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In view of the complex variation law and strong autocorrelation of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, by using relevant variables and their historical information, ensemble learning online models of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration are established. The ensemble learning online models include the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GBDT), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model. The prediction results are compared and selected, among which the GBDT regressor is the best. In order to further improve the prediction effect of the model, a GBDT differential regression model is established by combining the first-order difference with the GBDT regression algorithm. The tests show that the established GBDT differential regression model has better prediction performance than the aforementioned models. The mean squared error of the predicted value is 20.2% lower than that of the simple GBDT regressor, and 46.5% lower than that of the online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) model used in the reference. The online model also fully considers avoiding the influence of the instrument purge process, and has strong practicability.

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针对循环流化床锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度变化规律复杂、自相关性强等特点,利用有关变量及其历史信息,分别建立了氮氧化物排放质量浓度的整合移动平均自回归(ARIMA)和随机森林(RF)、梯度提升树(GBDT)、极致梯度提升树(XGBoost)等集成学习在线模型,并对预测效果进行对比择优,其中以GBDT回归器为最优。为了进一步改进模型的预测效果,提出将一阶差分与GBDT回归算法相结合,建立了GBDT差分回归模型。测试表明所建立的GBDT差分回归模型比前述模型具有更好的预测性能,其预测值的均方差比单纯GBDT回归器降低了20.2%,并比参考文献采用的在线贯序极限学习机(OS-ELM)模型低46.5%。所建的在线模型还充分考虑避免仪表吹扫过程的影响,具有较强的实用性。

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吴家标(1977),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为工业过程建模、优化与控制,

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吴家标(1977),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为工业过程建模、优化与控制,

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吴家标(1977),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为工业过程建模、优化与控制,

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Power Tools, 2021(2): 14-16., articleTitle=Research on modeling of combustion system based on OS-ELM algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236679399559459214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, awardId=2021YFC2101100, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2101100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236679399630762387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, awardId=2021YFC2101100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2101100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236679399735619988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, awardId=62073288, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073288), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236679399836283289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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Variables used in modeling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量物理意义变量物理意义
x1/%燃煤水分x6/(m3·t–1)氨水耗率
x2/%燃煤灰分x7/(t·h–1)主蒸汽流量
x3/%燃煤挥发分x8/℃SCR入口烟温
x4/(MJ·kg–1)燃煤低位热值y/(mg·m–3)氮氧化物排放质量浓度(标况下)
x5/%烟气含氧量
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398334722382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

建模所用的变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量物理意义变量物理意义
x1/%燃煤水分x6/(m3·t–1)氨水耗率
x2/%燃煤灰分x7/(t·h–1)主蒸汽流量
x3/%燃煤挥发分x8/℃SCR入口烟温
x4/(MJ·kg–1)燃煤低位热值y/(mg·m–3)氮氧化物排放质量浓度(标况下)
x5/%烟气含氧量
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398456357204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The top 3 combinations of p, d, q and their corresponding AIC values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pdqAIC
11116 452.4
21116 453.8
11216 453.9
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398544437593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

排名前3的pdq组合及其对应AIC值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pdqAIC
11116 452.4
21116 453.8
11216 453.9
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398653489503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Optimal network structural parameters and corresponding scores of ensemble learning regressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RFGBDTXGBoost
n_estimators8616694
max_depth2343
score0.9330.9430.939
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398754152804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

集成学习回归器最优网络结构参数及相应得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RFGBDTXGBoost
n_estimators8616694
max_depth2343
score0.9330.9430.939
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398817067367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The optimal network structural parameters and corresponding scores of ensemble learning differential regressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RF差分GBDT差分XGBoost差分
n_estimators403212
max_depth151211
score0.3290.3420.325
), ArticleFig(id=1236679398921924976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

集成学习差分回归器最优网络结构参数及相应得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RF差分GBDT差分XGBoost差分
n_estimators403212
max_depth151211
score0.3290.3420.325
), ArticleFig(id=1236679399026782579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of three types of model performance indicators studied in this paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ARIMAGBDTGBDT
差分
GBDT差分与GBDT对比
R20.918 0.948 0.959 1.1%
δMAE1.338 1.095 0.973 -11.1%
δMSE4.507 2.837 2.264 -20.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1236679399144223099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

