Article(id=1236688420588810614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772779096028, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772779096028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772779096028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779096028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236688419800281460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772779095840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772779471840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236689996908909286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236688419800281460, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236688422203617657, articleId=1236688420588810614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effects of flue gas internal recirculation and fuel staging on low-nitrogen combustion characteristics of natural gas, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An axial tangentially swirl low nitrogen burner is designed based on flue gas internal circulation and staged combustion, and the effects of the burner’s load, fuel staging, and recycled high-temperature flue gas on combustion and NOx emission characteristics are studied through industrial experiments and numerical simulations. The results indicate that, the loads and fuel staging ratios have a synergistic effect on NOx generation. Under medium and low load conditions, the NOx emissions increase monotonically with the secondary fuel ratio, large amount of NOx generates in the secondary flame zone. At full load, there exists an optimal primary to secondary fuel ratio (88:12), which minimizes the NOx emissions. When the secondary fuel ratio falls below 12%, the primary flame zone becomes dominant in NOx production. The length of the primary fuel mixing pipe can alter the fuel and air mixing process, thereby affecting NOx generation. When the relative length of primary fuel mixing pipe is shortened to 0.74, the main combustion zone moves upstream in the furnace, and the main flame is anchored in the middle of the furnace, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution at the rear of the furnace. The NOx emission mass concentration decreases by 10%~20% across all loads, all below 30 mg/m³ (with O2 volume fraction of 3.5%, the NOx is calculated as NO2).

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设计了一种基于烟气内循环和分级燃烧的轴切旋流低氮燃烧器,并通过工业试验和数值模拟研究了负荷、燃料分级以及烟气内循环对燃烧和NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明:负荷和燃料分级比例对NOx生成具有协同作用,在中、低负荷工况下,NOx排放随二次燃料比例的上升而单调上升,在值班火焰区域有大量NOx生成;在满负荷工况下,存在最佳一/二次燃料比例(88:12),使NOx排放质量浓度最低,当二次燃料比例低于12%时,主火焰区域主导了NOx的生成;一次燃料混合管长度的变化可使燃料与空气混合位置发生改变,从而影响NOx的生成,当缩短一次燃料混合管相对长度至0.74时,主燃区向炉膛上游移动,主火焰被锚定在炉膛中部,使炉膛尾部温度分布更均匀,NOx排放质量浓度在各负荷下下降了10%~20%(NOx以NO2计),且均低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)。

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卓建坤(1975),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及智慧电厂等,
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彭俊豪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为低氮燃烧,

