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In order to provide effective repair and rust prevention treatment for hot surface pipe of utility boilers, and to ensure safe operation of the equipment, cold metal transfer (CMT) cladding process is adopted for water-cooled wall tubes. Four cladding process paths are designed, and the reliability of the numerical simulation data is verified through ANSYS numerical simulation and the CMT cladding experimental platform. Comparison based on the process developed in the simulation process shows that, design of the CMT heat source function has a higher degree of agreement in characterizing the temperature field than the conventional arc heat source. Along the material thickness direction, the change rule of the temperature gradient is consistent with the actual morphology of the specimen cross-section. In the case of the same heat input, the average temperature of the cross-melting path is 30 ℃ lower than that of the sequential melting path, the thermal effect of the cross-melting path on the substrate is smaller, and the stress is 22.0 MPa lower. Pipe deformation reduces by 0.18 mm in the cross-over reverse welding path compared with that in the sequential reverse welding path. Comprehensively considering the effects of the residual stresses and the deformations, the cross-reversed melting path is the optimal process route for CMT.

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为对电厂锅炉受热面管进行有效的修复及防腐处理,保障设备的安全运行,针对水冷壁管采用了一种冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)熔覆工艺。设计了4种熔覆工艺路径,通过ANSYS数值模拟与搭建的CMT熔覆实验平台,验证了数值模拟数据的可靠性。根据仿真过程中拟定的工艺进行对比,结果表明:设计的CMT热源函数表征的温度场较传统电弧热源吻合度更高,且沿材料厚度方向的温度梯度变化规律与试样横截面实际形貌规律一致;在热输入相同的情况下,交叉熔覆路径平均温度均比顺序熔覆路径低30 ℃,交叉熔覆路径给基体带来的热影响更小,比顺序熔覆路径后的应力低22.0 MPa;交叉反向熔覆路径下的管道变形较顺序反向熔覆路径减小0.18 mm;综合考虑残余应力和变形量的影响,得出交叉反向熔覆路径是CMT最佳的工艺路线。

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成小乐(1976),男,教授,主要研究方向为耐磨材料和先进成型技术,
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李宏猷(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为先进成型技术及数值模拟,

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Matrix 12Cr1MoV and wire ERNiCrMo-3 chemical composition

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材料CSiCrNiMoVPSMn
12CrMo1V0.140≤0.6000.8000.1500.100≤0.025≤0.025≤0.600
ERNiCrMo-3≤0.100≤0.50020.000~23.000≥58.0008.000~10.000≤0.500
), ArticleFig(id=1236679406895297103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679389417632750, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基体12Cr1MoV及焊丝ERNiCrMo-3化学成分

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材料CSiCrNiMoVPSMn
12CrMo1V0.140≤0.6000.8000.1500.100≤0.025≤0.025≤0.600
ERNiCrMo-3≤0.100≤0.50020.000~23.000≥58.0008.000~10.000≤0.500
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面向锅炉水冷壁管的冷金属过渡熔覆工艺路径优化研究
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李宏猷 1 , 成小乐 1 , 邢宇 1 , 刘福广 2 , 常哲 2 , 吴晓俊 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(12): 120-128
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(12): 120-128
面向锅炉水冷壁管的冷金属过渡熔覆工艺路径优化研究
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李宏猷1 , 成小乐1 , 邢宇1, 刘福广2, 常哲2, 吴晓俊2
作者信息
  • 1.西安工程大学机电工程学院,陕西 西安 710600
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 李宏猷(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为先进成型技术及数值模拟,

通讯作者:

成小乐(1976),男,教授,主要研究方向为耐磨材料和先进成型技术,
Optimization of CMT cladding process path for boiler water-cooled wall tubes
Hongyou LI1 , Xiaole CHENG1 , Yu XING1, Fuguang LIU2, Zhe CHANG2, Xiaojun WU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Engineering University, Xi’an 710600, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405092
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为对电厂锅炉受热面管进行有效的修复及防腐处理,保障设备的安全运行,针对水冷壁管采用了一种冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)熔覆工艺。设计了4种熔覆工艺路径,通过ANSYS数值模拟与搭建的CMT熔覆实验平台,验证了数值模拟数据的可靠性。根据仿真过程中拟定的工艺进行对比,结果表明:设计的CMT热源函数表征的温度场较传统电弧热源吻合度更高,且沿材料厚度方向的温度梯度变化规律与试样横截面实际形貌规律一致;在热输入相同的情况下,交叉熔覆路径平均温度均比顺序熔覆路径低30 ℃,交叉熔覆路径给基体带来的热影响更小,比顺序熔覆路径后的应力低22.0 MPa;交叉反向熔覆路径下的管道变形较顺序反向熔覆路径减小0.18 mm;综合考虑残余应力和变形量的影响,得出交叉反向熔覆路径是CMT最佳的工艺路线。

