Article(id=1236679391045014304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772776943217, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772776943217, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772776943217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772776943217, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236679384321544791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772776941614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772777031740, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236679392760484675, articleId=1236679391045014304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Short-term electrical load forecasting for integrated energy system based on variational mode decomposition, columnId=1236679385139434073, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic of low-carbon power technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the characteristics of complex and variable load and strong coupling of integrated energy system, a combined forecasting model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), Prophet model, long- and short-term memory network (LSTM) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is proposed for short-term electrical load prediction. Firstly, the electric load eigen mode functions with different center frequencies and relatively stable ones are obtained by VMD. Then, after calculating the value of zero cross rate, the modal components of each group are superimposed respectively to form the high-frequency and low-frequency timing components, and the Prophet model is used to extract the high-frequency components for timing features. Finally, the ARIMA prediction model is used to predict the low frequency component, and the LSTM neural network model is applied to predict the high frequency component. The final predicted electric load is obtained by superimposing the respective prediction results. The proposed method is applied to the actual integrated energy system, and the example analysis shows that the combined forecasting method presented above has good forecasting performance for the integrated energy system

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针对综合能源系统负荷复杂多变、耦合性强的特点,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)、Prophet模型、长短时记忆(long- and short-term memory network,LSTM)神经网络、差分自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)模型的Prophet-VAL组合预测模型,用于综合能源系统短期电负荷预测。首先,通过VMD获取不同中心频率和较为稳定的电负荷本征模态函数;接着,根据过零率值的大小将不同模态分量分成高频和低频时序分量,并使用Prophet模型将高频分量进行时序特征提取;最后,通过ARIMA预测模型对低频分量进行预测,使用LSTM神经网络模型对高频分量进行预测,将各自的预测结果进行叠加得到最终的电负荷预测结果。将所提方法应用于实际综合能源系统,实际算例分析表明,所提出的组合预测模型预测性能良好。

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柴琳(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力系统负荷预测、人工智能及其应用,
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苏子越(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统负荷分析和预测,

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苏子越(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统负荷分析和预测,

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Correlation analysis results of electric load of the IES

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项目温度空气
湿度
太阳
辐射量
趋势
特征
周期
特征
节假日特征
相关性0.800.190.650.370.420.05
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401530773718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391045014304, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

综合能源系统电负荷相关性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目温度空气
湿度
太阳
辐射量
趋势
特征
周期
特征
节假日特征
相关性0.800.190.650.370.420.05
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401631437020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391045014304, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The center frequency according to different K values

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负荷K中心频率
ω1ω2ω3ω4ω5ω6
电负荷30.1437.45592.46
40.1335.37610.36803.24
50.1236.13598.72601.21897.76
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401736294624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391045014304, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同K值对应的中心频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷K中心频率
ω1ω2ω3ω4ω5ω6
电负荷30.1437.45592.46
40.1335.37610.36803.24
50.1236.13598.72601.21897.76
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401853735139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391045014304, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of ablation experiment errors

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模型δMAPE /%δRMSE/kWR2计算时间/s
ARIMA27.63554.420.7463.2
LSTM17.82325.140.8834.6
VMD-ARIMA21.45437.620.7954.1
VMD-LSTM14.97221.740.9128.6
VMD-ARIMA-LSTM7.71169.570.9525.7
Prophet-VAL4.85136.740.9822.9
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消融实验误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型δMAPE /%δRMSE/kWR2计算时间/s
ARIMA27.63554.420.7463.2
LSTM17.82325.140.8834.6
VMD-ARIMA21.45437.620.7954.1
VMD-LSTM14.97221.740.9128.6
VMD-ARIMA-LSTM7.71169.570.9525.7
Prophet-VAL4.85136.740.9822.9
), ArticleFig(id=1236679402117976304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679391045014304, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Prediction errors of different models

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模型δMAPE/%δRMSE/kWR2计算时间/s
SVM23.55493.860.761.4
XGBOOST19.73368.390.782.7
GRA-LSTM8.45177.490.9222.6
PSR-BiLSTM7.97167.520.9524.4
ALIF-LSTM7.76173.570.9323.6
Prophet-VAL4.85136.740.9822.9
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不同模型的预测误差