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Combustion and Flame, 2004, 137(1/2): 1-37., articleTitle=The compositional structure of swirl-stabilised turbulent nonpremixed flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688441925234790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=37, issue=8, pageStart=148, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=王纪晔, 赵亚笛, 罗志云, journalName=环境工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王纪晔, 赵亚笛, 罗志云, 等. 不同稀释剂对燃气锅炉NOx排放及燃烧稳定性的影响[J]. 环境工程, 2019, 37(8): 148-153., articleTitle=不同稀释剂对燃气锅炉NOx排放及燃烧稳定性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688442021703787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=37, issue=8, pageStart=148, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WANG Jiye, ZHAO Yadi, LUO Zhiyun, journalName=Environmental Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jiye, ZHAO Yadi, LUO Zhiyun, et al. 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Environmental Engineering, 2019, 37(8): 148-153., articleTitle=Effect of different diluents on NOx emission and combustion stability of boilers fueled by natural gas, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688442139144303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=宋少鹏, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋少鹏. 基于烟气再循环的工业锅炉天然气低氮燃烧研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2016: 1., articleTitle=基于烟气再循环的工业锅炉天然气低氮燃烧研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688442214641779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=SONG Shaopeng, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Shaopeng. 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Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2016: 1., articleTitle=Research on natural gas low NOx combustion based on the flue gas recirculation for industrial boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688442281750646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=张靖雯, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张靖雯. 水蒸气与火焰冷却对天然气低氮燃烧特性的影响研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=水蒸气与火焰冷却对天然气低氮燃烧特性的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236688442344665210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHANG Jingwen, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Jingwen. Research on the influence of steam and flame cooling on low-NOx combustion of natural gas[D]. 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articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Influence of boiler load on NOx emission, figureFileSmall=cVtkrm2IF+fdoGa/9y4yWQ==, figureFileBig=YHBmlFLl7iy2jvbue5mGPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688433968640877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=图7, caption=负荷对NOx生成的影响, figureFileSmall=cVtkrm2IF+fdoGa/9y4yWQ==, figureFileBig=YHBmlFLl7iy2jvbue5mGPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688434044138352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Temperature contours inside the furnace at different loads (β=0.74, the ratio of secondary fuel: 12%), figureFileSmall=onZjqgELex7YKIlPVHAKyg==, figureFileBig=XSi5pD6faqU7VWNGNB3D4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688434128024439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=图8, 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figureFileBig=Ul/pw87jZ9KIDAvQYNi/Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435822523302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Vector diagrams of local flow field for different nozzle