冷金属过渡  /  路径优化  /  温度场  /  残余应力  /  数值模拟

In order to provide effective repair and rust prevention treatment for hot surface pipe of utility boilers, and to ensure safe operation of the equipment, cold metal transfer (CMT) cladding process is adopted for water-cooled wall tubes. Four cladding process paths are designed, and the reliability of the numerical simulation data is verified through ANSYS numerical simulation and the CMT cladding experimental platform. Comparison based on the process developed in the simulation process shows that, design of the CMT heat source function has a higher degree of agreement in characterizing the temperature field than the conventional arc heat source. Along the material thickness direction, the change rule of the temperature gradient is consistent with the actual morphology of the specimen cross-section. In the case of the same heat input, the average temperature of the cross-melting path is 30 ℃ lower than that of the sequential melting path, the thermal effect of the cross-melting path on the substrate is smaller, and the stress is 22.0 MPa lower. Pipe deformation reduces by 0.18 mm in the cross-over reverse welding path compared with that in the sequential reverse welding path. Comprehensively considering the effects of the residual stresses and the deformations, the cross-reversed melting path is the optimal process route for CMT.

cold metal transfer  /  path optimization  /  temperature field  /  residual stress  /  numerical simulation
李宏猷, 成小乐, 邢宇, 刘福广, 常哲, 吴晓俊. 面向锅炉水冷壁管的冷金属过渡熔覆工艺路径优化研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405092
Hongyou LI, Xiaole CHENG, Yu XING, Fuguang LIU, Zhe CHANG, Xiaojun WU. Optimization of CMT cladding process path for boiler water-cooled wall tubes[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405092
当下火电机组深度调峰、混煤掺烧、低氮氧燃烧等新常态运行工况所导致的锅炉受热面(水冷壁管、省煤器管、过热器管和再热器管)高温腐蚀磨损日益严重[1-2]。锅炉水冷壁管一旦因腐蚀发生泄漏,不但增加了检修的工作量,还可能酿成事故并造成数百万的经济损失,严重影响了发电厂的安全和经济效益,因此锅炉水冷壁管的防护十分必要。目前锅炉水冷壁管仍以合金钢等传统金属材料为主,新型合金材料的使用能够有效提高锅炉管道的耐蚀性,但其高昂的成本导致无法全面应用。因此,采用表面工程技术在锅炉水冷壁管受热面制备耐蚀涂层是最经济有效的防护方式[3-4]。表面制备耐蚀涂层的方法众多,普通电弧焊接(TIG/MIG)在小电流模式下为短路过渡,飞溅大,成型质量差;热喷涂层与基体之间为机械结合,结合强度远远低于冶金结合层强度;激光熔覆具有低稀释率、热影响区小、环保性等优点,但其效率低下不适合进行大面积熔覆作业[5-6]。电厂锅炉管道检修超时会直接引起经济损失,水冷壁修复效率的重要性不容忽视,通过提高修复效率,可以确保锅炉系统的稳定运行、提高能源利用效率、延长设备使用寿命、降低维护成本以及提升生产效益[7]
