Article(id=1236679391489617955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772776943323, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772776943323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772776943323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772776943323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236679384321544791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772776941614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772777031740, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=102, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236679393171533906, articleId=1236679391489617955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Characteristics analysis for centralized heating system using saturated flue gas waste heat in coal-fired power plants, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Direct discharging of saturated flue gas from coal-fired utility boiler can lead to significant low-grade waste heat loss. The saturated flue gas waste heat recovery and utilization for centralized heating system is constructed, the operating parameters of the heating system in coal-fired power plant are analyzed, and the feasibility that the saturated flue gas waste heat can be used to heat the return water of the heating system is verified. Finally, the economic efficiency of the centralized heating system is investigated for operation with different targets, and the influence characteristics of the operating parameters are revealed for the thermal performance of the centralized heating system. The research results show that, the temperature of flue gas waste heat can be increased by 30~40 ℃ by absorption heat pump. With the 350 MW coal-fired heating unit as an example, the absorption heat pump recovers the saturated flue gas waste heat with 50.23 MW for re-utilization. The economic benefits brought by enhancing the heating capacity are significantly better than those corresponding to the increase in power generation, and the heating capacity of the coal-fired power plant is increased by 13.4%, and the annual heating revenue is increased by 19 752 000~34 423 200 yuan. The research provides technical references for the saturated flue gas waste heat recovery and utilization in coal-fired power plants.

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燃煤电站锅炉尾部饱和烟气直接排放会导致大量的低品位余热损失。构建了饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统,分析了燃煤电站供暖抽汽参数,验证了饱和烟气余热用于加热供热管网回水的可行性,探究了以不同目标运行时集中供暖系统的经济效益,揭示了运行参数对集中供暖系统热力性能的影响特性。结果表明:以饱和烟气余热作为吸收式热泵的低温热源,经吸收式热泵回收的烟气余热温度可提升30~40 ℃;以350 MW供热机组为例,吸收式热泵回收再利用饱和烟气余热为50.23 MW,提升供暖能力带来的经济效益明显优于增加发电量对应的经济效益,机组供热能力可提高13.4%,年度供暖收益新增1 975.20~3 442.32万元。研究结果可为燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收再利用提供技术参考。

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滕达(1992),男,博士后,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气水分及余热回收利用技术,
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陈鸥(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气污染物综合治理,

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陈鸥(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气污染物综合治理,

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陈鸥(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气污染物综合治理,

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679403577602564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=图9, caption=循环热源水流量对各部分能流的影响规律, figureFileSmall=QE4gkQXdi+ScMSOjTEyQbA==, figureFileBig=TzKIQUx81u5c0Kh8dSdVsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679403665682954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Heat extraction parameters of a typical 350 MW coal-fired power plant in northern China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供暖工况最大供热低压缸解列额定采暖供热
再热蒸汽温度/℃600600600
再热蒸汽压力/MPa4.844.844.71
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)86.2086.1983.85
再热蒸汽焓值/(kJ·kg–1)3 668.13 668.13 669.1
供暖抽汽温度/℃247.9247.9250.9
供暖抽汽压力/MPa0.40.40.4
供暖抽汽流量/(t·h–1)5465.2550
供暖抽汽焓值/(kJ·kg–1)2 960.32 960.32 966.5
抽汽疏水温度/℃110110110
), ArticleFig(id=1236679403778929165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国北方某典型350 MW燃煤电站供热抽汽参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供暖工况最大供热低压缸解列额定采暖供热
再热蒸汽温度/℃600600600
再热蒸汽压力/MPa4.844.844.71
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)86.2086.1983.85
再热蒸汽焓值/(kJ·kg–1)3 668.13 668.13 669.1
供暖抽汽温度/℃247.9247.9250.9
供暖抽汽压力/MPa0.40.40.4
供暖抽汽流量/(t·h–1)5465.2550
供暖抽汽焓值/(kJ·kg–1)2 960.32 960.32 966.5