diameters, figureFileSmall=YM49R3Q/APSyG5OHlqX3xg==, figureFileBig=xWby2AyyH+B36UwJOuYMFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688435889632172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同喷嘴直径局部流场矢量图, figureFileSmall=YM49R3Q/APSyG5OHlqX3xg==, figureFileBig=xWby2AyyH+B36UwJOuYMFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436002878384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The influence of primary fuel nozzle mixing pipe length on NOx emission, figureFileSmall=TmOnuZtO8wmxaw2pAiPrbw==, figureFileBig=NMTrW6NzgN2kdOjMnT2r0Q==, 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label=图16, caption=一次燃料混合管中心Y轴线的组分分布, figureFileSmall=0xiJOvOaYdysLwpelIAgcA==, figureFileBig=aDrwLQHYdrhA/SSTbhB9yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436904653784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Distribution of gas components along the X-axis centerline radius in the primary fuel nozzle, figureFileSmall=qX57sIrtSryEpJIhReiVGw==, figureFileBig=wMCLdvcpv6JmXlf4QC5Qig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688436984345564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=图17, caption=一次燃料混合管X轴中心径线组分分布, figureFileSmall=qX57sIrtSryEpJIhReiVGw==, figureFileBig=wMCLdvcpv6JmXlf4QC5Qig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437114368992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Temperature and NO distribution along the Y-axis centerline of the primary fuel nozzle, figureFileSmall=SGbpTYWDohmsZHXp8jlfBg==, figureFileBig=o0YuF23elRuqaufMiFJC2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437231809512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=图18, caption=一次燃料喷管Y轴中心轴线温度与NO分布, figureFileSmall=SGbpTYWDohmsZHXp8jlfBg==, figureFileBig=o0YuF23elRuqaufMiFJC2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236688437366027246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the burner

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
燃烧器功率/MW9
燃料类型天然气
燃料热值/(MJ·h–1)34
燃料流量/(m3·h–1)952
过量空气系数1.2
空气流量/(m3·h–1)10 967
主/值燃料比例17:3
空气套筒/值班套筒空气比例4:1
), ArticleFig(id=1236688437588325364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃烧器设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
燃烧器功率/MW9
燃料类型天然气
燃料热值/(MJ·h–1)34
燃料流量/(m3·h–1)952
过量空气系数1.2
空气流量/(m3·h–1)10 967
主/值燃料比例17:3
空气套筒/值班套筒空气比例4:1
), ArticleFig(id=1236688437714154493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Operating conditions of the load test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%总燃料量/(m3·h–1)一次燃料混合管相对长度二次燃料比例/%一次燃料混合管相对长度二次燃料比例/%
L20%20190β=1.0015β=0.7412
L35%353331512
L50%504761512
L55%555241512
L65%656191512
L70%706661512
L80%807621512
L90%908571512
L100%1009531512
), ArticleFig(id=1236688437814817791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

负荷试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%总燃料量/(m3·h–1)一次燃料混合管相对长度二次燃料比例/%一次燃料混合管相对长度二次燃料比例/%
L20%20190β=1.0015β=0.7412
L35%353331512
L50%504761512
L55%555241512
L65%656191512
L70%706661512
L80%807621512
L90%908571512
L100%1009531512
), ArticleFig(id=1236688437932257283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operating conditions of the secondary fuel ratio test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%
F20%2030F70%7028F100%10020
201717
181515
131212
101110
8109
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438032920582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二次燃料比例试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%工况编号负荷/%二次燃料比例/%
F20%2030F70%7028F100%10020
201717
181515
131212
101110
8109