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模型δMAPE/%δRMSE/kWR2计算时间/s
SVM23.55493.860.761.4
XGBOOST19.73368.390.782.7
GRA-LSTM8.45177.490.9222.6
PSR-BiLSTM7.97167.520.9524.4
ALIF-LSTM7.76173.570.9323.6
Prophet-VAL4.85136.740.9822.9
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基于变分模态分解的综合能源系统短期电负荷预测
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苏子越 , 柴琳 , 谢亮 , 肖凡
热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2024,53(12): 21-28
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热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2024, 53(12): 21-28
基于变分模态分解的综合能源系统短期电负荷预测
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苏子越 , 柴琳 , 谢亮, 肖凡
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学信息科学与工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 苏子越(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统负荷分析和预测,

通讯作者:

柴琳(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力系统负荷预测、人工智能及其应用,
Short-term electrical load forecasting for integrated energy system based on variational mode decomposition
Ziyue SU , Lin CHAI , Liang XIE, Fan XIAO
Affiliations
  • School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404084
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针对综合能源系统负荷复杂多变、耦合性强的特点,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)、Prophet模型、长短时记忆(long- and short-term memory network,LSTM)神经网络、差分自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)模型的Prophet-VAL组合预测模型,用于综合能源系统短期电负荷预测。首先,通过VMD获取不同中心频率和较为稳定的电负荷本征模态函数;接着,根据过零率值的大小将不同模态分量分成高频和低频时序分量,并使用Prophet模型将高频分量进行时序特征提取;最后,通过ARIMA预测模型对低频分量进行预测,使用LSTM神经网络模型对高频分量进行预测,将各自的预测结果进行叠加得到最终的电负荷预测结果。将所提方法应用于实际综合能源系统,实际算例分析表明,所提出的组合预测模型预测性能良好。

综合能源系统  /  负荷预测  /  变分模态分解  /  LSTM神经网络  /  Prophet模型

Aiming at the characteristics of complex and variable load and strong coupling of integrated energy system, a combined forecasting model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), Prophet model, long- and short-term memory network (LSTM) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is proposed for short-term electrical load prediction. Firstly, the electric load eigen mode functions with different center frequencies and relatively stable ones are obtained by VMD. Then, after calculating the value of zero cross rate, the modal components of each group are superimposed respectively to form the high-frequency and low-frequency timing components, and the Prophet model is used to extract the high-frequency components for timing features. Finally, the ARIMA prediction model is used to predict the low frequency component, and the LSTM neural network model is applied to predict the high frequency component. The final predicted electric load is obtained by superimposing the respective prediction results. The proposed method is applied to the actual integrated energy system, and the example analysis shows that the combined forecasting method presented above has good forecasting performance for the integrated energy system