近年来,冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)技术凭借其独特的优势和广泛的应用前景,成为了材料表面改性、修复和增强领域的研究热门。CMT能够在基体材料上形成冶金结合的表面涂层,赋予基体材料卓越的耐磨、耐蚀、耐热、抗氧化和电气特性,显著提升其整体性能。CMT熔覆过程中,焊丝以特定的频率和速度进行脉冲式输送与基材形成电弧进行熔覆[8-10]。由于采用了CMT的原理,对熔覆过程中的热量产生和传导得到了有效控制,从而减少了过热对熔覆件造成的影响。实际应用中CMT熔覆技术以其高质量、高效率、低稀释率、环保等优点,已被相继应用于航空航天、机械制造、船舶制造、电子设备制造等领域[11-15]。CMT熔覆工艺作为一个复杂的热力偶变成型过程,需要综合考虑材料、工艺和设备等多个因素,以实现高效、高质量的熔覆加工。对异种材料进行CMT熔覆时可能出现裂纹、残余应力过大等,故需对其工艺参数进行优化,以确保其熔覆质量和熔覆稳定性[16-20]。目前国内外对CMT技术的研究主要集中在热输入对熔覆成型的影响[21-23],针对水冷壁管下的CMT熔覆路径对成型的影响很少受到关注。韩会等[24]采用了几种不同的扫描路径进行熔覆,研究后发现以平行线扫描方式的长边螺旋扫描路径进行熔覆时,产生的热影响区、残余应力、曲翘变形等相对较小,温度梯度及整体位移量也很小。Chen等人[25]针对异种材料成形进行研究,发现之字形平行扫描可以缓解构件的球化效应、提高成形质量,岛状扫描策略可以降低构件内部的应力水平,提高层间的冶金结合能力。关于CMT熔覆工艺的探索主要停留在大量实验阶段,但实验费时费力,且某些极端的工况条件在实验下无法进行。基于有限元软件对熔覆工艺的探索近年来引起了国内外研究人员的高度关注,陈鑫等[26]建立了面热源与体热源耦合的组合热源模型,可以更贴近实际熔池的形貌,提高了模拟结果的准确性。赵俊鹏[27]建立了激光-CMT复合焊接数值模拟模型,结果得到的焊缝截面形貌和实验所得焊缝形貌吻合程度较高。宋旷达等[28]将双椭球热源模型与3D高斯热源模型相结合,可以更接近真实热源形貌形态。但在热源模型方面,很少有人关注CMT焊丝送抽技术的热源表征。
本文建立了能够详细表征抽丝行为的特征函数,丰富了CMT熔覆工艺热源的数学模型;搭建了与理论模型相匹配的CMT实验平台,获取了熔覆过程中的熔池温度变化特征,对熔覆后试样进行了微观组织分析,验证了理论模型的正确性;通过一系列数值模拟过程,总结出了不同熔覆工艺路径对温度、残余应力和变形的影响规律,并对熔覆后试样进行残余应力检测,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性;最后对不同熔覆工艺路径的适用范围进行评估,为锅炉水冷壁管下的CMT熔覆工艺提供参考依据。
建立了4种不同熔覆路径有限元模型及CMT适应性热源函数。在热源模型方面,由于CMT焊机具有其独特的焊丝送抽技术,故本文在高斯热源的基础上引入脉冲函数来表征CMT热源特点,如式(1)所示。
q(x,y,t)=Q/πR02exp{2[(xx0)2+(yv0t)2]/R02}
式中:q(x,y,t)为时刻t在(x,y)处的热通量;Q为功率;R0为热源半径;x0为热源中心在x方向上的坐标;v0为热源移动速度。
在高斯热源的基础上使用APDL命令编写Do循环语句和IF语句使得高斯热源函数命令流实现脉冲加载,模拟CMT焊机的焊丝送抽技术。在焊丝材料选取方面,ERNiCrMo-3焊丝具有优异的耐腐蚀性和高温强度、良好的焊接性和加工性能,在高温、高压和腐蚀环境下能够长期稳定运行,是石油化工、电厂锅炉等领域的首选焊接材料[29]。CMT熔覆工艺数值模拟采用ANSYS瞬态热分析模块,赋予基体管道材料属性为12Cr1MoV、单管尺寸Φ63 mm×8 mm×400 mm,熔覆材料ERNiCrMo-3,基体及焊丝的化学成分见表1
由于熔覆区域的温度梯度较大,故对熔覆层采用全六面体网格划分,同时对热量扩散区进行网格加密,CMT熔覆有限元模型如图1所示。为了节约计算资源,对熔覆区可能的影响区均进行了网格过渡操作。
建立4种不同熔覆路径模型,探究不同熔覆路径对温度、残余应力及变形的影响,具体如图2所示。设定热源功率为2 700 W,热源移动速度3.3 mm/s;单道成型时间60 s,层间冷却时间20 s,6道成型共用时480 s,6道熔覆结束后冷却约1 h。