抽汽疏水温度/℃110110110
), ArticleFig(id=1236679403892175379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The modular components of a centralized heating system with saturated flue gas waste heat recovery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统设备模块类型模块序号进口流股出口流股
吸收式热泵发生器HeatX+Flash21+2溴化锂稀溶液
驱动热源蒸汽
溴化锂浓溶液
驱动热源疏水
制冷剂高温蒸汽
冷凝器HeatX3供热管网回水
制冷剂高温蒸汽
供热管网回水
制冷剂液态水
蒸发器HeatX6循环热源水
制冷剂汽水混合物
循环热源水
制冷剂低温蒸汽
吸收器Mixer+Heater4+5供热管网回水
溴化锂浓溶液
制冷剂低温蒸汽
供热管网回水
溴化锂稀溶液
节流阀Throttle110制冷剂高温液态水制冷剂汽水混合物
溶液热交换器HeatX7溴化锂浓溶液
溴化锂稀溶液
溴化锂浓溶液
溴化锂稀溶液
浆液换热器HeatX11循环热源水
脱硫循环浆液
循环热源水
脱硫循环浆液
热网加热器HeatX12供热管网回水
供暖抽汽
供热管网给水
供暖疏水
湿法脱硫塔Mixer+Mixer+Flash213+14+15原烟气
脱硫循环浆液
脱硫补充浆液
净烟气
脱硫循环浆液
), ArticleFig(id=1236679403992838680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统模型组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统设备模块类型模块序号进口流股出口流股
吸收式热泵发生器HeatX+Flash21+2溴化锂稀溶液
驱动热源蒸汽
溴化锂浓溶液
驱动热源疏水
制冷剂高温蒸汽
冷凝器HeatX3供热管网回水
制冷剂高温蒸汽
供热管网回水
制冷剂液态水
蒸发器HeatX6循环热源水
制冷剂汽水混合物
循环热源水
制冷剂低温蒸汽
吸收器Mixer+Heater4+5供热管网回水
溴化锂浓溶液
制冷剂低温蒸汽
供热管网回水
溴化锂稀溶液
节流阀Throttle110制冷剂高温液态水制冷剂汽水混合物
溶液热交换器HeatX7溴化锂浓溶液
溴化锂稀溶液
溴化锂浓溶液
溴化锂稀溶液
浆液换热器HeatX11循环热源水
脱硫循环浆液
循环热源水
脱硫循环浆液
热网加热器HeatX12供热管网回水
供暖抽汽
供热管网给水
供暖疏水
湿法脱硫塔Mixer+Mixer+Flash213+14+15原烟气
脱硫循环浆液
脱硫补充浆液
净烟气
脱硫循环浆液
), ArticleFig(id=1236679404101890586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation parameters of the centralized heating system with saturated flue gas waste heat recovery (heating as target)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目冷流体介质热流体介质
进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h–1)汽相分率进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h–1)汽相分率
新系统发生器105.0/132.00.050 0500.00~0.16247.9/110.00.400 092.01.00~0
冷凝器71.3/81.50.150 04 590.00132.0/74.30.050 081.01.00~0
节流阀74.3/38.50.006 881.00~0.06
蒸发器38.5/38.50.006 881.00.06~1.0051.1/42.40.150 05 000.00
吸收器60.0/71.30.150 05 205.0079.9/63.00.006 8500.00.22~0
溶液热交换器63.0/105.00.050 0500.00132.0/77.10.500 0419.00
浆液换热器42.4/51.10.100 05 000.0054.1/50.50.100 012 026.80
热网加热器81.5/130.00.150 05 205.00247.9/110.00.400 0448.01.00~0
原系统热网加热器60.0/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0540.01.00~0
), ArticleFig(id=1236679404219331103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统模拟参数(以供暖为目标)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目冷流体介质热流体介质
进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h–1)汽相分率进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h–1)汽相分率
新系统发生器105.0/132.00.050 0500.00~0.16247.9/110.00.400 092.01.00~0
冷凝器71.3/81.50.150 04 590.00132.0/74.30.050 081.01.00~0
节流阀74.3/38.50.006 881.00~0.06
蒸发器38.5/38.50.006 881.00.06~1.0051.1/42.40.150 05 000.00
吸收器60.0/71.30.150 05 205.0079.9/63.00.006 8500.00.22~0
溶液热交换器63.0/105.00.050 0500.00132.0/77.10.500 0419.00
浆液换热器42.4/51.10.100 05 000.0054.1/50.50.100 012 026.80
热网加热器81.5/130.00.150 05 205.00247.9/110.00.400 0448.01.00~0
原系统热网加热器60.0/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0540.01.00~0
), ArticleFig(id=1236679404307411488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Simulation parameters of the centralized heating system with saturated flue gas waste heat recovery (power generation as the target)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目冷流体介质热流体介质
进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h-1)汽相分率进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h-1)汽相分率
新系统发生器105.0/132.00.050 0500.00~0.16247.9/110.00.400 092.01.00~0
冷凝器71.3/81.50.150 04 590.00132.0/74.30.050 081.01.00~0
节流阀74.3/38.50.006 881.00~0.06
蒸发器38.5/38.50.006 881.00.06~1.0051.1/42.40.150 05 000.00
吸收器60.0/71.30.150 04590079.9/63.00.006 8500.00.22~0
溶液热交换器63.0/105.00.050 0500.00132.0/77.10.500 0419.00
浆液换热器42.4/51.10.100 05 000.0054.1/50.50.100 012 026.80
热网加热器81.5/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0375.01.00~0
原系统热网加热器60.0/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0540.01.00~0
), ArticleFig(id=1236679404399686179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统模拟参数(以发电为目标)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目冷流体介质热流体介质
进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h-1)汽相分率进/出口温度/℃压力/MPa流量/(t·h-1)汽相分率
新系统发生器105.0/132.00.050 0500.00~0.16247.9/110.00.400 092.01.00~0
冷凝器71.3/81.50.150 04 590.00132.0/74.30.050 081.01.00~0
节流阀74.3/38.50.006 881.00~0.06
蒸发器38.5/38.50.006 881.00.06~1.0051.1/42.40.150 05 000.00
吸收器60.0/71.30.150 04590079.9/63.00.006 8500.00.22~0
溶液热交换器63.0/105.00.050 0500.00132.0/77.10.500 0419.00