integrated energy system  /  load forecasting  /  variational mode decomposition  /  LSTM neural network  /  Prophet model
苏子越, 柴琳, 谢亮, 肖凡. 基于变分模态分解的综合能源系统短期电负荷预测. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 21 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404084
Ziyue SU, Lin CHAI, Liang XIE, Fan XIAO. Short-term electrical load forecasting for integrated energy system based on variational mode decomposition[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 21 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404084
综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)的负荷预测对于日益增大的能源需求至关重要[1]。IES包括电负荷、冷负荷、热负荷等诸多负荷类型,需要对各负荷协调规划。电力系统负荷预测可以依据不同的时间期限划分为超短期、短期和长期负荷预测[2]。电力系统负荷预测的有效性和精度可以有效保持系统稳定运行,合理安排电力调度,提高电网运行效率[3]。但是,短期电力负荷预测会受一些不确定性因素的影响,IES中多种负荷间的复杂耦合关系也使得对系统的负荷预测准确性降低。因此,研究增强短期电力系统负荷预测的准确性至关重要。
国内外学者在负荷预测方面研究一般包括差分自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)模型[4]、朴素预测法、简单平均法(moving average)、卡尔曼滤波[5]等传统预测方法以及支持向量回归(support vector returns,SVR)[6]、随机森林[7]、径向基神经网络、极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)[8]、Prophet模型[9]等机器学习方法。传统时间序列数据分析方法简单可行,Alberg等人[10]提出基于非季节性和季节性滑动窗口的ARIMA模型,该算法将非季节性和季节性ARIMA模型与在线信息网络(online information network,OLIN)方法相结合,实验结果表明,该方法在处理标准差时表现出了稳定的预测性能。罗权[11]构建了考虑气象因素的卡尔曼滤波模型,该算法比传统的卡尔曼滤波具有更高的预测精度。但多元负荷容易被其他诸多条件影响,如天气、国民经济、节假日等,线性方法难以评估短期电力负荷预测中不稳定和随机因素的影响,无法保证预测的有效性。与传统时间序列数据分析方法相比,机器学习方法在解决非线性问题时更为可靠。滕爱国等[12]从稀疏性和鲁棒性的角度对LS-SVR算法进行改进,实验结果表明,改进的LS-SVR算法具有较高的预测精度。Zhang等人[13]提出了一种基于IGSA-ELM算法的负荷预测模型,该模型引入了PSO的记忆和社会信息思想,实验结果表明,该方法在预测速度和精度方面都有较好的表现。但面对特征维度更多、数据复杂度更高的问题时机器学习方法仍表现出处理速度较慢的缺点。
由于上述方法中存在的不足,国内外学者越来越多的选择结合多种预测模型以提高预测精度的组合预测方法。陆继翔等[14]提出了一种卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和长短时记忆(long- and short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络相结合的组合预测模型,先采用CNN对特征向量进行提取,再利用LSTM神经网络进行短期负荷预测,结果表明该方法比单一预测方法的预测效果更好。Yousaf等人[15]提出了一种基于机器学习的住宅负荷智能低频模型,并通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)获得特征的最佳适应度得分,然后提出了一种独特的决策集成策略,该策略在减少预测误差方面具有显著成效。丁美荣等[16]提出通过采用融合t检验的经验模态分解将序列分为高频分量和低频分量,对高频分量使用传统STL序列分解方法进一步对数据做处理,对高频、低频分量分别进行Prophet预测。上述文献在研究负荷预测时均将分解得到的时序分量作为预测对象,未考虑将分解得到的时序分量作为特征输入。