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438141972490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Operating conditions of the mixing pipe relative length test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
β20%20β=1.00β70%70β=1.00β100%100β=1.00
β=0.78β=0.78β=0.78
β=0.74β=0.74β=0.74
β=0.72β=0.72β=0.72
β=0.70β=0.70β=0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438251024398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混合管相对长度试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
工况编号负荷/%一次燃料混合管
相对长度
β20%20β=1.00β70%70β=1.00β100%100β=1.00
β=0.78β=0.78β=0.78
β=0.74β=0.74β=0.74
β=0.72β=0.72β=0.72
β=0.70β=0.70β=0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438351687697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Main boundary conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一次燃料量/
(kg·s–1)
二次燃料量/
(kg·s–1)
空气/(kg·s–1)壁面温度/K
0.154 90.021 13.889600
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438460739608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主要边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一次燃料量/
(kg·s–1)
二次燃料量/
(kg·s–1)
空气/(kg·s–1)壁面温度/K
0.154 90.021 13.889600
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438544625689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison between the numerical simulation and the experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验值JL-2模拟值
炉膛出口O2体积分数/%3.443.8
炉膛出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m3)29.724.3
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438662066207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

数值模拟与试验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验值JL-2模拟值
炉膛出口O2体积分数/%3.443.8
炉膛出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m3)29.724.3
), ArticleFig(id=1236688438750146594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

The calculated NOx emission mass concentration and flue gas internal recirculation efficiency at different loads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目负荷
20%50%70%100%
ρ(NOx)/(mg·m3)24272930
ωf/%220188172156
ωα/%12.510.710.68.8
), ArticleFig(id=1236688440222347303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236688420588810614, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同负荷下NOx排放质量浓度及烟气再循环率计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目负荷
20%50%70%100%
ρ(NOx)/(mg·m3)24272930
ωf/%220188172156
ωα/%12.510.710.68.8
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烟气内循环和燃料分级对天然气低氮燃烧特性的影响
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彭俊豪 1 , 卓建坤 2 , 关靖宇 3 , 庞振洲 3 , 李伟 3 , 祝令坤 3 , 姚强 1, 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(2): 57-67
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(2): 57-67
烟气内循环和燃料分级对天然气低氮燃烧特性的影响
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彭俊豪1 , 卓建坤2 , 关靖宇3, 庞振洲3, 李伟3, 祝令坤3, 姚强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
  • 2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 3.低碳热力发电技术与装备全国重点实验室,哈尔滨锅炉有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 彭俊豪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为低氮燃烧,

通讯作者:

卓建坤(1975),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及智慧电厂等,
Effects of flue gas internal recirculation and fuel staging on low-nitrogen combustion characteristics of natural gas
Junhao PENG1 , Jiankun ZHUO2 , Jingyu GUAN3, Zhenzhou PANG3, Wei LI3, Lingkun ZHU3, Qiang YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.The College of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