浆液换热器42.4/51.10.100 05 000.0054.1/50.50.100 012 026.80
热网加热器81.5/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0375.01.00~0
原系统热网加热器60.0/130.00.150 04 590.00247.9/110.00.400 0540.01.00~0
), ArticleFig(id=1236679404483572262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Economic benefits of centralized heating with saturated flue gas waste heat recovery under maximum heating extraction condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用前饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用后
61 W/m243 W/m235 W/m261 W/m243 W/m235 W/m2
供暖天数/d122122
供暖价格/(元·(m2·a)–1)2424
供热能流/MW375.78426.01
供暖面积/万m2616.03873.911 073.66698.38990.721 217.17
供暖收益/(万元·a–1)14 784.7920 973.7725 767.7716 761.0523 777.3029 212.11
新增供暖面积/万m282.34116.81143.51
新增供暖收益/(万元·a–1)1 976.262 803.533 444.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236679405997716013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391489617955, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

最大供热抽汽工况下饱和烟气回收余热集中供暖经济效益

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用前饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用后
61 W/m243 W/m235 W/m261 W/m243 W/m235 W/m2
供暖天数/d122122
供暖价格/(元·(m2·a)–1)2424
供热能流/MW375.78426.01
供暖面积/万m2616.03873.911 073.66698.38990.721 217.17
供暖收益/(万元·a–1)14 784.7920 973.7725 767.7716 761.0523 777.3029 212.11
新增供暖面积/万m282.34116.81143.51
新增供暖收益/(万元·a–1)1 976.262 803.533 444.34
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煤电饱和烟气余热集中供暖系统特性分析
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陈鸥 1 , 滕达 1, 2 , 路光杰 1 , 刘向辉 1 , 毕冬雪 1 , 韵潇 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(12): 102-111
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(12): 102-111
煤电饱和烟气余热集中供暖系统特性分析
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陈鸥1 , 滕达1, 2 , 路光杰1, 刘向辉1, 毕冬雪1, 韵潇1
作者信息
  • 1.国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
  • 2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 100096
  • 陈鸥(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气污染物综合治理,

通讯作者:

滕达(1992),男,博士后,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气水分及余热回收利用技术,
Characteristics analysis for centralized heating system using saturated flue gas waste heat in coal-fired power plants
Ou CHEN1 , Da TENG1, 2 , Guangjie LU1, Xianghui LIU1, Dongxue BI1, Xiao YUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., HN Energy Investment Group, Beijing 100039, China
  • 2.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 100096, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405101
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燃煤电站锅炉尾部饱和烟气直接排放会导致大量的低品位余热损失。构建了饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统,分析了燃煤电站供暖抽汽参数,验证了饱和烟气余热用于加热供热管网回水的可行性,探究了以不同目标运行时集中供暖系统的经济效益,揭示了运行参数对集中供暖系统热力性能的影响特性。结果表明:以饱和烟气余热作为吸收式热泵的低温热源,经吸收式热泵回收的烟气余热温度可提升30~40 ℃;以350 MW供热机组为例,吸收式热泵回收再利用饱和烟气余热为50.23 MW,提升供暖能力带来的经济效益明显优于增加发电量对应的经济效益,机组供热能力可提高13.4%,年度供暖收益新增1 975.20~3 442.32万元。研究结果可为燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收再利用提供技术参考。

湿饱和烟气  /  余热回收  /  吸收式热泵  /  供暖抽汽  /  集中供暖  /  热力分析

Direct discharging of saturated flue gas from coal-fired utility boiler can lead to significant low-grade waste heat loss. The saturated flue gas waste heat recovery and utilization for centralized heating system is constructed, the operating parameters of the heating system in coal-fired power plant are analyzed, and the feasibility that the saturated flue gas waste heat can be used to heat the return water of the heating system is verified. Finally, the economic efficiency of the centralized heating system is investigated for operation with different targets, and the influence characteristics of the operating parameters are revealed for the thermal performance of the centralized heating system. The research results show that, the temperature of flue gas waste heat can be increased by 30~40 ℃ by absorption heat pump. With the 350 MW coal-fired heating unit as an example, the absorption heat pump recovers the saturated flue gas waste heat with 50.23 MW for re-utilization. The economic benefits brought by enhancing the heating capacity are significantly better than those corresponding to the increase in power generation, and the heating capacity of the coal-fired power plant is increased by 13.4%, and the annual heating revenue is increased by 19 752 000~34 423 200 yuan. The research provides technical references for the saturated flue gas waste heat recovery and utilization in coal-fired power plants.