相较于将分解得到的时序分量作为预测对象的传统研究方法,使用Prophet模型将分解得到的时序分量作为负荷预测的输入特征,可以更好地分析复杂时序数据的深层非线性关系,极大限度地保留预测结果的时序相关性。基于此,本文在现有研究成果的基础上,考虑综合能源系统负荷复杂多变、耦合性强等特点,提出一种基于变分模态分解、Prophet模型、差分自回归移动平均模型和长短时记忆神经网络模型的组合预测模型。首先,通过变分模态分解来获取不同中心频率和较为稳定的本征模态函数;接着,根据过零率值的大小将不同模态分量分成高频和低频时序分量,并使用Prophet模型将高频分量进行时序特征提取;最后,通过ARIMA预测模型对低频分量进行预测,使用LSTM神经网络模型对高频分量进行预测,将各自的预测结果进行叠加得到最终的预测结果。
变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition,VMD)是2014年提出的一种非线性信号自适应的模态分解方法,此模型认为所有复杂的非线性信号都可以分解为若干个较为简单平滑的本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)[17-19]。变分模态分解通过使较为复杂的时序变量变得更加平稳,从而提取出许多较为稳定的模态分量。这种方法在处理随机性较强且稳定性较差的信号分解时表现出显著优势。
为了细致分析多元负荷间的相关性和耦合性,将多元负荷应用VMD方法分解为若干较为平稳的本征模态分量。如果为每个本征模态分量建立单独的预测模型,不仅会显著增加运算量和运算时间,还可能导致模型误差叠加,从而影响预测模型的效果。本文根据各个模态分量的中心频率进行考察,将各组模态分量根据过零率的值分为线性平稳性好的低频分量和较为复杂多变的高频分量。
过零率RZC为样本过零次数与数据采样间隔之比:
RZC=NZCA
式中:NZC为样本过零次数;A为数据采样间隔。
ARIMA模型是一种应用较为广泛的时间序列分析方法,在处理线性平稳数据时具有较为明显的优势[20-21]。其基本原理为:将非线性时间序列转化为线性时间序列,接着根据自相关系数和参数估计准则来确定模型中的参数,然后利用建立的模型进行预测。ARIMA模型是利用先前实际发生的结果对未来相关值的预测,一般可表示为ARIMA(p, q, d),d为差分阶数,相关公式为:
xt=φ1xt-1++φpxt-p+εtθ1εt-1θqεt-q
式中:φ1,…, φp为时间序列系数;p为时间序列阶数;εt为白噪声分量;θ1,…, θp为移动平均系数;q为移动平均阶数。
ARIMA模型具有相对简单的构造和较少的模型参数,这使得其预测速度较快。然而,它主要适用于线性和周期性的数据,对于复杂的非线性数据,其预测效果较差。故本文采用ARIMA模型对经过处理后相对平稳且具有一定周期性的低频分量展开预测分析。
LSTM神经网络的核心思想在于采用门控机制来选择性地记忆或遗忘信息,并管理记忆单元的状态更新。这种门控机制通过控制信息的流动,显著缓解了传统循环神经网络中常见的梯度消失问题。具体来说,LSTM神经网络通过引入输入门、遗忘门和输出门,有效地处理了长期依赖问题,使得网络能够更好地捕捉和保留长时间跨度的信息。LSTM神经网络模型如图1所示。
LSTM神经网络的关键是单元状态,其利用门控机制有选择的记忆或者遗忘相关控制信息[22-23]。该模型相应的输入输出可以表示为:
ft=σ(Wf[ht-1,xt]+bf)
it=σ(Wi[ht1,xt]+bf)
Ct=tanh(Wc[ht1,xt]+bc)
Ct=ft·Ct1+it·Ct
ot=σ(Wo[ht1,xt]+bo)
ht=ot·tanh(Ct)
式中:xt为当前时刻输入信息;ht–1为上一时刻的隐藏状态;tanh为双曲正切激活函数;ht为传递到下一时刻的隐藏状态。
本文所使用LSTM神经网络模型的输入层神经元个数为16,输出层神经元个数为1,模型包含1个全连接层,1个LSTM隐藏层的神经网络,其中,隐藏层的隐藏神经单元个数为10。将经Prophet模型进行时序特征提取的高频分量输入LSTM神经网络模型展开预测分析和拟合优化,得到更加精确可靠的高频分量预测结果。
Prophet是2017年提出的一种集成时间序列分解和预测功能的建模方法[24]。Prophet模型通过拟合历史时序数据的变化趋势,分析趋势、周期性以及节假日等相关因素,对时序数据进行周期性拟合,然后,Prophet将这些拟合结果整合,生成原始时序数据的预测值。与其他时间序列算法相比,Prophet模型对于缺失值和异常值的处理更加有效。此外,Prophet还提供了灵活的机制来针对性地训练节假日或特殊日期的影响,从而提高预测的准确性。