  • 2.Key Lab of Thermal Science and Power Engineering of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Thermal Power Generation Technology and Equipments, Harbin Boiler Ltd., Harbin 150040, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406134
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设计了一种基于烟气内循环和分级燃烧的轴切旋流低氮燃烧器,并通过工业试验和数值模拟研究了负荷、燃料分级以及烟气内循环对燃烧和NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明:负荷和燃料分级比例对NOx生成具有协同作用,在中、低负荷工况下,NOx排放随二次燃料比例的上升而单调上升,在值班火焰区域有大量NOx生成;在满负荷工况下,存在最佳一/二次燃料比例(88:12),使NOx排放质量浓度最低,当二次燃料比例低于12%时,主火焰区域主导了NOx的生成;一次燃料混合管长度的变化可使燃料与空气混合位置发生改变,从而影响NOx的生成,当缩短一次燃料混合管相对长度至0.74时,主燃区向炉膛上游移动,主火焰被锚定在炉膛中部,使炉膛尾部温度分布更均匀,NOx排放质量浓度在各负荷下下降了10%~20%(NOx以NO2计),且均低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)。

烟气内循环  /  轴切旋流  /  分级燃烧  /  低氮燃烧

An axial tangentially swirl low nitrogen burner is designed based on flue gas internal circulation and staged combustion, and the effects of the burner’s load, fuel staging, and recycled high-temperature flue gas on combustion and NOx emission characteristics are studied through industrial experiments and numerical simulations. The results indicate that, the loads and fuel staging ratios have a synergistic effect on NOx generation. Under medium and low load conditions, the NOx emissions increase monotonically with the secondary fuel ratio, large amount of NOx generates in the secondary flame zone. At full load, there exists an optimal primary to secondary fuel ratio (88:12), which minimizes the NOx emissions. When the secondary fuel ratio falls below 12%, the primary flame zone becomes dominant in NOx production. The length of the primary fuel mixing pipe can alter the fuel and air mixing process, thereby affecting NOx generation. When the relative length of primary fuel mixing pipe is shortened to 0.74, the main combustion zone moves upstream in the furnace, and the main flame is anchored in the middle of the furnace, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution at the rear of the furnace. The NOx emission mass concentration decreases by 10%~20% across all loads, all below 30 mg/m³ (with O2 volume fraction of 3.5%, the NOx is calculated as NO2).

flue gas internal recirculation  /  axial vortex flow  /  staged combustion  /  low nitrogen combustion
彭俊豪, 卓建坤, 关靖宇, 庞振洲, 李伟, 祝令坤, 姚强. 烟气内循环和燃料分级对天然气低氮燃烧特性的影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (2) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406134
Junhao PENG, Jiankun ZHUO, Jingyu GUAN, Zhenzhou PANG, Wei LI, Lingkun ZHU, Qiang YAO. Effects of flue gas internal recirculation and fuel staging on low-nitrogen combustion characteristics of natural gas[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (2) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406134
为实现工业燃气锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)的排放目标,开发更低排放的低氮燃烧技术已成为必然趋势。低氮燃烧器耦合多种低氮燃烧技术是目前减少氮氧化物生成的主要方法,其中,烟气再循环技术通过在燃烧区域引入烟气,利用烟气中三原子气体较高的比热容吸收燃烧过程释放的热量以降低炉膛温度水平,同时烟气还将减小反应区的氧分压,控制燃烧反应速率,降低NOx排放质量浓度35%~70%[1]。由于易与其他技术结合,烟气再循环技术成为目前应用最广泛的低氮燃烧技术之一。
烟气再循环包括烟气外循环和烟气内循环2种形式。烟气外循环将炉膛尾部烟气通过外部管道送回燃烧器前端,与空气混合后再送入炉内,从而降低炉膛中火焰温度和氧气浓度[2]。烟气内循环又分为内烟气循环(internal flue gas recirculation,IFGR)和强制诱导内循环(forced induced recirculation,FIR),前者通过高速射流和旋流在炉膛内构建大回流区,使烟气在炉膛内部回流至燃烧器出口附近,进而与空气或燃料混合;后者则在燃烧器内设置文丘里式烟气内循环通道,使高温烟气由通道卷吸入燃烧器内部与空气或燃料混合,实现高温烟气在燃烧器内部与空气或燃料的混合。烟气内循环技术不仅保留了烟气外循环的优点,而且解决了外循环烟气冷凝水带来的腐蚀、沾污和风机结冰等问题。此外,该技术具有较好的灵活性和适应性,可以根据不同的燃烧系统和燃料类型进行调整和优化,是目前最具前景的低氮燃烧技术。
