power. Moreover, the change of energy storage scale has little influence on thermodynamic parameters of the air storage room, and the change trend of air temperature shows a periodic fluctuation. When the system energy storage scale increases, the volume of buffer tank will increase with the energy storage scale. The study provides a novel scheme for the continuous, stable and efficient operation of adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system.

liquid piston  /  adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system  /  buffer tank  /  thermodynamic analysis
陈昊, 张宇飞, 李瑞雄, 孙昊, 王焕然. 耦合缓冲过程的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统热力性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 68 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407180
Hao CHEN, Yufei ZHANG, Ruixiong LI, Hao SUN, Huanran WANG. Thermodynamic performance of adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage system coupled with buffer tank[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 68 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407180
能源绿色低碳转型是实现经济社会发展和碳达峰、碳中和的关键[1-2]。近年来,新型储能技术的发展和建设,为推动能源绿色低碳转型提供了装备基础和技术支撑[3-4]
新型储能是指除抽水蓄能外,以输出电力为主要形式的储能技术,具有建设周期短、布局灵活和响应速度快等优势[5]。在众多新型储能技术中,压缩空气储能(CAES)技术具有储能规模大、环境影响小和系统寿命长等优点,具有广阔的发展前景[6]。根据压缩空气储能技术的运行特点,压缩空气储能技术可以分为补燃式压缩空气储能(D-CAES)技术、非补燃式压缩空气储能(A-CAES或AA-CAES)技术和等温压缩空气储能(I-CAES)技术[7-8]
为了解决CAES技术对外界热源的依赖难题,提高CAES技术的能量利用率,国内外学者对D-CAES技术进行研究和改进,提出了A-CAES技术[9-11]。该技术通过蓄热回收气体压缩过程产生的压缩热,并在释能过程利用回收的压缩热加热空气进行发电,实现了系统能源高效利用和零碳排放。目前,A-CAES技术的研究主要集中在系统总体特性、核心部件关键技术和系统集成示范等方面。王国华等[12]提出了A-CAES系统效率定义和计算方法,指出了系统性能提升的方向。徐卫君等[13]提出一种CAES多能流优化调度模型,采用基于A-CAES的微型综合能源系统调度策略,充分发挥其在多能流联供方面的优越性能。孙劲飚等[14]以100 MW A-CAES系统为对象,耦合有机朗肯循环系统,研究减少和利用系统余热的方法。
随着CAES技术基础理论研究的发展,我国先后制定了发展CAES电站的计划,并建成了多座CAES示范项目。2014年3月,中国科学院工程热物理研究所在河北廊坊建成了首座1.5 MW先进绝热压缩空气储能系统,系统运行效率可以达到52.1%[15]。同年,清华大学、中国科学院理化所和中国电科院共同研制的500 kW A-CAES实验系统TICC500在安徽芜湖建成[16]。2021年12月,中国科学院工程热物理所在张家口市建设的国际首套100 MW先进压缩空气储能国家示范项目,已经完成关键部件研制和系统集成安装,并于2022年成功并网发电[17]