综合能源系统负荷序列具有复杂多变、随机性强等特点。因此,本文通过Prophet模型检测综合能源系统电负荷数据的趋势特征、周期特征和节假日特征,以提供更有规律的输入特征,简化数据复杂性并提升负荷预测的可解释性。
Prophet模型充分考虑了时间序列常见的4个影响因素,算法模型为:
y(t)=g(t)+s(t)+h(t)+βt
式中:g(t)为趋势项,由原序列减去周期得到;s(t)为周期项,表示负荷序列中的以周或者年为单位的周期性变化;h(t)为节假日项,反映时间序列在节假日受到的影响;βt为误差项,服从高斯分布。
基于VMD、Prophet模型、ARIMA模型和LSTM神经网络的组合预测模型的构建步骤如下。
1)特征构造 选取综合能源系统负荷预测序列、温度、空气湿度、太阳辐射量等与综合能源系统负荷预测关联性较大的特征作为输入,并将电力系统负荷数据划分为训练集和测试集。
2)模型训练 构建基于VMD、Prophet模型、ARIMA模型和LSTM神经网络的组合预测模型。设置模型各项超参数,学习率为0.001,学习率下降因子为0.1,预测模型的训练批尺寸设为8,迭代次数为1 000。
3)模型寻优和预测 训练集训练完成后,采用Adam优化器对预测模型相关参数进行寻优,寻优完成后使用测试集数据进行负荷预测。
为量化特征因素和负荷序列的相关程度,本文采用基于最大信息系数(MIC)法,选择强相关特征作为预测模型的输入。MIC不仅可以检测出线性关系,还能够检测出各种非线性关系,具有很好的普遍性[25]。MIC的计算公式为:
MIC,m=max[Xm][Y]BI[Xm;Y]log2(min([Xm],[Y]))
式中:MIC,m为第m个特征对应的MIC值;XmY分别为第m个特征序列和电力负荷序列;I[Xm;Y]为第m个特征和负荷之间的互信息参数;B为大小为|Xm||Y|的网格的上限。
本文中MIC的判断值为0.3,当MIC的值大于0.3时为强相关,MIC的值小于0.3时为弱相关。负荷序列、温度、空气湿度、太阳辐射量、趋势特征、周期特征、节假日特征为本文待选的输入特征。综合能源系统电负荷序列与其他6个特征因素的相关性分析见表1
表1可知,电负荷的强相关特征为温度、太阳辐射量、趋势特征和周期特征。
本文所提基于VMD、Prophet模型、ARIMA模型和LSTM神经网络的组合预测流程如图2所示。首先,通过VMD来获取不同中心频率和较为稳定的本征模态函数;接着,根据过零率值的大小将不同模态分量分成高频和低频时序分量,并使用Prophet模型将高频分量进行时序特征提取;最后,通过ARIMA模型对低频分量进行预测,使用LSTM神经网络模型对高频分量进行预测,将各自的预测结果进行叠加得到最终的预测结果。
本文的实验数据来源于亚利桑那州立大学校园综合能源系统[26],该系统由电、冷、热等能源组成,综合能源系统电力负荷数据如图3所示,采样周期为1 h。选用2021年6月1日—2021年7月19日的综合能源负荷数据,形成训练集和测试集.其中,训练集由2021年6月1日—2021年7月11日的共计1 008条负荷数据组成;测试集包括2021年7月12日—2021年7月18日的共计168条负荷数据。
本文对综合能源系统负荷数据进行归一化处理以避免不同量纲带来的误差,归一化公式为:
x=xxminxmaxxmin
式中:x*∈[0, 1],为归一化后的值;xmaxxmin分别为负荷序列中的最大、最小值。
本文通过均方根误差(δRMSE)、绝对平均误差百分比(δMAPE)以及拟合优度R2来评价预测模型准确性的指标。δRMSE为预测值与实际值之差的平方再均值的平方根,其值越小代表预测的性能越稳定。δMAPE计算预测值和实际值的绝对平均误差,其值越小模型预测精度越好。R2为拟合优度值,其值越大模型预测准确度越好。各指标的计算表达式分别如下:
δRMSE=1ni=1n(x^ixi)2
δMAPE=100%ni=1n|x^ixixi|
R2=1i=1n(x^ixi)2i=1n(x¯ixi)2
式中:n为测试样本数;x^i为第i个样本的预测值;xi为第i个样本的实际值;x¯i为样本平均值。
VMD是一种针对非线性信号的分解方法,它可以在一定范围内将非线性信号分解为K个分量。故确定分解的模态数量K是十分关键的。为了确定分解后的模态数量K而计算每个本征模态分量的中心频率ωi,结果见表2。由表2可知,对于电负荷序列,当模态数量K值为5时,ω3ω4的值较为接近,此时出现了模态混叠现象,进而得到模态数量K值为4。