Shinomori等人[3]研究了小型锅炉烟气内循环燃烧器的流场特征和NOx排放特性,实验结果表明,烟气内循环使NOx排放质量浓度急剧下降,当内循环烟气体积是空气的50%时,NOx排放质量浓度比无烟气内循环工况下降低80%,当空气过量系数增加到1.6时,NOx排放质量浓度进一步降低了18%。烟气内循环增加了燃烧区的湍流度,有助于燃料和空气的混合,从而提高燃烧效率并进一步降低氮氧化物的生成,但高温烟气参与到燃烧器内部混合时,会对燃烧稳定性造成一定影响。Shi等人[4]研究了烟气内循环对甲烷/空气预混燃烧特性和NOx生成的影响,在管式火焰燃烧器周围一圈设计了12个烟气内循环通道,并通过控制通道的开闭数量(0、6、12)来控制内循环率,实验结果表明,当烟气内循环通道开放数量为12时,IFGR率约为13%,NOx质量浓度下降了约50%。由于内循环烟气的稀释,反应区的局部氧气摩尔分数减少,当量比升高,直接降低了火焰温度,导致热力型NO生成显著减少;但随着内循环率增加,内循环烟气导致稳定火焰的范围缩小。Nhan等人[5]通过在传统低氮燃烧器中增加FIR系统,发现FIR燃烧器相比非FIR燃烧器,NOx排放质量浓度降低了83%,但通过CFD模拟发现,回到燃烧器内部的烟气与空气的剧烈混合会扰乱流场,使中心值班火焰区域流场结构发生改变,内循环烟气越多,燃烧区温度降低,燃料空气充分混合,会使NOx排放进一步降低,而与此同时,大量的内循环烟气会导致火焰不稳定。
在传统燃烧器的设计中,为了保障燃烧的稳定性,会在流速较高的可燃气体附近放置稳定的小功率火焰,使主气流受到小火焰不间断地点燃,形成值班火焰。中心值班火焰一般采用富燃料和高温烟气稳燃的设计思路,但限制了NOx排放的进一步降低。Ishizuka等人[6]提出了切向旋流技术,通过分别向4根切向入口间隔注入高速燃料和空气,使其在受限的柱形燃烧室内快速充分混合,当旋流数Sw大于5时,可以建立起稳定的管状火焰,这种管状火焰拥有极佳的气动稳定性,且具有降低NOx生成的潜能。Wang等人[7]在旋切管式火焰燃烧器的基础上诱导一条轴向射流来优化燃烧器,其中轴向射流可以推举火焰,使其很好地稳定在下游壁面,同时进一步扩大管状火焰的稳定范围。
以上研究表明,烟气内循环仍然存在着增加燃烧稳定性和降低NOx排放之间的矛盾。为此,本文提出了旋切快速混合的中心值班火焰方法,并通过隔离助燃空气与再循环烟气的方法提高火焰的稳定性。因此,如何整体上理解分级燃料燃烧(值班火焰与一次射流燃料)和烟气内循环对NOx生成的影响规律,进而实现低于30 mg/m3的排放目标,成为低氮燃烧器的设计关键。该设计方法可推广至掺氢/氨的低氮燃烧设计,对实现低碳零碳燃料的清洁利用具有理论指导意义。
设计开发的轴切旋流内循环燃烧器结构如图1所示。
燃料分别从中心二次燃料通道以及外侧周向设置的6根一次燃料喷管喷入炉膛,形成值班火焰及主火焰,实现径向燃料分级。其中,一次燃料喷管由引射管和混合管组成,一次燃料经直径为Do的引射管渐缩出口加速后进入长度为Dn的混合管中。混合管壁设置烟气卷吸孔,通过高速射流引射卷吸炉膛内的高温烟气并从卷吸孔进入混合管中参与燃料的混合,形成燃料侧烟气内循环,卷吸孔与前炉墙的距离为Cfir。燃烧器主要由空气套筒和值班火焰套筒包络而成,其中空气套筒入口端与空气渐缩入口间形成内循环烟气通道,内循环烟气由此通道与空气射流进行混合,形成空气侧烟气内循环。一部分空气与烟气混合后从空气套筒进入炉膛参与反应,其中空气套筒设置外扩出口,燃烧器出口与前炉墙的距离为Cburner;另一部分空气射流直接进入值班火焰套筒,经过旋流叶片后与从轴切旋流结构喷出的一次燃料进行快速混合。燃烧器基本设计参数如表1所示。
在1台14 MW WNS全自动热水燃气锅炉基础上搭建工业试验系统,该锅炉采用卧式三回程偏置炉胆湿背式结构,高温烟气由湿烟室进入第二回程烟管,再由前烟室进入第三回程烟管后经冷凝器及烟囱排出,烟管及炉胆全部浸在水中。中试试验系统由天然气系统、空气系统、燃烧器、炉膛、烟气系统及数据采集系统等6个系统组成,图2为试验系统示意。
燃烧器控制系统采用西门子LMV52.0控制器,电动调节阀复位精度为0.1°。试验过程中,总燃料量通过电动调节阀调节,总燃料量与一次燃料量分别用涡轮流量计测量,精度为±0.2%,二次燃料量由二者相减得出。一次燃料和二次燃料的比例调整通过手动调节阀进行控制,二次燃料占比指二次燃料量与总燃料量的比值。燃烧所需空气量通过烟气中的氧含量来控制。烟气与空气的组分和温度使用testo350烟气分析仪测量:烟气组分均采用电化学测量,其中O2体积分数量程为0~+25%,测量精度为±0.8%满量程(0~+25%),分辨率为0.01%,响应时间小于20 s;NO体积分数量程为0~3×10–4,精度为±2×10–6,分辨率为1×10–7,响应时间小于30 s;CO体积分数量程为0~5×10–4,精度为±2×10–6,分辨率为1×10–7,响应时间小于40 s。
试验研究负荷、燃料比例和一次燃料混合管长度对燃烧和污染物生成特性的影响规律。其中,一次燃料混合管相对长度β定义为:
β=DnDm
式中:Dn为混合管长度,mm;Dm为一次燃料出口与燃烧器出口平齐时的混合管长度,mm。在过量空气系数为1.2、多次重复试验条件下,设计了20%~100%负荷变化下不同二次燃料比例和不同一次燃料混合管相对长度β的NOx排放对比工况,以及在低(20%)、中(70%)、高(100%)3种负荷下二次燃料比例变化对NOx排放的影响工况,如表2表3所示。此外,还设计了上述3种负荷下一次燃料混合管不同相对长度β对燃烧及污染物排放特性的影响工况,如表4所示。
对工业试验平台14 MW锅炉炉膛以及烟气内循环燃烧器进行物理建模。为节省计算资源,对燃烧器结构及燃烧计算域进行部分简化,将燃烧器所有入口简化至前炉墙上,分别设置了空气入口、6个一次燃料入口及二次燃料入口,省略了燃烧室外侧各输气管道以及风道,假设主燃料均匀分配至6根一次燃料喷管,空气经由渐缩筒出口均匀喷入燃烧器内。这种简化方式忽略了各喷管燃料分配均匀性以及风道空气流场对炉内燃烧的影响,侧重于研究炉内循环烟气对整体流场及燃烧的影响。
物理模型如图3a)所示,其中卷吸孔与前炉墙间的距离Cfir为200 mm,燃烧器喷口距离前炉墙高度Cburner为600 mm,在一次燃料混合管出口以及空气套筒入口端分别设置内部面以监控其流动参数。模型不设置厚度,采用片体模型对流体域进行模拟。网格划分时采用多面体核心网格,对燃烧器出口以及内循环烟气回流区域局部加密,如图3b)和图3c)所示。选取计算域中心轴线的轴向速度进行网格无关性验证,如图4所示,最终选取网格数量为405万的网格系统进行数值模拟计算。
采用realizable k-epsilon模型求解燃烧室内的流场;燃烧采用EDC(eddy dissipation concept)模型,该模型结合了流动和化学反应对反应速率的影响,且可以兼顾计算成本和精确度;辐射模型采用适用于气体燃烧的DO(Discrete Ordinates)模型,甲烷燃烧以及NOx生成机理选用JL-2反应机理[8]耦合Novosselov发展的计算NOx五步反应机理[9],模型参数使用默认参数。其中,JL-2机理共包含4步反应以及7种组分;Novosselov发展的NOx五步反应机理是在Gri-mech3.0甲烷详细化学反应机理的基础上,采用化学反应器网络法结合实验数据得到的,可以较为准确地预测NOx的生成。压力速度采用SIMPLE算法,离散格式采用二阶迎风格式。炉膛壁面为恒温边界条件,燃料与空气采用质量流量入口边界条件,炉膛出口采用压力出口边界条件。100%负荷下边界条件如表5所示。
为检验数值模型的准确性,选取悉尼标准旋流扩散燃烧实验SM1热态工况[10-11]进行对比,中心轴线上温度分布对比如图5所示。由图5可以看出:峰值温度均出现在Y=80 mm处,约为2 100 K;温度在Y=100 mm后开始快速下降,并于Y=150 mm后下降速度减缓,模拟值和实验平均值分布规律具有较好的一致性。同时,其他学者[12-14]在对旋流扩散燃烧进行数值模拟计算时,采用该模型也取得了较好的模拟结果。
