Article(id=1236679385986683496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719072000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772776942011, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772776942011, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772776942011, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772776942011, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236679384321544791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772776941614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772777031740, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236679386330616432, articleId=1236679385986683496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Modeling and dynamic characteristic analysis for boiler in a 5 MW supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power unit, columnId=1236679385139434073, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic of low-carbon power technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Enhancing peak shaving capability of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) boiler is the key to realize flexible operation of S-CO2 coal-fired power plants. Research on dynamic characteristics of S-CO2 boiler is beneficial to optimize the boiler operation control strategies. A dynamic simulation model of S-CO2 boiler is established by the principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer based on the boiler of a 5 MW S-CO2 cycle power unit designed and built by Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute, and the reliability of the model is validated with operational data from unit. Based on the simulation model, dynamic characteristics of the above S-CO2 boiler under step disturbance of different boundary conditions, such as fuel flow rate, working fluid flow rate, and working fluid temperature, are analyzed. The results show that, the S-CO2 boiler has large thermal inertia, stability times of working fluid temperature at the boiler outlet are different under disturbance of different boundary conditions. With the increase of disturbance range of boundary conditions, stability times become longer. With the increase of boiler heat load, the working fluid pressure at the S-CO2 boiler outlet decreases, and the working fluid flow rate at the S-CO2 boiler outlet increases instantaneously in the initial stages of a dynamic process.

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提升超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)锅炉调峰能力是实现S-CO2燃煤发电机组灵活运行的关键。研究S-CO2锅炉动态特性有助于优化锅炉运行控制。以西安热工研究院有限公司5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉为研究对象,基于热力学和传热学原理,建立了S-CO2锅炉动态仿真模型,并利用机组运行数据验证了模型的可靠性。基于仿真模型,开展了燃料量、工质流量、工质温度等不同边界条件阶跃扰动下S-CO2锅炉的动态特性分析。结果表明:S-CO2锅炉具有较大的热惯性,不同边界条件扰动下锅炉出口工质温度稳定时间不同,且随着边界条件扰动幅度增加,稳定时间变长;随着S-CO2锅炉热负荷升高,锅炉出口工质压力下降,出口工质流量会出现瞬时增大现象。

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乔永强(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电系统动态仿真及控制优化,

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乔永强(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电系统动态仿真及控制优化,

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乔永强(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电系统动态仿真及控制优化,

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Beijing: China Machine Press, 1976: 53-55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236679402034090220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, awardId=2023YFB4104400, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236679402122170607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, awardId=2023YFB4104400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4104400), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236679390457811705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236679390462006010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, companyId=1236679390457811705, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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caption=Connection relations of heating surfaces for the S-CO2 boiler, figureFileSmall=nleZm9L8vL8de7qxnR/ZIA==, figureFileBig=MeVn7RfxrNY6vyvXRW8J+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679397810425920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=图2, caption=S-CO2锅炉各受热面连接关系, figureFileSmall=nleZm9L8vL8de7qxnR/ZIA==, figureFileBig=MeVn7RfxrNY6vyvXRW8J+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679397923672131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Non-uniform coefficient of heat flux of gas cooling wall of the S-CO2 boiler, figureFileSmall=wXS2exq8rkePNs6WQ4NLZw==, figureFileBig=gQ8FEAyGRVXbh4S4SdGJjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679398011752524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=图3, caption=S-CO2锅炉气冷壁热负荷不均匀系数, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of thermal inertias of S-CO2 boiler under disturbance of different boundary conditions, figureFileSmall=W9BxgJ1BqAf2yTHBjdNx6w==, figureFileBig=9aQuBe6nVqblQVafgAwKHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679399513313460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同边界条件扰动下S-CO2锅炉热惯性比较, figureFileSmall=W9BxgJ1BqAf2yTHBjdNx6w==, figureFileBig=9aQuBe6nVqblQVafgAwKHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679399609782460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Changes of temperatures at the S-CO2 boiler outlet with step disturbance of working fluid separation, figureFileSmall=AoGWLMKh8IXIZCX0LPGFkA==, figureFileBig=bWXe/95h40XNeYGVSOvqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679399735611582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=图11, caption=工质分流量阶跃扰动时S-CO2锅炉出口温度变化, figureFileSmall=AoGWLMKh8IXIZCX0LPGFkA==, figureFileBig=bWXe/95h40XNeYGVSOvqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679399832080581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the 5 MW S-CO2 cycle boiler in Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
主气流量/(t·h–1)290.4
主气压力/MPa20.06
主气温度/℃600.00
再热气温度/℃600.00
气冷壁入口温度/℃475.82
分流省煤器流量/(t·h–1)29.04
分流省煤器入口温度/℃202.43
排烟温度/℃138.00
锅炉效率/%93.53
), ArticleFig(id=1236679399928549577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