wet saturated flue gas  /  waste heat recovery  /  absorption heat pump  /  heating vapor extraction  /  centralized heating  /  thermodynamic analysis
陈鸥, 滕达, 路光杰, 刘向辉, 毕冬雪, 韵潇. 煤电饱和烟气余热集中供暖系统特性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 102 -111 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405101
Ou CHEN, Da TENG, Guangjie LU, Xianghui LIU, Dongxue BI, Xiao YUN. Characteristics analysis for centralized heating system using saturated flue gas waste heat in coal-fired power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 102 -111 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405101
截至2023年底,全国全口径发电装机容量29.2亿kW,同比增长13.9%;火电装机容量13.9亿kW,占总发电装机容量的47.6%,其中煤电装机容量11.6亿kW,占总发电装机容量的39.9%;水电装机容量4.2亿kW,占总发电装机容量的14.4%;风电装机容量4.4亿kW,占总发电装机容量的15.1%;太阳能发电装机容量6.1亿kW,占总发电装机容量的20.9%;可再生能源发电装机容量首次超过火电。考虑到可再生能源发电过程的间歇性对电网稳定性造成的不利影响,需要充分发挥煤电基础性调节作用,统筹电力保供和减污降碳[1-4]。根据最新统计数据,2023年煤电机组以不到四成的装机容量供应了六成的发电量,可见其电力地位依然十分重要。因此,深度开展燃煤电站节能降耗技术研究对提高电煤利用效率,降低煤炭资源消耗量,构建新型电力系统具有重要意义[5-6]
目前,大型燃煤电站煤粉炉的热效率普遍达到90%以上[7-9],排烟热损失是制约锅炉效率提升的关键因素[10]。同时为优化环境治理,我国已完成超低排放改造煤电装机容量10.5亿kW,建成了全球最大的清洁能源体系。燃煤电站锅炉尾部烟气经石灰石-石膏浆液脱除烟气中硫氧化物,同时吸收脱硫浆液中水分,温度降低至湿饱和状态,最终经烟囱排向大气[11-13]。湿法脱硫塔出口饱和烟气温度普遍居于50~53 ℃,且大部分烟气余热以水蒸气汽化潜热的形式存在,导致对饱和烟气余热回收再利用的技术与场景选取十分困难[14]。针对燃煤电站饱和烟气余热的回收技术主要有冷凝法、吸收法和膜分离法[15-16]。文献[17]考虑了饱和烟气的腐蚀特性,提出在燃煤电站炉后烟道加装两级具有耐腐蚀特性的氟塑料换热器,回收烟气余热92 MW。文献[18]通过在350 MW燃煤电站湿法脱硫塔顶部加装喷淋层,构建了集烟气脱硫、水分回收及深度减排的一体化装置,以接触式冷凝换热的方式回收饱和烟气余热,同时提取烟气中水分453.62 t/d。文献[19]依托330 MW燃煤机组搭建了陶瓷膜烟气水分及余热回收中试平台,分析了烟气流量和冷却水温对烟气余热回收效果的影响特性,烟气流量为9 715 m3/h、冷却水温为18.7 ℃时,陶瓷膜回收热量可以达到106.31 MJ/(m2·h)。湿法脱硫出口饱和烟气温度较低,余热再利用场景十分受限。常见的基于温差换热方式难以匹配合适的冷源介质实现饱和烟气余热利用,而吸收式热泵可以提升废热品质,扩大了余热利用场景的选取范围。文献[20]将压缩式热泵应用于锅炉采暖供热系统,利用电能驱动以热网回水为低温热源加热热网给水,通过降低烟气冷凝器进口热网水温度,烟气冷凝器换热量由1.92 MW提升至2.11 MW。
综合分析燃煤电站锅炉尾部烟气污染物治理系统,湿法脱硫后饱和烟气温度较低,难以匹配合适的冷源介质回收余热。然而,结合我国北方地区冬季供暖需求,基于吸收式热泵提升饱和烟气余热温度,将低品位废热用于加热热网回水,存在一定的应用场景[21-23]。本文在调研燃煤机组饱和烟气余热回收再利用技术研究的基础上,提出基于吸收式热泵与脱硫浆液热交换器耦合回收烟气余热系统,并将烟气余热用于加热供热管网回水;结合某典型350 MW燃煤机组,分别以增加机组发电量或提升供暖能力为目标,分析机组运行工况、烟气温度等参数对集中供暖系统热力过程的影响特性,探究不同目标运行模式下的经济收益,验证烟气余热经提质后再利用的可行性,揭示烟气余热再利用的节能理论及应用效果。