A-CAES技术一定程度上回收并利用了CAES系统的压缩热,但仍无法完全利用压缩过程的压缩热[18-19]。为解决这一问题,大量学者提出I-CAES技术,减少CAES系统压缩过程的压缩热,提高系统的能量利用率[20]。目前,I-CAES技术的研究主要集中在采用液体活塞、多孔介质导热、几何结构优化和过程喷淋等方面。在液体活塞系统中采用多孔介质导热可以增大液体活塞的导热能力,同时提高I-CAES系统的功率密度和热效率,研究结果表明,通过采用多孔介质导热的液体活塞在压缩过程的功率密度提高了10倍以上[21-22]。此外,在液体活塞压缩机中进行喷淋过程,可以显著提高液体活塞内部换热能力,降低液体活塞在压缩过程中的空气温度,实现系统95%的等温效率[23]。Venkataraman等人[24]研究了I-CAES系统在特定条件下提高系统效率的能量分析方法。Qin等人[25]研究了利用液体活塞加喷雾的I-CAES系统,探究了液滴大小、质量与喷雾方式的影响,实现了98%的压缩效率。潘文等[26]将绝热压缩空气储能与I-CAES进行融合,以CAES过程为研究对象,分析不同关键参数对储能热力学性能的影响规律。陶瑞等[27]提出了一种耦合绝热-等温压缩模块的复合压缩空气储能系统,结果表明,系统的平准化度电成本为0.962元/(kW·h)。Zhang等人[28]对耦合绝热-等温模块的热电氢联产系统进行了经济性研究,结果表明系统的净现值和回收期分别为5 920万美元和4年,具有较好的应用前景。
以上研究极大地促进了CAES技术的发展。绝热压缩和液体活塞等温压缩相耦合可以减少压缩热的产生,从而具有较高的往返效率。然而液体活塞等温压缩装置具有吸气不连续的缺陷,将影响绝热压缩压缩机组的连续稳定运行。因此,本文将缓冲罐应用于绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统,在液体活塞等温压缩装置吸气暂停阶段,压缩机组排气进入缓冲罐暂存,保证了压缩机组的稳定连续运行。通过建立缓冲罐及耦合缓冲罐后系统的动态热力学模型和实验模型,揭示缓冲罐内空气温度及压力的变化规律,探究了设计参数对系统性能的影响规律。研究结论可为系统连续、稳定和高效运行提供理论支撑。
绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统如图1所示,该系统由CAES系统和液体活塞等温增压系统组成。绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统的运行过程可以分为储能和释能2个阶段。
1)储能阶段 CAES系统利用低谷电能驱动4段压缩机(C1—C4)压缩大气中的常温常压空气,压缩后的高温高压空气通过换热器(IC1—IC3,AC)与存储在冷罐(CT)中的低温介质进行换热,随后通过节流阀(TV)进入缓冲罐中。进入缓冲罐的高压空气随后进入等温增压系统进行等温压缩。
在等温增压系统中,初始时刻缓冲罐(BFT)与液体活塞1(HP1)相连接,进入缓冲罐的空气质量流量与进入液体活塞1中的空气质量流量相等。与此同时,液体活塞1中的水通过水泵压入液体活塞2(HP2)中,进入液体活塞2中的水继续压缩液体活塞2中的空气进入储气室(ASR)中储存。在这一过程中,水泵的体积流量与进入液体活塞1中的空气体积流量相等,保持缓冲罐与液体活塞1中的空气压力不变。
当液体活塞2中的液位达到设定值时,关闭液体活塞1与缓冲罐之间的阀门和液体活塞2与储气室之间的阀门。此时,液体活塞2中的水进入液体活塞1中压缩液体活塞1中的空气,当液体活塞1中的空气压力与储气室空气压力相同时,切换阀门使液体活塞1与储气室相连接,当液体活塞2中的空气压力与缓冲罐中空气压力相同时,切换阀门使缓冲罐与液体活塞2连接,液体活塞完成切换继续进行等温压缩。如此往复循环压缩直至储气室压力达到设定值后,储能过程结束。
2)释能阶段 储气室和缓冲罐中的高压空气经过换热器(RH1—RH3)与存储在热罐(HT)的高温介质进行热交换后,进入膨胀机组(E1—E3)进行发电。
在储能过程中,当液体活塞等温增压装置进行切换时,其内部压力会短暂高于压缩机机组出口压力,从而导致压缩空气储能机组无法稳定连续运行,因此通过耦合缓冲罐和节流阀,使压缩空气储能系统在整个储能过程中保持连续稳定运行。缓冲罐作为保证CAES部分保持连续稳定运行的关键部件,其内部热压变化规律及设计参数对所提系统性能的影响尚不清晰,因此本文重点分析系统运行过程中缓冲罐内部温度、压力的变化规律及缓冲罐的设计参数对储能系统在不同储能功率和储能规模下的热力学性能影响。