本文研究的3类模型性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ARIMAGBDTGBDT
差分
GBDT差分与GBDT对比
R20.918 0.948 0.959 1.1%
δMAE1.338 1.095 0.973 -11.1%
δMSE4.507 2.837 2.264 -20.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1236679399261663614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Performance index comparison between the optimal model in this paper and the model in literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OS-ELMGBDT差分对比
R20.9230.959 3.9%
δMAE1.4730.973 -34.0%
δMSE4.2292.264 -46.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1236679399429435783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679386817164251, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

本文最优模型与参考文献模型性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OS-ELMGBDT差分对比
R20.9230.959 3.9%
δMAE1.4730.973 -34.0%
δMSE4.2292.264 -46.5%
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基于集成学习的CFB锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度在线建模研究
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吴家标 1, 2, 3 , 刘兴高 1, 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(12): 86-92
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(12): 86-92
基于集成学习的CFB锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度在线建模研究
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吴家标1, 2, 3 , 刘兴高1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学工业控制技术全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2.浙江大学工业控制科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 3.丽水市杭丽热电有限公司,浙江 丽水 323010
  • 吴家标(1977),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为工业过程建模、优化与控制,

Research on online modeling of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration of circulating fluidized bed boiler based on ensemble learning
Jiabiao WU1, 2, 3 , Xinggao LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Industry Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2.College of Control Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 3.Lishui City Hangli Cogeneration Co., Ltd., Lishui 323010, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404086
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针对循环流化床锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度变化规律复杂、自相关性强等特点,利用有关变量及其历史信息,分别建立了氮氧化物排放质量浓度的整合移动平均自回归(ARIMA)和随机森林(RF)、梯度提升树(GBDT)、极致梯度提升树(XGBoost)等集成学习在线模型,并对预测效果进行对比择优,其中以GBDT回归器为最优。为了进一步改进模型的预测效果,提出将一阶差分与GBDT回归算法相结合,建立了GBDT差分回归模型。测试表明所建立的GBDT差分回归模型比前述模型具有更好的预测性能,其预测值的均方差比单纯GBDT回归器降低了20.2%,并比参考文献采用的在线贯序极限学习机(OS-ELM)模型低46.5%。所建的在线模型还充分考虑避免仪表吹扫过程的影响,具有较强的实用性。

循环流化床锅炉  /  氮氧化物  /  ARIMA  /  集成学习  /  GBDT差分在线模型

In view of the complex variation law and strong autocorrelation of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, by using relevant variables and their historical information, ensemble learning online models of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration are established. The ensemble learning online models include the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GBDT), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model. The prediction results are compared and selected, among which the GBDT regressor is the best. In order to further improve the prediction effect of the model, a GBDT differential regression model is established by combining the first-order difference with the GBDT regression algorithm. The tests show that the established GBDT differential regression model has better prediction performance than the aforementioned models. The mean squared error of the predicted value is 20.2% lower than that of the simple GBDT regressor, and 46.5% lower than that of the online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) model used in the reference. The online model also fully considers avoiding the influence of the instrument purge process, and has strong practicability.