选取某典型350 MW高效超临界抽汽凝汽式汽轮发电机组作为研究对象,配备1 110 t/h固态排渣直流煤粉锅炉,采暖期热电比163.5%。燃煤电站锅炉尾部烟气采用石灰石-石膏湿法单塔双循环脱硫工艺脱除二氧化硫,净烟气经GGH加热后排放。汽轮机供暖抽汽位置在中压缸出口,根据供暖工况可以分为最大供热抽汽工况、低压缸解列供热抽汽工况以及额定采暖供热抽汽工况,具体供暖抽汽参数见表1。在不同供暖工况下,燃煤电站汽轮机主蒸汽温度均为600 ℃,主蒸汽压力均为25.6 MPa;同时该机组采用一次中间再热,再热蒸汽温度均为600 ℃,最大供热抽汽工况与低压缸解列供热工况的再热蒸汽压力均为4.84 MPa,额定采暖供热抽汽工况的再热蒸汽压力为4.712 MPa;该机组供暖抽汽压力均为0.4 MPa,最大供热抽汽工况与低压缸解列供热工况的供暖抽汽温度均为247.9 ℃,额定采暖供热抽汽工况的供暖抽汽温度为250.9 ℃,因为不同供暖工况下的再热蒸汽压力、温度参数存在差异,导致在相同供暖抽汽压力条件下的抽汽温度并未保持一致性;在不同供暖工况下,供暖抽汽的疏水温度均为110 ℃。
燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收利用集中供暖系统可以分为余热回收部分、余热提质部分以及余热利用3部分(图1)。余热回收部分以脱硫塔和浆液换热器为主要设备,烟气被脱硫塔内循环浆液洗涤脱除二氧化硫,同时循环浆液吸收烟气余热后温度得到提升,循环热源水利用浆液换热器回收脱硫浆液热量。余热提质部分主要设备为吸收式热泵,其由发生器、冷凝器、蒸发器和吸收器等关键部件组成,溴化锂溶液作为循环介质[24-25],利用少量高温蒸汽驱动,回收热源水吸收的脱硫浆液热量,产生大量的中品位热量。余热利用部分供热管网回水依次进入吸收式热泵的吸收器和冷凝器,吸收式热泵生成的中品位热量被供热管网回水吸收,随后供热管网回水再次进入热网加热器,利用供暖抽汽加热供热管网回水至额定温度后形成供热管网给水。浆液换热器布置有循环浆液旁路,可以保证原有脱硫系统的正常运行;吸收式热泵的吸收器与冷凝器同样布置有热网水旁路,可以保证热网水不经吸收式热泵以原有方式直接进入热网加热器。
采用Aspen Plus构建燃煤电站锅炉尾部饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统仿真模型(图2[26-27],流股为溴化锂溶液、石灰石-石膏浆液、液态水、水蒸气和烟气。燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统模型组成见表2表2中吸收式热泵发生器由HeatX和Flash模块替代,吸收式热泵冷凝器由HeatX模块替代,吸收式热泵节流阀由Throttle1替代,吸收式热泵蒸发器由HeatX替代,吸收式热泵吸收器由Mixer和HeatX替代,浆液换热器由HeatX替代,湿法脱硫塔由Mixer、Mixer和Flash组合替代,热网加热器由HeatX替代。
图3为燃煤电站锅炉尾部饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖评价模型。在设计工况下,供热管网回水、给水温度分别为60、130 ℃,原有供热系统仅采用汽轮机供暖抽汽对供热管网回水加热至额定温度。然而在饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统中,采用吸收式热泵回收湿法脱硫塔循环浆液热量对供热管网回水进行初步加热,而后再采用汽轮机供暖抽汽对供热管网回水加热至额定温度。后者对供热管网回水的加热方式并不改变供热管网回水及给水温度,但可以增加供热管网热水流量或排挤汽轮机供暖抽汽,提升燃煤电站的供暖能力或者供热工况下机组的发电能力。
在燃煤机组湿法脱硫工艺系统内,脱硫进口烟气温度较高,为不饱和状态;脱硫出口烟气温度较低,为含湿饱和状态[28]。湿法脱硫塔的热平衡公式为:
Qi=Qo+Qr
式中:Qi为脱硫塔进口烟气热量,MW;Qo为脱硫塔出口烟气热量,MW;Qr为脱硫浆液吸收的热量,MW。
按实际运行目标不同,燃煤电站锅炉尾部低温饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统可以分为2种模式,增加机组的供暖能力或提高机组的发电量。
在不改变供热管网回水/给水温度的前提下,采用蒸汽型吸收式热泵回收饱和烟气余热,提升供热管网的给水流量,达到增加供暖能力的目的。根据热力学第一定律,饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用后新增供热面积的计算方法为:
S=Qlqh