为全面分析绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统的热力学性能和动态运行特征,本节建立了系统的热力学计算模型。
为了简化储能系统的热力学分析过程,做出以下假设:1)忽略系统中重力势能的变化;2)忽略系统中管道和阀门的阻力损失;3)系统中工质为稳定流动。
压缩机热力学模型采用拟合压缩机特性的性能曲线,其绝热效率为[29]
εC=c1(n˙C)G˙C2+c2(n˙C)G˙C+c3(n˙C)
ηC=[1c4(1n˙C)2](n˙C/GC)(2n˙C/GC)
c1=nC/[q(1m/n˙C)+n˙C(n˙Cm)2]
c2=(q2mn˙C2)[q(1m/n˙C)+n˙C(n˙Cm)2]
c3=(qmn˙Cm2n˙C3)[q(1m/n˙C)+n˙C(n˙Cm)2]
c4=0.3
压缩机耗功和出口温度为[30]
W˙C=m˙C(hC,outhC,in)
TC,out=TC,in(εC(κ1)/κ1ηC+1)
式中:n˙C为压缩机相对折合转速;G˙C为压缩机相对折合流量;m˙C为压气机进口空气质量流量,kg/s;hC,inhC,out为压气机进出口空气的比焓,J/kg;TC,inTC,out为压气机进出口温度,K;εC为压缩机压比;k为空气绝热系数;ηC为压气机等熵效率;本文采用离心式压缩机,m=1.8,q=1.8;。
膨胀机的绝热效率采用Flugel方程计算,具体如下式所示:
m˙Em˙E0=αTE0,inTE,inπE21πE021
ηEη0=[1t1(1n˙E)2](n˙E/G˙E)(2(n˙E/G˙E))
式中:α为膨胀机变工况与设计工况条件下通气面积比;πE为膨胀机的膨胀比;TE,in为膨胀机进口温度,K;m˙E为膨胀机进口质量流量,kg/s;ηE为膨胀机的等熵效率;G˙E为膨胀机相对折合流量;t1=0.3;下标0为设计工况。
膨胀机出口温度和做功如式(11)和式(12)所示。
TE,out=TE,in[1ηE(1ε(1κ)/κ)]
W˙E=m˙(hE,inhE,out)
式中:n˙E为膨胀机相对折合转速;m˙E为膨胀机进口空气质量流量,kg/s;hE,inhE,out为膨胀机进出口空气的比焓,J/kg。
水泵的耗功为[31]
W˙P=m˙PgHPηP
式中:m˙P为水泵进口流量,kg/s;HP为水泵扬程,m;ηP为水泵效率。
热交换器主要为级间冷却器、后冷却器和再热器。级间冷却器和后冷却器的传热Q˙HEX[30]
Q˙HEX=m˙hcp,h(Th,inTh,out)=m˙ccp,c(Tc,outTc,in)
级间冷却器和再热器的效率为:
ε=mhcp,h(Th,inTh,out)mcp(Th,inTc,in)=m˙ccp,c(Tc,outTc,in)mcp(Th,inTc,in)
级间冷却器和后冷却器的出口温度为:
TIC,out=εIC(Tc,outTIC,in)+TIC,in
再热器出口温度为[31]
TRE,out=εRE(TE,outTRE,in)+TRE,in
式中:m˙hm˙c为热侧和冷侧流体质量流量,kg/s;cp,hcp,c为热侧和冷侧流体定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);Th,in为热侧流体入口温度,K;Th,out为热侧流体出口温度,K;Tc,in为冷侧流体入口温度,K;Tc,out为冷侧流体出口温度,K;下标IC、RE为级间冷却器和再热器。
液体活塞内瞬态热力学模型分为空气侧和水侧,其中空气侧瞬态控制方程为[32]
macv,adTadt=ha,wAa,w(TaTw)UAa(TaTamb)padVadt
UAa=1(1hi,aAi,a)+(tTkTAave,a)+(1hOAO,a)
式中:ma为空气质量,kg;cv,a为空气比热容,J/(kg·K);Ta为空气温度,K;Aa,w为水-气接触面积,m2ha,w为水-气传热系数,W/(m2·K);Tw为水温,K;Tamb环境温度,K;pa为空气压力,Pa;Va为空气体积,m3Ai,aAO,a分别为空气与液体活塞内壁面和外壁面的接触面积,m2hi,ahO分别为液体活塞内壁面和外壁面与空气的传热系数,W/(m2·K);tT为液体活塞壁面厚度,m;kT为液体活塞壁面导热系数,W/(m·K);Aave,a为液体活塞内壁面和外壁面与空气的平均接触面积,m2