CFB boiler  /  nitrogen oxides  /  ARIMA  /  ensemble learning  /  GBDT differential online model
吴家标, 刘兴高. 基于集成学习的CFB锅炉氮氧化物排放质量浓度在线建模研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 86 -92 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404086
Jiabiao WU, Xinggao LIU. Research on online modeling of nitrogen oxides emission mass concentration of circulating fluidized bed boiler based on ensemble learning[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 86 -92 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404086
随着环保形势日趋严峻,人们迫切需要深入了解燃煤设备的环保指标变化规律,以便更加有效地对其进行控制。氮氧化物、二氧化硫、粉尘是燃煤循环流化床锅炉(CFB)的3项主要环保排放指标,其中氮氧化物是控制难度最大的一项。建立循环流化床锅炉氮氧化物的在线预测模型对锅炉的运行监视、控制等具有重要实际意义。
本文以某热电厂一台额定蒸发量为130 t/h的高温超高压燃煤循环流化床锅炉为例,进行氮氧化物排放质量浓度的在线模型建模研究。该炉采用选择性非催化还原(SNCR)+选择性催化还原(SCR)联合脱硝法对氮氧化物进行脱除。
目前在氮氧化物排放数据分析中,大部分学者采用支持向量机、神经网络算法和集成学习算法进行建模[1-6]。其中集成学习算法通过组合不同学习器的优势,提高整个集成模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性,避免单一模型所带来的局限性[1]。文献[3]也表明集成学习算法之一的梯度提升树(GBDT)比支持向量回归(SVR)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)更具优势。然而目前研究尚缺乏对不同种类集成学习算法对氮氧化物预测效果的具体比较,以及对集成学习算法进一步改进的有效方法。本文则是采用整合移动平均自回归(ARIMA)和多种集成学习算法分别建立循环流化床锅炉氮氧化物在线预测模型,并进行详细地对比择优,创新性地提出GBDT差分回归模型,以进一步提高模型的预测性能。此外,建模时还充分考虑避免受仪表吹扫过程的实际影响。
循环流化床锅炉氮氧化物排放(NOx)变化规律非常复杂,其影响因素包括因变量(NOx)自身的历史信息,以及其他有关变量的当前值及历史信息。
除因变量(NOx),可从现场获得的变量主要有燃煤成分(包括水分、灰分、挥发分、低位发热量)、给煤流量、一次风流量、二次风流量、氧量、主蒸汽流量、氨水流量、炉膛出口烟气温度(即SNCR反应温度)、SCR入口烟气温度等。
为避免自变量之间的强相关,本文忽略给煤流量、一次风流量、二次风流量、炉膛出口温度等与锅炉负荷(主蒸汽流量)或烟气含氧量有很强相关性的变量,并采用氨水耗率(氨水流量与主蒸汽流量之比)代替氨水流量。经综合考虑,建模所用的变量见表1,各变量在工艺过程中的逻辑关系如图1所示。
建模数据中,过程数据x5x8y来自锅炉连续正常运行10日的分散控制系统(DCS)历史记录,采样周期为30 s,共28 800个样本;燃煤成分数据x1x4来自每日仅一组的入炉煤工业分析数据,故同一日的样本点采用相同的煤分析数据。
对于历史信息,由于氮氧化物分析仪存在定期或不定期吹扫问题,吹扫期间氮氧化物测量值有大幅度的异常波动,真实数据无法获得,而用插值法也只能等吹扫完成后形成。根据一般吹扫时间,本文设定因变量可利用的历史数据是3 min前,即时间点t–6及以前的历史数据。煤分析数据之外的自变量不受此限制,可利用时间点t–1及以前的历史数据。而煤分析数据为每日更新1次,其短期历史信息无变化,故不重复采用。
针对氮氧化物分析仪吹扫期间的异常波动,本文先检测出吹扫期间的最高值,将最高值及其前2个、后1个时间点数值,采用时间点t–3与时间点t+2信号进行线性插值。
此外,本文按3σ原则处理其他可能的异常数据,并将自变量数据采用标准差标准化。
将28 800个样本点按7.0:1.5:1.5的数量比例进行划分,按时间先后顺序依次作为训练集(training set)、验证集(validation set)和测试集(test set),分别用于模型训练、模型网络结构搜索和模型的最终评估。
本文主要使用Python编程语言[7-8]进行建模、模型训练、测试等工作。
氮氧化物排放质量浓度的采样信号具有较强的前后相关性,可以当作时间序列。ARIMA模型[9-10]是针对时间序列的一种常用预测分析方法,其表达式如下。