当一次燃料混合管长度β=0.74、二次燃料比例=12%时,满负荷工况下使用该数值模型计算结果与试验结果的对比如表6所示。由表6可以看出,JL-2机理计算的出口NOx质量浓度与试验值的误差为18%。本文数值模拟将选取JL-2机理耦合Novosselov五步反应机理开展。
图6给出了二次燃料比例变化对NOx排放的影响(一次燃料混合管长度β=1.00)。由图6可以看出,不同负荷下二次燃料比例对NOx生成的影响规律存在差异。在20%负荷工况下,当二次燃料比例由8%增加至20%时,NOx排放质量浓度从28 mg/m3缓慢上升至43 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%);当继续增加二次燃料比例,NOx排放质量浓度急剧增大,10%的增幅内,NOx排放质量浓度增大了60%;而当二次燃料比例低于8%时,火焰出现前后脉动进而熄火。在70%负荷下,NOx排放质量浓度随二次燃料比例的增加而单调上升,当二次燃料占比由10%上升至28%时,炉膛出口NOx排放质量浓度从34 mg/m3上升至53 mg/m3。满负荷工况下,NOx排放质量浓度随着二次燃料比例的上升呈先下降后上升的趋势,当二次燃料比例为12%时,NOx排放质量浓度最低为39 mg/m3,此后随着二次燃料比例的上升,NOx排放质量浓度持续上升。该结果表明:值班火焰始终处于贫燃料状态,在中低负荷下,随着二次燃料量的增加,中心值班区域温度上升,热力型NOx生成量增大;在满负荷时,最佳二次燃料比例为12%,当二次燃料比例小于12%时,值班火焰区域处于贫燃,过量空气吸热降低了值班火焰温度,主火焰区为氮氧化物生成的主要区域,随一次燃料比例下降,整体NOx排放呈下降趋势;而当二次燃料比例大于12%时,高温区域集中在值班火焰区域(图8),此时该区域主导了增量NOx的生成。
负荷变化影响了燃料、空气流速以及火焰的长度和体积,从而影响炉内的燃烧和混合情况,对NOx的生成有较大影响,如图7所示。
图7可以看出:当二次燃料比例为15%、一次燃料混合管长度β=1.00时,NOx排放质量浓度随负荷的升高而不断增加(55%负荷工况一次燃料比例为13%),从20%负荷到满负荷,NOx排放质量浓度上升了30%;当二次燃料比例在12%、β=0.74时,各负荷下NOx排放质量浓度比β=1.00时降低了10%~20%,且实现了NOx质量浓度低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)的低氮稳定燃烧。
天然气燃烧产生的NOx中,热力型NOx占比高达90%以上,其在烟气温度高于1 500 ℃时将急剧生成[14]。因此,降低炉膛内烟气温度并避免局部高温是降低NOx生成的主要技术措施。图8展示了二次燃料比例为12%、混合管长度β=0.74时的不同负荷下的炉膛温度云图。从图8可以观察到:低负荷下高温主要集中在值班火焰区域以及炉膛中部的主火焰区域,在20%、50%和70%负荷时,值班火焰区域出现超过2 000 K的局部高温;随着负荷上升,在满负荷时主火焰高温区面积不断扩大,导致NOx生成增加,而值班火焰的高温区逐渐消失,这与试验结论在中低负荷下NOx主要在值班火焰区域生成相符。
实现NOx排放质量浓度低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%),除了分级燃烧(图6)和一次燃料分散喷注形成均匀的切割火焰外,炉内的烟气回流起重要作用,如图9所示。炉膛内存在2个回流区域,一是炉膛中部回流的高温烟气不断被高速射流的空气流卷吸,促进了燃料、助燃空气和内流区高温烟气间的混合,降低了燃烧区域的氧分压,使炉膛内中下游区域烟气温度分布更均匀(图8)。同时,随着负荷的增加,回流区往炉膛上游移动,燃烧器出口附近的混合更剧烈,抑制了高温区的形成,燃烧器出口两侧的温度分布更加均匀。
另一回流区在燃烧器伸入炉膛部分的两侧及出口附近,如图9所示。可以观察到,该区域高温烟气流线汇聚到燃烧器、一次燃料和空气射流中,进而在该区域形成了复杂的流场,这种反应前的混合有利于降低燃烧区域的氧分压,提高烟气的比热容,进而实现对尖峰温度的削减,控制热力型NOx的生成。
图10给出了燃烧器出口Y=600 mm处中心轴向速度分布。
图10可以看出,不同负荷下均出现3个轴向速度峰,分别是外侧一次燃料轴向速度F2峰、助燃空气速度A2峰以及值班套筒轴切旋流混合气速度F1&A1峰。可以发现:在20%负荷以及50%负荷时,F1&A1峰明显高于F2峰和A2峰;到70%负荷时,F1&A1峰没有明显变化,被F2峰和A2峰超过;100%负荷时差距被进一步拉大,中心值班火焰对轴向速度分布的影响逐渐式微。同时,还观察到在各个负荷下F2峰和A2峰的高度几乎一致,表明在剪切层作用下,一次燃料和空气射流在燃烧器出口附近已经开始混合。中心的矮峰及凹陷是值班套筒的轴切旋流混合气形成的中心回流区,其在满负荷时最低处轴向速度达到了–30 m/s,该回流区不仅有利于火焰的稳定驻留,而且可以减少中心值班火焰区域的NOx生成。
可以看出,烟气回流对控制NOx的生成至关重要。为进一步量化,分别定义了该燃烧器一次燃料侧及空气侧的烟气再循环率ωfωα,公式为:
ωf=MFMfMf×100%
ωα=MAMαMα×100%
式中:MF为6根主燃料喷管出口质量流量,kg/s;Mf为一次燃料质量流量,kg/s;MA为空气套筒入口截面质量流量,kg/s;Mα为总空气量,kg/s。
在二次燃料比例为12%、一次燃料混合管长度β=0.74的条件下,上述4种负荷试验工况NOx排放质量浓度及烟气再循环率的数值计算结果如表7所示。由表7可以看出,随负荷上升,由于炉膛内背压的升高,燃料侧与空气侧的烟气再循环率不断下降,当负荷由20%上升到满负荷时,一次燃料侧烟气再循环率ωf由220%下降至156%,空气侧烟气再循环率ωα由12.5%下降至8.8%,降幅均接近30%,表明NOx的生成随再循环率的降低而升高。
分级燃烧中一次燃料占比高达88%以上,因此,一次燃料燃烧过程的NOx生成控制直接影响整体NOx的排放。本文中,一次燃料降低NOx排放的主要措施是设有文丘里喷嘴直接卷吸高温烟气,并与一次燃料在混合管内混合后喷入炉膛,取最低生成时的喷嘴直径为参考直径,其他喷嘴直径为该参考直径的比值,得到喷嘴相对直径η,如图11所示。
图11可以看出:在满负荷、二次燃料比例为12%以及一次燃料混合管长度β=0.74的工况下,一次燃料侧烟气再循环率随着文丘里喷嘴相对直径缩小由127%快速上升至201%,炉膛出口NOx质量浓度由49 mg/m3降低至24 mg/m3;而当喷嘴相对直径η继续缩小至0.875时,NOx质量浓度急剧上升至66 mg/m3,这是因为喷嘴流速过高,燃料侧对烟气的卷吸能力增强,导致混合管周围流场矢量方向发生改变(如图12所示),卷吸孔附近的矢量方向由径向变为轴向,导致空气侧内循环的高温烟气内循环率降低。因此,由于一次燃料和空气侧的循环烟气口位置比邻,二者间将存在相互影响,在设计时需要兼顾二者的高温烟气再循环。
混合高温烟气后的一次燃料被高速喷入炉膛,不仅继续卷吸周边的高温烟气,而且将和燃烧器出口高速射流的空气混合,直接影响燃烧和排放特性。因此,本文着重研究一次燃料混合管长度β对NOx生成的影响规律。
图13展示了不同长度β在20%、70%和100%负荷下对NOx及CO排放的影响。
图13可以看出,随着混合管长度的增加,NOx排放质量浓度呈先下降后上升的趋势。其中20%负荷时,当β=0.72时NOx的排放质量浓度最低且仅有16 mg/m3,但此时CO排放质量浓度达到250 mg/m3左右;70%负荷和100%负荷下,当β=0.74时NOx的排放质量浓度最低,在30 mg/m3附近,且CO排放质量浓度处于较低水平。这说明混合管长度在一定程度上影响了燃料与卷吸烟气的混合程度,若喷管过短会导致一次燃料与卷吸进入管内的烟气混合不均匀,同时在低负荷、混合管长度较短的情况下,由于一次燃料射流速度较低,燃料无法与空气套筒出口的助燃空气进行充分反应,燃烧不完全,导致CO排放质量浓度急剧增加。当β=0.74时,混合管内燃料与烟气已混合充分,相比β=0.78和β=1.00工况,在高负荷情况下,混合管出口到燃烧器出口这一段距离能有效使循环到炉膛上游的高温烟气与一次燃料提前混合,降低反应器区的氧含量和烟气温度。