水侧瞬态控制方程为:
mwcwdTwdt=ha,wAa,w(TwTa)UAw(TwTamb)+m˙wcw(TambTw)
UAw=1(1hi,wAi,w)+(tTkTAave,w)+(1hOAO,w)
式中:mw为水质量,kg;cw为水比热容,J/(kg·K);Ai,wAO,w分别为水与液体活塞内壁面和外壁面的接触面积,m2hi,whO分别为液体活塞内壁面和外壁面与水的传热系数,W/(m2·K);Aave,w为液体活塞内壁面和外壁面与水的平均接触面积,m2
储气罐和缓冲罐的动态热力学模型如式(22)所示。
macv,adTadt=UAa(TaTamb)Vadpadt+m˙acv,a(TambTa)
系统往返效率定义为[33]
ηRTE=Wele,outWele,in
式中:Wele,out为系统总电能输出,J;Wele,in为系统总电能输入,J。
㶲能分为物理能、化学能、动能和势能,其定义为系统与平衡态相互作用时所获得的最大理论有用功。在所研究储能系统中,系统不存在与其他热源的热交换过程(燃烧),因此忽略系统的化学㶲,㶲平衡方程定义为[34-35]
E˙Q+im˙iei=em˙eee+E˙F
根据热力学第一和第二定律,表1分别给出了收益㶲和消耗㶲方程,其中EP为设备收益㶲,EF为设备消耗㶲。
为了验证热力学模型的可靠性,建立实验平台对缓冲罐和液体活塞进行实验验证,实验系统如图2所示。
在实验系统中,液体活塞与水泵连接,缓冲罐与液体活塞相连接。对缓冲罐的2种排气工况和1种储气工况进行实验,并对缓冲罐中空气压力随时间变化趋势的实验结果和数值计算结果进行对比,验证所构建热力学模型的可行性。
缓冲罐实验参数见表2,实验结果如图3所示。
通过对比不同运行参数下实验运行结果与数值计算结果发现,实验结果与数值计算结果之间的最大误差为5%,本文建立的热力学模型具有较好的可靠性。
本节对储能系统典型工况的热力学性能进行研究,并基于此研究结果,进一步分析不同储能规模和储能功率下,系统运行过程中缓冲罐内空气温度、压力的变化规律,探究缓冲罐设计参数对系统热力学性能的影响。
图4为储能系统热力学计算流程。根据储能系统的储能规模和运行时间,确定系统的初始参数;随后,根据系统液体活塞等温增压装置和缓冲罐的动态响应特性,计算系统设备运行参数和储能空间性能参数,并基于上述计算结果,计算出储能系统的往返效率和㶲效率;最后对系统缓冲装置进行优化,分别计算不同储能功率和储能规模下缓冲罐对储能系统的性能影响。
储能系统采用数学软件仿真平台对系统进行数值建模,系统的初始计算参数见表3
在储能阶段过程中,系统储气室和缓冲罐温度和压力随时间变化趋势如图5图6所示。在系统储能阶段和释能阶段的初始时刻,系统关键节点的状态参数见表4,其中压力未显示部分的介质为水。耦合缓冲罐前后压缩机组绝热效率见表5
计算结果表明,通过耦合缓冲罐,压缩机组排气进入缓冲罐暂存,保证了压缩机组的稳定连续运行,使压缩机组的绝热效率提升了8百分点。
图5中储气室和缓冲罐内的空气受液体活塞等温增压装置的作用,缓冲罐中空气温度在储能阶段为周期性变化。这主要是因为在储能阶段1个循环周期内,缓冲罐在液体活塞等温增压系统第1次运行时与液体活塞HP1连接,储气室与液体活塞HP2连接。此时液体活塞HP1中空气与水的体积比为1:4。随着系统不断运行,高压空气进入液体活塞等温增压系统。通过控制进入HP1的空气体积流量和流出HP1的水流量,使液体活塞和缓冲罐中的空气进行等压膨胀,导致缓冲罐中的空气温度呈剧烈下降的趋势。当液体活塞HP1中的液位降至设定值时,液体活塞等温增压装置需要使HP2中的空气压力与缓冲罐内空气压力相同,才可以继续进行增压,因此在这一过程中缓冲罐与等温增压装置的阀门关闭,缓冲罐进行等容压缩。此外,缓冲罐内的空气同时进行压缩过程和与外界环境进行热交换过程,导致缓冲罐内的空气温度出现升高的趋势。当HP2中的空气压力与缓冲罐空气压力相同时,此时通过切换阀门使缓冲罐与HP2连接,储气室与HP1连接,继续进行等温压缩。在储能阶段,缓冲罐与液体活塞HP1和HP2交替连接运行,使缓冲罐温度变化呈周期性变化趋势。
储气室中的空气温度变化趋势与缓冲罐空气温度变化具有相同的趋势。但与缓冲罐不同的是,在储能过程中储气室内的空气一直处于压缩过程或者待机过程,因此储气室内的空气温度不会剧烈下降。