实验熔覆层采用ERNiCrMo-3焊丝,基体材料为12Cr1MoV 3排管道、尺寸为Φ63 mm×8 mm×400 mm的单管共3根。熔覆前先对基体管道进行清洗及预打磨,以消除杂质的影响;随后将基体管道固定在平台上,防止其在熔覆过程中产生晃动影响熔覆效果,再对焊丝头部进行清理,避免熔覆不均匀现象出现。固定后的管道形貌如图3a)所示,固定后的管道垂直度良好,且位置适合焊枪运行轨迹。
CMT设备采用ABB焊接机械臂、TPS 400i焊机、Fronius焊枪。实验开始前,将焊枪头对准基体管排进行轨迹预设,保证焊枪头在熔覆过程中不会出现撞击;焊枪在设定轨迹下进行熔覆成型作业。成型过程如图3b)所示,实验采用交叉同向熔覆路径,施焊电流为200 A,施焊电压13.6 V,送丝速度7.0 m/min,层间搭接率30%,单道成型时间60 s,层间冷却20 s,依次熔覆6道。
图4a)为CMT熔覆后的ERNiCrMo-3表面涂层照片。由图4a)可见,熔覆区域表面平整,熔覆层厚度均匀且每道之间搭接良好,未出现明显凹坑、气孔、断裂等表面缺陷。图4b)为使用4%硝酸酒精对熔覆层横截面进行腐蚀的照片。由图4可以明显分辨出熔覆层、热影响区以及基体,且熔覆层与基体之间成形良好,熔覆层边缘附近未出现气孔、未熔合等成形缺陷。
熔覆层在光学显微镜下观察的微观组织如图5所示。由图5可知:熔覆层与母材、焊道间形成了良好的冶金结合,微观界面无可见杂质、裂纹等缺陷;在熔覆层底部,母材与焊缝形成了明显的熔合边界,可以看出热影响区较基体组织更加致密,热影响区基材在热循环作用下未熔化,但固态的基材组织和性能明显发生变化[30-32]
通过观察熔覆后试样良好的宏观形貌和微观组织,明确了CMT熔覆参数的合理性,为后续模拟仿真提供了正确的工艺参数。
CMT熔覆时熔池温度会持续维持在1 500 ℃左右,在单道熔覆结束后5 s内温度会骤降至400 ℃左右。温差过大势必会对基体管道产生影响,致使材料热膨胀引起管道变形、给基体管道带来二次应力。由于每道熔覆之间会产生热量累积,故不同的熔覆路径对成型结果必然会产生影响。通过数值模拟的热力耦合模块来分析熔覆过程中的热累积现象,从而揭示不同熔覆路径对成型结果的影响。
本文针对水冷壁管设计了CMT熔覆热源函数,图6为热源函数所得温度场与实际试样横截面对比。由图6可知,熔池与热影响区温度梯度变化规律与试样横截面实际形貌规律一致,确定了热源模型的合理性。
图7为CMT单道熔覆结束后5 s内,用手持式温度计测得熔覆层表面温度为337 ℃,可见管道与空气之间的对流使得熔覆层温度直线下降。
采用普通电弧热源与CMT热源进行对比,对单道熔覆结束5 s后的熔覆层末端表面进行温度采集,结果如图8所示。
通过对比得出CMT热源有其独特的脉冲加热方式,使得熔池更接近真实情况,与实测温度曲线接近,对比结果如图9所示。CMT热源更接近实验温度,验证了CMT热源模型的准确性。
为了确保模拟计算的准确性,采用统一与实验的工艺参数进行数值模拟。图10给出熔覆热源功率为2 700 W,热源移动速度3.3 mm/s,交叉同向熔覆路径不同时刻的温度云图。当熔覆时间到100 s时(图10a)),第1道已经熔完开始第2道熔覆,此时熔池温度为1 546 ℃,高于熔覆材料和基体材料的熔点,使基体管道和熔覆层两者实现冶金结合;当熔覆时间到250 s时(图10b)),正在进行第4道熔覆,此前已经熔覆完成3道,整体热量也在不断累积,此时熔池最高温度为1 554 ℃略高于前3道的熔池温度,整体温度扩散方式正确;当熔覆时间到400 s时(图10c)),第5道熔覆结束并且冷却后第6道熔覆刚刚开始,此时第6道熔池刚刚形成,正处于温度逐渐上升状态,温度为1 471 ℃,前5道的温度也在不断向管道两侧扩散;当时间到4 000 s时(图10d)),6道熔覆作业已全部完成并已冷却近1 h,冷却后温度下降明显,整体最高温度为63 ℃,已经逐渐接近室温,通过温度云图可以看出,温度扩散中心在最后一道熔覆层周围,沿着管道轴线方向逐渐扩散。
为了探究不同熔覆路径对成型结果的影响,采用了4组不同熔覆路径进行CMT熔覆。图11为4种不同熔覆路径下的温度差异曲线。4种熔覆路径的熔池温度均满足熔覆条件的情况下,顺序路径的热累积现象较交叉熔覆明显,因为在顺序路径熔覆工艺中上一道熔覆刚结束下一道紧密衔接,2道的温度会形成叠加,会造成整体温度趋势的扩大。从温度的角度分析,不论是交叉同向还是交叉反向路径,两者平均温度均比顺序路径低30 ℃,由此可见交叉路径对基体的热影响更小。
不同熔覆路径对应力和变形均会产生影响,在实际工程中较小的残余应力和变形意味着熔覆后的材料更稳定,不容易发生裂纹。通过对不同熔覆路径下的残余应力和变形进行分析,来获得最佳熔覆路径,从而为实际工程提供理论依据。使用X射线衍射法对熔覆后试样横截面进行法向应力测试,测试结果如图12所示。由图12图13可知,测得基体表面多点的法向应力平均值为16.0 MPa,模拟管道截面法向应力平均值为8.6 MPa。参考锅炉用无缝钢管[33]及数值模拟管道截面法向应力云图进行对比后发现:法向应力的实测值与模拟值吻合度较高,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。