y'(t)=c+i=1pφiy'(ti)+j=1qθjε(tj)+ε(t)
式中:y′(t)为经过差分化的时间序列;p为该模型AR(自回归)部分的阶数;q为该模型MA(移动平均)部分的阶数;d为差分化的阶数;ϕiθj为权重,由机器学习获得;ε(t)为时刻t的预测误差。
本文采用6及其倍数的时间点前的历史信息,故实际采用下式模型:
y'(t)=c+i=1pφ6iy'(t6i)+j=1qθ6jε(t6j)+ε(t)
确定pdq是ARIMA模型建模的重要步骤。使用statsmodels库中的plot_acf和plot_pacf函数分别绘制训练集NOx变量的自相关图(ACF)和偏自相关图(PACF),具体如图2所示。
图2可以看出,NOx变量在时间点t之前的多个时间点数值均与时间点t的数值有很强的自相关性,但1个时间点(t–6)之前数值的偏自相关性已锐利截止,按一般经验可取p=1。
差分的主要作用在于将原时间序列变为平稳序列,而序列是否相对平稳可通过观察序列本身的走势来判断。绘制训练集NOx质量浓度变量部分数值序列及其相应一阶差分序列的变化趋势如图3所示(标况下,后同)。由图3可见,可见原时间序列平稳性较差,而一阶差分序列已基本平稳,按一般经验可取d=1。
q的取值使用赤池信息量准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)衡量不同参数下ARIMA模型的优劣,以AIC值最低者为最优模型。使用statsmodels库的ARIMA算法,将pdq设定在[0,1,2]范围内,对训练集数据用不同参数组合的模型进行训练并比较AIC值,得到最优模型对应的pdq分别、为1、1、1。可见pd最优值与上述经验观察法一致。表2显示了排名前3的pdq组合及其对应AIC值。
程序输出最优模型对应的系数ar.L1=0.898;ma.L1=–0.978,即最优ARIMA模型表达式为:
y^'(t)=0.898y'(t6)+(10.978)[y(t6)y^(t6)]
上式为差分形式,为便于理解可转换为非差分形式为:
y^(t)=0.920y(t6)0.898y(t12)+0.978y^(t6)
用上述最优ARIMA模型对测试集数据进行预测,其中部分预测值的变化趋势与实际值对照如图4所示。由图4可以看出,该模型预测值存在明显的滞后性。
上述ARIMA模型只用到因变量的历史信息,预测存在较强的滞后特性。为此考虑增加自变量当前值及其历史信息作为模型输入信号,并用集成学习算法输出时刻t的预测值。模型表达式为:
y^(t)=f(x1(t),,x4(t),x5(t),,x8(t),x5(t1),,x8(t1),x5(t2),,x8(t2),,x5(tn),,x8(tn),y(t6))
式中:f(x)为某种集成学习回归算法;n为采用自变量历史信息的时间点数。
较大的n值意味着更多的自变量历史信息被引入模型,在一定范围内提高n值有利于提高模型精度,但n值过大容易产生过拟合,且使模型过于复杂。
为此采用线性回归模型,对不同的n值所构成的输入信号,用训练集数据进行线性回归,并用测试集数据比较预测得分,其结果如图5所示。综合考虑模型精度和模型复杂度,取n=9。
集成学习(ensemble learning)是近年发展起来的一类先进的机器学习算法,其基本思想是对多个弱监督学习模型进行组合,以期获得一个较强的监督学习模型[11-12]。针对式(5)中的f(x),下文分别采用随机森林(random forest,RF)[13-17]、GBDT[18-21]、极致梯度提升树(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)[22-25]3种主流的集成学习回归器算法进行择优。
上述3种回归器都有基础决策树的个数(n_estimators)、树的最大深度(max_depth)2项对模型性能有较大影响的网络结构参数。为此采用网格搜索法进行网络结构调优:对不同的网络结构参数组合,用训练集数据进行训练,并对验证集数据进行预测,以得分(score)高者为优。
上述得分为Python机器学习库对回归问题的常用评估参数,其算法同决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2),表达式为:
R2=1i=1n(yiy^i)2i=1n(yiy¯)2
式中:n为样本数量;yi为实际值;y^i为预测值;y¯为样本均值。
经比选,3种回归器最优网络结构参数及相应的验证集得分见表3。选其中最优的GBDT回归器对测试集数据进行预测,作与图4同时间段的预测趋势,具体如图6所示。
图6可见,集成学习回归模型的拟合效果比ARIMA有较大改善,主要体现在预测值的滞后性明显减小,但局部存在较大幅度的偏离。
为了进一步提高模型的预测性能,采用ARIMA与集成学习相结合的模型,其表达式为:
y^(t)=y(t6)+Δy^(t)
其中,
Δy^(t)=g(x1(t),,x4(t),x5(t),,x8(t),x5(t1),,x8(t1),x5(t2),,x8(t2),,x5(tn),,x8(tn))