式中:S为机组新增供暖面积,m2qh为我国严寒或寒冷地区单位建筑面积的供暖热指标,分别取61、43、35 W/m2Q1为吸收式热泵回收的饱和烟气余热量,W。
吸收式热泵利用湿法脱硫塔循环浆液余热制取中品位热量对供热管网回水进行初步加热,相应的排挤供暖抽汽,增加机组发电量[29]。排挤供暖抽汽流量的计算方法为:
mh=QlH5Hj5
采用蒸汽型吸收式热泵回收饱和烟气余热,并排挤供暖抽汽返回汽轮机内继续做功,机组新增发电量与供暖抽汽参数有重要关联。采用等效焓降的方式分析汽轮机抽汽的做功能力[30],抽汽等效焓降及新增发电量的计算方法为:
ΔHi=HiHcr=i+18(ArHrHjr)×ΔHr
P=ΔHi×mh
式中:ΔHi、ΔHr均为各级加热器的等效焓降,kJ/kg;Hc为汽轮机乏汽焓值,kJ/kg;HiHr均为各级加热器对应的抽汽焓值,kJ/kg;Hjr为各级加热器对应的凝结水焓值,kJ/kg;Ar为排挤抽汽影响后续加热器输入热量的减少值,kJ;P为饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统对机组发电量的影响,MW;mh为饱和烟气余热回收再利用排挤供暖抽汽的流量,kg/s;下标i为加热器序号8、7、6、5等,下标r为第i级加热器的下一级加热器序号。
基于Aspen Plus构建的溴化锂吸收式热泵回收再利用饱和烟气余热,排挤供暖抽汽返回汽轮机继续做功或提高供热管网给水流量增加供热能力。本文以典型350 MW燃煤电站为例,湿法脱硫塔入口烟气温度为130 ℃,烟气体积流量为120万m3/h(标况下),对饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统进行研究分析。
以提高机组供热能力为目标时,耦合系统运行的关键节点参数见表3。吸收式热泵发生器利用高温蒸汽作为驱动热源加热低浓度的溴化锂溶液,抽汽流量为92.0 t/h,出口汽相分率为0.16,产生的水蒸气流量为81.0 t/h;吸收式热泵冷凝器利用供热管网回水吸收水蒸气的汽化潜热,保证在吸收式热泵冷凝器出口的水蒸气全部转化为液态水;吸收式热泵节流阀通过降低阀后压力,为后续液态水的吸热蒸发创造条件;吸收式热泵蒸发器吸收循环热源水热量,保证在吸收式热泵内部蒸发器出口的汽相分率为1.00;吸收式热泵吸收器利用供热管网回水吸收水蒸气的溶解热,保证高浓度溴化锂溶液与蒸发器出口水蒸气充分融合成低浓度溴化锂溶液;浆液换热器回收湿法脱硫循环浆液余热用于加热吸收式热泵蒸发器出口的循环热源水,脱硫塔内循环浆液温度降低至50.5 ℃,有助于降低湿法脱硫烟气对水蒸气的携带量,同时回收再利用饱和烟气余热50.23 MW;热网加热器对吸收式热泵冷凝器出口的热网回水进一步加热至设定温度130 ℃,热网循环水流量由4 590 t/h增加至5 205 t/h,供热能力提高了13.4%。
饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统在以不同目标运行时,其重要区别是用于供暖系统的抽汽流量。以提高机组发电量为目标时,耦合系统运行的关键节点参数见表4。饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统供暖抽汽共计467 t/h,原供暖系统供暖抽汽为540 t/h,在保证燃煤电站供暖能力不变的前提下,排挤供暖抽汽流量为73 t/h,排挤抽汽温度为247.9 ℃,排挤抽汽压力为0.4 MPa。供暖抽汽的等效焓降为356.7 kJ/kg,抽汽效率为0.14,排挤的供暖抽汽对应增加了机组约7.23 MW发电量。
燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统以提升供暖能力为目标时,对其经济效益进行分析。参照现行行业标准《城镇供热管网设计标准》(CJJ/T34—2022),居民建筑供暖热指标分别选取未采取节能措施61 W/m2;采取二步节能措施43 W/m2;采取三步节能措施35 W/m2。在燃煤电站饱和烟气余热集中供暖系统应用前后,机组的供热能力见表5。以河北地区为例,年供暖天数为122天,供暖价格为24元/(m2·a),燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的供暖能流增加了50.23 MW,相应的新增供暖面积为82.34~143.51万m3,折合新增年度供暖收益1 976.26~3 444.34万元。
燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统以提升机组发电量为目标时,对其经济效益进行分析。通过回收饱和烟气余热用于供暖系统,达到相同供暖能力的同时降低机组供暖抽汽流量,排挤供暖抽汽约73 t/h返回汽轮机继续做功,相应的增加了机组发电量约7.23 MW。同样,以河北地区为例,年供暖天数为122天,供暖周期新增发电量共计2 116.94万kW·h,按燃煤电站售电价格0.38~0.45元/(kW·h)计算,供暖周期新增发电量带来的经济效益约804.44~952.62万元。对比于以提升供暖能力来看,增加发电量的经济效益较低,因此应着重考虑饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统以提升机组供暖能力为目标的运行特性。这与文献的研究结论是一致的,文献[31]通过降低热网回水温度吸收低品位烟气余热,余热回收方式虽有所不同,但均具有显著的经济效益。
根据选取的典型燃煤机组,图4图5分别展示了燃煤机组供热工况对供暖能力和供热管网热水流量的影响。从图4可以看出,燃煤电站原有供暖系统采用汽轮机供暖抽汽直接加热热网回水,且不同工况下的供热能力差异较大。在额定采暖供热抽汽工况、最大供热抽汽工况和低压缸解列供热抽汽工况下,供暖能流分别为347.95、375.78、454.07 MW;热网加热器能流分别为283.93、311.76、390.05 MW,吸收式热泵驱动热源能流均为64.02 MW,饱和烟气余热回收能流均为50.23 MW。在设定供、回水温度为60、130 ℃的前提下,供热管网的热水流量代表了其供暖能力。从图5可以看出,原有供暖系统在额定采暖供热抽汽工况、最大供热抽汽工况和低压缸解列供热抽汽工况下的热网水流量分别为4 260、4 590、5 548 t/h;饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统对供热管网热水流量均有不同程度的提升,分别提升了14.20%、13.40%和11.03%,提升比例受供热工况影响较为明显。
燃煤机组锅炉尾部烟气经湿法脱硫塔洗涤净化达到饱和状态,其饱和烟气温度与脱硫浆液温度具有直接联系(图6)。吸收式热泵的驱动热源为92 t/h的供暖抽汽,耦合系统模拟过程中始终保持吸收式热泵蒸发器出口汽相分率为1,制冷剂温度为38.5 ℃。从图6中可以看出:在脱硫塔进口烟温为90~135 ℃时,饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统能流保持不变;然而,脱硫塔进口烟温降低对吸收式热泵蒸发器出口热源水温度有明显影响,当脱硫塔进口烟温降低至90.0 ℃时,吸收式热泵蒸发器传热上端差仅为1.3 ℃;此外,随脱硫塔进口烟温不断升高,脱硫后饱和烟气温度由51.4 ℃升高至54.8 ℃,过高的排烟温度加剧烟气水分损失[32]。因为在设定条件下,在选取的脱硫塔进口烟气温度范围内,饱和烟气余热足以提供吸收式热泵蒸发器所需的低温热量,但是随着脱硫塔进口烟气温度降低导致脱硫浆液温度也下降,影响循环热源水温度水平,对吸收式热泵蒸发器的换热效果造成不利影响。
图7探讨了脱硫塔内液气比对浆液温度、排烟温度等参数的影响规律。从图7中可以看出随着脱硫塔内液气比由8 L/m3增加到22 L/m3,循环热源水温度与排烟温度基本不受影响,而脱硫塔内喷淋浆液温度由51.0 ℃升高至53.2 ℃。根据能量守恒定律,吸收式热泵蒸发器吸收的低温热源热量为定值,在脱硫塔进口烟气温度也保持定值的情况下,排烟温度便不受影响。
吸收式热泵蒸发器与浆液换热器之间的热源水为饱和烟气余热的转移提供了基本保障。以脱硫塔进口烟气温度130 ℃,脱硫塔内液气比8 L/m3为例,重点分析循环热源水流量变化的影响特性(图8)。
图8可知:循环热源水流量自2 500 t/h增加至6 500 t/h,循环热源温度先保持在39.5 ℃随后增加至44.9 ℃,而排烟温度由55.9 ℃下降至54.6 ℃后保持不变;吸收式热泵蒸发器内水蒸气饱和温度受节流阀控制,不受循环热源流量的影响,因此保持38.5 ℃不变,这与文献[33]的研究结果是一致的。当循环热源水流量为3 600 t/h时,正处于排烟温度与循环热源水温度发生变化的临界条件,这是因为循环热源水流量低于3 600 t/h时,循环热源水温度会低于吸收式热泵蒸发器内水蒸气饱和温度,影响吸收式热泵的正常运行;此时必须调节吸收式热泵驱动热源流量进而引发排烟温度变化。图9展示了烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的能流变化。由图9可以看出:循环热源水流量由2 500 t/h增加至6 500 t/h,驱动热源能流先由49.20 MW升高至64.02 MW后保持不变;吸收式热泵热源水能流先由38.74 MW增加至50.23 WM后保持不变;在供暖抽汽保持一定的前提下,热网加热器能流先由326.56 MW降低至311.74 MW而后保持不变。烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的总供热能流由吸收式热泵驱动热源能流、吸收式热泵循环热源水能流和热网加热器能流共同影响。同时可以看出饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统总供热能流随循环热源流量增加,先由414.50 MW增加至425.99 MW,而后保持不变。在图9中供热管网给水流量与驱动热源流量均随循环热源水流量的增加呈现出先升高后保持不变的变化规律,吸收式热泵驱动热源流量与驱动热源能流、饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统热网给水流量与总供热能流具有相同的本质意义,因此变化特性也基本一致。
本文讨论了燃煤电站饱和烟气直接排放会造成大量的余热损失,结合北方地区客观存在的供暖需求,利用吸收式热泵提升饱和烟气余热温度,对供热管网回水进行初步加热以提升机组的供暖能力或排挤供暖抽汽增加机组发电量。结合某典型350 MW热电联产机组,分析了热网加热器供暖抽汽的关键参数,重点探究了饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的运行特性和经济效益。本文的主要研究结论如下。
1)基于吸收式热泵技术提升饱和烟气余热品质,构建的饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统应用于燃煤电站在提升供暖能力或增加发电量两方面均有明显效果;通过回收湿法脱硫塔内循环浆液热量,供热管网给水流量增加了615 t/h,供暖能力提升了13.4%,或者实现燃煤电站的发电量增加了7.23 MW。
2)考虑到燃煤电站饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的投资决策,分别对增加供暖能力和提升发电量2种运行模式下的经济效益进行了分析;以提升供暖能力为目标时折合年度新增收益1 975.20~3 442.32万元,以增加发电量为目标时折合年度新增收益804.44~952.62万元;以收益最大化为决策依据,应首先考虑饱和烟气余热回收再利用系统在提升供暖能力模式下运行。
3)饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的供暖能流主要由驱动热源能流、循环热源水能流和抽汽加热能流3部分组成,供热工况类别对供暖能力的提升比例有影响,但供暖能力提升的绝对值保持不变;湿法脱硫塔入口烟气温度对浆液温度和排烟温度影响较大,同时湿法脱硫塔内液气比直接影响浆液温度;循环热源水流量过低会降低饱和烟气余热回收集中供暖系统的供热能力,循环热源水流量的临界值为3 600 t/h。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701503)
  • 龙源环保科技项目(LYHB-23-02)
  • 科环集团科技项目(KH-2023-15)
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2024年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405101
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3701503)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701503)
Technology Program of Longyuan Environmental(LYHB-23-02)
龙源环保科技项目(LYHB-23-02)
Technology Program of Technology & Environment Limited(KH-2023-15)
科环集团科技项目(KH-2023-15)
作者信息
    1.国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
    2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 100096

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滕达(1992),男,博士后,主要研究方向为燃煤电站烟气水分及余热回收利用技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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