从测得试样法向应力分布状态可知,熔覆层内部受轴向压应力,主要原因是熔覆层熔化体积膨胀过程中对未熔化的母材部分造成了挤压作用;熔覆层冷却收缩过程中又受到母材部分的约束作用,从而造成了外部受拉,内部受压的应力分布状态。为了探究不同熔覆路径对管道整体造成的影响,分析了熔覆结束并冷却后的不同熔覆路径下等效应力分布云图,具体如图14所示。由图14可以发现,应力主要沿管道轴向分布,在熔覆层下方管道与鳍片相连接处产生了较小的应力集中现象。
不同熔覆路径下的应力对比如图15所示。由图15可知,采用反向路径(B组、D组)熔覆后的应力值较顺序路径(A组、C组)低22.0 MPa。可见顺序路径熔覆后的热积累现象明显,从而引起较大的应力集中,在工程中过大的残余应力势必会给工件带来开裂的隐患。综上,对水冷壁管的熔覆工艺采用交叉路径熔覆较为合理。
初始管道内壁的尺寸为47.00 mm,对熔覆后试样使用游标卡尺测量了管道内壁熔覆层中心区域变形情况,具体如图16所示。由图16可见,熔覆层一侧受热膨胀导致靠近鳍片的管道出现0.68 mm的变形。大面积熔覆势必会引起更大程度的变形量,所以变形的影响不可忽略。
不同熔覆路径会对管道造成不定量的变形,图17为不同熔覆路径后管道的整体变形情况。熔覆过程中在管道底部施加了约束条件,相当于水冷壁管道服役时的悬垂工况,通过不同熔覆路径用以判断水冷壁服役真实工况下进行熔覆时的翘曲规律。
图17的模拟结果发现,最大变形区域在管排的自由端。当熔覆开始时,热量逐渐增加累积,水冷壁管向熔覆层的另一侧发生变形;当熔覆作业进行时,变形最大;随后因为散热以及熔覆位置变化导致收缩,变形随之降低,待到完全冷却后,水冷壁管向熔覆层一侧弯曲,且弯曲幅值较熔覆过程中的弯曲程度大大降低。不同熔覆路径下的变形对比如图18所示。图18通过4种熔覆路径下的变形对比得出,交叉反向熔覆路径下的管道变形较顺序反向熔覆路径减小0.18 mm,在实际工程中综合考虑残余应力和变形量的影响,可以得出交叉反向熔覆路径是最优的工况。
本文针对锅炉水冷壁管下的CMT熔覆过程进行了数值模拟与实验验证,通过引入了脉冲函数来表征CMT熔覆过程中的焊丝送抽技术,并通过金相组织实验验证了理论模型的合理性。在此基础上设计了4种工艺路径并搭建了CMT熔覆实验平台,同时对实验后的试样进行了残余应力的测试。通过对数值模拟中拟定的工况进行对比验证,得出如下结论。
1)采用CMT热源函数表征的温度场结果与实验较为吻合,且沿材料厚度方向的温度梯度变化规律与试样横截面实际形貌规律一致。
2)在热输入相同的情况下,交叉熔覆路径平均温度均比顺序熔覆路径低30 ℃,交叉路径给基体带来的热影响更小。
3)在热输入相同的情况下,采用交叉反向熔覆路径可以显著减小熔覆后工件中的残余应力,比顺序反向熔覆路径后的应力低22.0 MPa。
4)交叉反向熔覆路径下管道变形较顺序反向熔覆路径减小0.18 mm;在实际工程中综合考虑残余应力和变形量的影响,交叉反向熔覆是最优的工艺路径。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H77)
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TN-21-HJK39/H3)
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2024年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405092
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-H77)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H77)
Science and Technology Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TN-21-HJK39/H3)
西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TN-21-HJK39/H3)
作者信息
    1.西安工程大学机电工程学院,陕西 西安 710600
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

成小乐(1976),男,教授,主要研究方向为耐磨材料和先进成型技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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