电负荷序列变分模态分解结果如图4所示。由图4可以计算出不同本征模态分量的过零率值,根据过零率值的大小可知IMF1、IMF2和IMF3为高频分量,IMF4为低频分量。其中将IMF4低频分量直接代入ARIMA预测模型进行预测。IMF1、IMF2和IMF3等3个高频分量叠加为高频序列P,将高频序列P使用Prophet模型进行时序分解并代入LSTM神经网络预测模型进行迭代预测,综合预测数值,得到预测结果。
为验证本文提出的组合预测模型在电负荷短期预测中的有效性,选取单一ARIMA模型、单一LSTM模型、VMD-ARIMA(VA)模型、VMD-LSTM(VL)模型和VMD-ARIMA-LSTM(VAL)模型作为电负荷短期预测部分的对比方法进行消融实验,各方法均采用相同的训练集和测试集,并以相同的负荷、温度等特征作为输入。测试集中7月18日对应的预测结果和相关指标如图5表3所示。
图5表3可知,通过对负荷序列进行变分模态分解得到低频和高频分量,再使用Prophet模型对高频分量进行时序特征提取,不仅降低了负荷序列的非平稳性,而且减少了一定的工作量,表现出了更加优越的预测性能。结合负荷的高低频特性进行高频分量和低频分量分别预测可以有效提高预测精度,根据Prophet模型对高频分量进行时序分解可以更好地分析高频分量的时序特征以减少组合预测误差和优化模型结构。与其他5种预测模型相比,Prophet-VAL模型具有更好的预测性能。
为验证本文所提模型在综合能源系统负荷预测中的优越性,本文选择2种机器学习方法——极限梯度提升(XGBOOST)、支持向量机(SVM)和3种深度学习方法——基于灰色关联度分析的长短时记忆神经网络(GRA-LSTM)、基于相空间重构结合双向长短时记忆神经网络(PSR-BiLSTM)、基于自适应局部迭代滤波分解-长短时记忆神经网络(ALIF-LSTM)作为对比模型。上述对比方法的输入与本文所提方法相同,对比方法针对综合能源系统电负荷的短期预测。不同模型在7月18日对应的预测结果和预测误差如图6表4所示。
图6表4对比可知,本文所提模型对电力负荷的预测效果最佳,其他组合模型预测效果次之,单一预测模型的预测效果最差。相比于单一预测模型中预测效果最好的XGBOOST,Prophet-VAL在预测拟合优度提升了25.641%,预测误差δMAPEδRMSE分别降低了75.418%和62.882%。相比于组合预测模型中预测效果最好的PSR-BiLSTM,Prophet-VAL在预测拟合优度提升了3.158%,预测误差δMAPEδRMSE分别降低了39.147%和18.374%。以上算例证明:相对于对比模型,本文所提方法在具有相似计算时间的同时,拥有更好的预测精度,验证了所提基于Prophet模型的VMD-ARIMA-LSTM预测方法在综合能源系统短期负荷预测中具有更高的准确性和适用性。
本文提出一种面向综合能源系统短期负荷预测的基于Prophet的VMD-ARIMA-LSTM混合模型,明显增强了综合能源系统短期负荷预测性能,可得以下结论。
1)融合VMD和Prophet模型降低了原始时序数据的非平稳性,提高了时序数据质量。
2)考虑综合能源系统负荷序列高频分量的复杂性和非线性等特点,使用Prophet模型挖掘综合能源系统负荷序列高频分量的用电特性中,提取负荷序列高频分量中的时序特征。并将使用Prophet模型分解得到的相关时序特征作为输入特征,明显提高所提模型的预测性能。
3)与其他传统机器学习和深度学习预测模型对比,本文所提模型具有更高的预测精度和更优越的预测性能。
本文所提方法未考虑实时电价等因素对负荷预测带来的影响,且算法对极端值的处理并未达到理想情况,原因是极端值偏离常规点的水平难以估计,难以捕捉全部极端值。后续应考虑更多因素对负荷数据的影响,研究如何更好地捕捉极端值,进一步提高预测模型的通用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51877161)
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2024年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404084
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877161)
国家自然科学基金项目(51877161)
作者信息
    武汉科技大学信息科学与工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081

通讯作者:

柴琳(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力系统负荷预测、人工智能及其应用,
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