液体活塞等温增压装置是储能系统进行等温压缩的关键组成部分,该装置分别与储气室和缓冲罐交替连接,进行压缩能的存储,因此等温增压装置内空气的温度和压力变化与缓冲罐和储气罐密切相关。液体活塞等温增压装置内空气温度和压力随时间变化趋势如图7图8所示。从图中可知,随着储能过程进行,储气室和缓冲罐之间的压力差不断增大,等温增压装置的运行压力不断增大,导致装置内空气温度随时间不断升高,使空气压力在循环运行过程中逐渐增大。
图9为液体活塞等温增压装置内水温随时间变化趋势。这一阶段液体活塞内水与空气进行热交换,使液体活塞内的空气温度变化接近于等温过程。由于水的比热容明显高于空气,因此水的温度变化趋势要低于空气。
通过对典型工况绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统的热力学分析可知,缓冲罐和等温增压装置的运行条件对储能系统的热力学性能具有十分重要的影响。
在本节中,通过敏感性分析,对不同储能功率和储能规模条件下缓冲罐对储能系统的热力学性能影响进行分析。
图10图11为储能系统在不同功率下储气室和缓冲罐内空气温度和压力随时间的变化趋势。从图中可知,在储能系统储能规模一致的条件下,储气室内空气温度变化趋势较为相似,且变化趋势随着储能功率增大而基本保持不变,因此储能功率对储气室内空气参数影响较小。
在不同储能功率下,空气在缓冲罐和液体活塞等温增压装置中的压缩和膨胀速度也存在差异,因此在不同储能规模下,缓冲罐内空气受热交换、压缩和膨胀过程达到热平衡的条件也不相同,从而导致缓冲罐内空气在满足系统运行参数时,缓冲罐的体积也随之改变,具体见表6。通过数据拟合得到了储能功率与缓冲罐体积的经验关联式如式(25)所示。
VBFT= 1 349.6×e(-Pesp/30.6) + 4 601.2
式中:VBFT为缓冲罐体积,m3Pesp为系统储能功率,MW。
图12图13为系统在不同储能规模下设备收益㶲(EP)、消耗㶲(EF)、压缩机耗功(Wc)、膨胀机做功(WT)、往返效率(ηRTE)和㶲效率(ηTEE),下标h、c、IC、T分别为换热器、压缩机、冷却器和膨胀机。从图中可知,随着储能系统储能规模的增大,设备运行时间增长,系统设备收益㶲和消耗㶲都随之增大,导致系统往返效率和㶲效率随储能规模增大而减小。
图14图15为不同储能规模下储气室和缓冲罐内空气温度和压力随时间变化趋势。系统储能规模的变化对储气室热力学性能影响较小,储气室内空气温度变化趋势较为相似,且变化趋势随储能规模增大而基本保持不变。
在所研究条件下,系统储能规模小于34 MW·h时,缓冲罐设计体积可以满足压缩空气储能机组连续稳定运行。当系统储能规模进一步增大时,为满足压缩空气储能机组连续稳定运行,缓冲罐体积会随储能规模增大而增大,具体参数见表7
为了确保绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统连续稳定运行,本文提出了一种耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能方法。通过建立相关热力学模型,深入分析了不同储能规模和储能功率下缓冲罐参数对系统热力学性能的影响,得出以下结论。
1)耦合缓冲罐的绝热-等温压缩空气储能系统表现出较好的等温性能,循环过程中空气温度最大温差为30 K;耦合缓冲罐后,储能系统压缩机组的绝热效率提高了8百分点,并降低了压缩机组的㶲损失。
2)在不同储能功率下,空气在缓冲罐和液体活塞等温增压装置中的压缩和膨胀速度存在差异,导致缓冲罐体积随着系统储能功率的增大而减小。
3)储能规模的变化对储气室内空气热力学参数影响较小,储气室内温度变化趋势呈周期性波动。在不同储能规模下,为保持系统连续稳定运行,缓冲罐体积会随系统储能规模的增大而增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51676151)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407180
  • 接收时间:2024-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51676151)
国家自然科学基金项目(51676151)
作者信息
    西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

李瑞雄(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为大规模物理储能技术,
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