式中:g(x)为某种集成学习差分回归算法;n为采用自变量历史信息的时间点数。
式(7)可看作一阶差分形式,是ARIMA的特殊形式。不同之处在于差分部分由集成学习回归器进行预测。在此称g(x)为集成学习差分回归器,以示区别。差分回归器的输入变量包含原自变量及其前面n个时间点的历史数据,不再包含因变量的历史数据y(t–6)。综合考虑模型的精度与复杂度,取n=9。
差分回归器也采用RF、GBDT、XGBoost 3种集成学习回归器进行择优。此时,训练集数据的标签变量由y(t)–y(t–6)代替。
同样采用网格搜索法进行差分回归器的网络结构调优。各回归器最优网络结构参数及相应的验证集得分见表4
值得注意的是,此处是对差分部分的预测得分,而非对最终y(t)的预测得分。
选择其中得分最高的GBDT差分回归器,通过式(7)构建的模型对测试集数据进行预测,作与图4同时间段的预测趋势,具体如图7所示。
图7可见,该模型获得了比ARIMA、常规集成学习回归器更好的拟合度,其预测值滞后性比ARIMA明显减小,而局部偏离的幅度比常规集成学习回归器小。
用于锅炉氮氧化物在线预测模型的一种常见算法是在线贯序极限学习机(OS-ELM)[26-27]。作为比较,采用OS-ELM模型对本文训练集进行训练,并根据验证集预测得分确定最优隐层节点数为178。用该模型对测试集数据进行预测,作与图4同时间段的预测趋势,具体如图8所示。
图8可见,该模型预测值局部偏离的情况较为多发,且偏离幅度较大,其拟合度不及本文提出的GBDT差分回归模型。
取本文研究的3类模型中的最优者,即ARIMA(1,1,1)模型、GBDT回归模型、GBDT差分回归模型及文献[26-27]中的OS-ELM模型,分别对测试集数据的NOx进行预测,并分别计算决定系数(R2)、绝对平均误差(δMAE)、均方差(δMSE)3项性能指标,具体见表5表6
可见,本文所提出的集成学习GBDT差分回归模型对NOx的预测具有一定的优势,按本文测试数据,其δMAE比次优的单纯GBDT回归模型降低了20.2%,并比OS-ELM模型低46.5%。由于集成学习差分回归模型中,集成学习回归器专用于预测增量,故该模型还具有较好的解释性。
图9为将GBDT差分回归模型预测值与含有吹扫过程的原NOx信号实际值进行对照。所建模型实现预测的同时,较好地回避了吹扫产生的异常数据。该模型可使运行人员在NOx表计吹扫期间仍能较好地监视NOx的变化,此外该模型也可以为控制系统提供较好的预测作用。
本文采用不同类型的机器学习算法对CFB的氮氧化物排放质量浓度进行在线模型的建模研究。其中,集成学习回归模型比整合移动平均自回归模型具有更好的性能,其中又以GBDT回归器为最优。而本文提出的集成学习差分回归模型比常规集成学习模型的预测性能又有一定的提高。测试表明GBDT差分回归器预测值的δMAE比单纯GBDT回归器降低了20.2%,并比参考文献采用的OS-ELM模型低46.5%。所建的在线模型还充分考虑避免仪表吹扫过程的影响,对CFB环保运行的监视、控制等具有一定的意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2101100)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62073288)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12075212)
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2024年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404086
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2101100)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2101100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073288)
国家自然科学基金项目(62073288)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12075212)
国家自然科学基金项目(12075212)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学工业控制技术全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
    2.浙江大学工业控制科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
    3.丽水市杭丽热电有限公司,浙江 丽水 323010
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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