通过数值模拟分别对混合管长度β=0.74及β=1.00在满负荷及二次燃料比例为12%的条件下进行分析。XY平面温度分布云图及1 700 K温度等值面如图14所示。
图14可以发现,2种结构的高温区域主要分布在主火焰区,最高温度约为1 757 K。当混合管长度β=0.74时,一次燃料的轴向射流有所减弱,中心旋流空气向炉膛两侧扩张,挤压了主火焰区。从图14b)观察到:1 700 K温度等值面直径较混合管长度β=1.00时稍长,但高温区明显变薄、体积更小,且距离燃烧器出口位置更近;同时,β=0.74工况下喷管出口端到主火焰高温区之间的区域温度分布均匀性更佳。
图15展示了XY平面2种结构的轴向速度云图及流线图。
图15可以发现:当β=1.00时,一次燃料有较强的射流刚性,形成出口处空气射流与一次燃料射流高速区,两流汇合后在轴向运动了一段距离才开始混合;相反,β=0.74时在空气射流出口由于卷吸高温烟气后刚性减弱,空气射流在出口附近能够卷吸燃料,一次燃料与空气中心轴向上的速度相较长管结构衰减更快,迹线扩散。从流线图也可以看出:β=1.00时外侧大回流区充斥了整个炉膛,中心流线在炉膛尾部才开始发生偏转,而β=0.74工况下,受外扩助燃空气射流挤压,中心流线在炉膛中上游开始向炉膛两侧偏转,此时炉膛两侧大回流区范围缩小且紧贴炉膛壁面,涡线上下拉伸程度减弱;同时,2种结构炉膛入口侧流线方向也有差异,短管结构卷吸的流体方向与其射流方向一致,有利于促进炉膛上游的混合,这也是短管结构炉膛前段温度分布更加均匀的原因。
为进一步分析不同出口位置对混合和燃烧特性的影响,分别选取了β=0.74(下文简称短管)和β=1.00(下文简称长管)时位于XY平面上的一次燃料混合管的中心轴线,观察CH4、CO2和O2体积分数的轴向分布,如图16所示。由图16可以看出,当Y=0.2 m时,轴线高度位于一次燃料文丘里喷嘴出口,2种结构组分出现相同变化,该位置高温烟气进入一次燃料管,与CH4混合,CH4体积分数迅速下降,同时O2及CO2含量迅速上升;而当Y=0.6 m时,轴线通过一次燃料混合管出口,2种结构的组分含量出现差异,短管结构出口处混合气体与炉膛前端高温烟气混合,相较长管结构其CH4体积分数降低速度更快,同时轴线上O2和CO2体积分数增长速度明显更高;当Y=2.0~4.0 m时,2种喷管结构轴线上CH4体积分数变化趋于重合,而由于2种长度的混合和燃烧位置存在差异,O2和CO2变化趋势略有波动;当流体发展至炉膛尾部,Y>5.0 m时,短管结构炉膛尾部轴线上O2与CH4体积分数均高于长管结构,说明燃料与空气的反应提前。
选取炉膛中部Y=3.0 m以及炉膛尾部Y=5.0 m处XZ平面中心径线,观察各组分径向分布,如图17所示。由图17a)可以看出,在Y=3.0 m时,2种结构的差异主要在–0.4 m<X<–0.1 m范围内,此处位于一次燃料混合管和空气套筒出口的轴向方向,短管结构径线上的CH4及O2体积分数均低于长管结构,说明短管结构可卷吸更多的高温烟气。当Y=5.0 m时(图17b)),流体发展至炉膛尾部,2种结构同一平面上各组分分布有较大差距,其中在–0.4 m<X<0.4 m中心区域内,短管CH4和O2的体积分数均远高于长管结构,且平面径向直线上CO2体积分数较低,说明短管结构卷吸更多高温烟气后,由于氧分压的下降,燃烧速率降低,炉膛整体的温度分布更均匀。
图18分别展示了一次燃料管中心轴线上温度及NO分布。由温度曲线可以发现:在Y=0.2 m喷管前端的高温烟气卷吸入口处,烟气进入管内使2种结构有相同温度提升,而后续以短管出口为界,混合气体与炉膛上游高温烟气开始混合,此时短管结构出口中心轴线温度更高;在2.0 m<Y<3.5 m范围内,即炉膛中部的主火焰区,受到助燃空气冲击混合,短管轴线上的温度分布也略低于长管;而在Y=3.5 m后的后火焰区,燃烧反应逐渐减缓,短管结构轴线上温度分布趋于均匀,长管结构轴线上温度分布呈先下降后上升的趋势;由NO生成曲线可以发现,NO与温度变化规律几乎一一对应,其中在温度高于1 500 K时这种对应关系更明显。缩短混合管长度使得一次燃料在卷吸更多烟气的同时与空气的混合提前,能有效改善炉膛下游温度分布的均匀性,从而减少氮氧化物的排放。
基于烟气内循环和分级燃烧,设计了一种具有轴切旋流中心稳燃火焰的低氮燃烧器,在14 MW中试锅炉上进行试验,研究了燃料分级、负荷以及烟气内循环对燃烧和NOx排放特性的影响,并通过数值模拟进行分析,主要结论如下:
1)负荷和燃料分级对NOx排放具有协同作用。在20%负荷下,二次燃料比例由8%增加至30%时,NOx排放质量浓度由29 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)上升至68 mg/m3;在满负荷工况下,二次燃料比例由9%增加至12%时,NOx排放质量浓度降低了7%,随着二次燃料比例继续增加,NOx排放质量浓度由下降转为上升趋势。
2)在中、低负荷工况(≤70%)下,NOx排放随二次燃料比例的上升而单调上升,当二次燃料比例大于8%时,轴切旋流值班火焰可以在保证燃烧稳定性的同时通过控制二次燃料比例来抑制整体氮氧化物的生成;而在满负荷工况下,存在最佳二次燃料比例为12%的交界点,使NOx排放达到最低,小于12%时主火焰为NOx的主要生成区域。
3)缩短一次燃料混合管长度会改变燃料与空气的混合位置,从而影响NOx的生成。当混合管长度由β=1.00缩短至β=0.74时,射流刚性减弱,燃料混合位置提前,主火焰向炉膛上游移动,炉膛尾部温度分布更均匀,各负荷下NOx排放质量浓度降低了10%~20%,可以实现NOx排放质量浓度低于30 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)稳定燃烧。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003900)
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2025年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406134
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
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National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4003900)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003900)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
    2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
    3.低碳热力发电技术与装备全国重点实验室,哈尔滨锅炉有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

通讯作者:

卓建坤(1975),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及智慧电厂等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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