西安热工院5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
主气流量/(t·h–1)290.4
主气压力/MPa20.06
主气温度/℃600.00
再热气温度/℃600.00
气冷壁入口温度/℃475.82
分流省煤器流量/(t·h–1)29.04
分流省煤器入口温度/℃202.43
排烟温度/℃138.00
锅炉效率/%93.53
), ArticleFig(id=1236679400008241357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fuel compositions of the 5 MW S-CO2 cycle boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
w(CH4)/%96.30
w(C2H6)/%0.48
w(C3H8)/%0.11
w(CO2)/%2.70
w(N2)/%0.05
低位发热量/(kJ·m–3)33 240
天然气密度(标准工况)/(kg·m–3)0.717 6
), ArticleFig(id=1236679400075350227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉燃料主要成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
w(CH4)/%96.30
w(C2H6)/%0.48
w(C3H8)/%0.11
w(CO2)/%2.70
w(N2)/%0.05
低位发热量/(kJ·m–3)33 240
天然气密度(标准工况)/(kg·m–3)0.717 6
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401568522456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operational data and simulation values of main thermodynamic parameters of the S-CO2 boiler under steady state condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目运行数据仿真值误差/%
主气温度/℃599.46599.950.08
主气压力/MPa19.35220.0643.55
再热气温度/℃594.74600.030.88
再热气压力/MPa13.54314.7778.35
热空气温度/℃328.92285.3615.26
排烟温度/℃142.17128.4310.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401669185759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

S-CO2锅炉稳态工况主要热力参数仿真值与运行数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目运行数据仿真值误差/%
主气温度/℃599.46599.950.08
主气压力/MPa19.35220.0643.55
再热气温度/℃594.74600.030.88
再热气压力/MPa13.54314.7778.35
热空气温度/℃328.92285.3615.26
排烟温度/℃142.17128.4310.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401803403491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Stability time of working fluid temperature at the S-CO2 boiler superheater outlet under disturbance of different boundary conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料量阶跃幅度稳定时间/s工质流量阶跃幅度稳定时间/s工质温度阶跃幅度稳定时间/s
+2%370-2%410+2℃285
+4%680-4%760+4℃480
+6%885-6%995+6℃685
), ArticleFig(id=1236679401920844007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385986683496, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同边界条件扰动下S-CO2锅炉过热器出口工质温度稳定时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料量阶跃幅度稳定时间/s工质流量阶跃幅度稳定时间/s工质温度阶跃幅度稳定时间/s
+2%370-2%410+2℃285
+4%680-4%760+4℃480
+6%885-6%995+6℃685
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5 MW超临界二氧化碳循环发电机组锅炉建模与动态特性分析
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乔永强 1 , 王生鹏 2 , 白文刚 1 , 张一帆 1 , 张旭伟 1 , 李红智 1 , 杨玉 1 , 顾正萌 1 , 姚明宇 1
热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2024,53(12): 39-48
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热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2024, 53(12): 39-48
5 MW超临界二氧化碳循环发电机组锅炉建模与动态特性分析
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乔永强1 , 王生鹏2, 白文刚1, 张一帆1, 张旭伟1, 李红智1, 杨玉1, 顾正萌1, 姚明宇1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中国华能集团有限公司华中分公司,湖北 武汉 430077
  • 乔永强(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电系统动态仿真及控制优化,

Modeling and dynamic characteristic analysis for boiler in a 5 MW supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power unit
Yongqiang QIAO1 , Shengpeng WANG2, Wengang BAI1, Yifan ZHANG1, Xuwei ZHANG1, Hongzhi LI1, Yu YANG1, Zhengmeng GU1, Mingyu YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huazhong Branch of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430077, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406146
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提升超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)锅炉调峰能力是实现S-CO2燃煤发电机组灵活运行的关键。研究S-CO2锅炉动态特性有助于优化锅炉运行控制。以西安热工研究院有限公司5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉为研究对象,基于热力学和传热学原理,建立了S-CO2锅炉动态仿真模型,并利用机组运行数据验证了模型的可靠性。基于仿真模型,开展了燃料量、工质流量、工质温度等不同边界条件阶跃扰动下S-CO2锅炉的动态特性分析。结果表明:S-CO2锅炉具有较大的热惯性,不同边界条件扰动下锅炉出口工质温度稳定时间不同,且随着边界条件扰动幅度增加,稳定时间变长;随着S-CO2锅炉热负荷升高,锅炉出口工质压力下降,出口工质流量会出现瞬时增大现象。

超临界二氧化碳锅炉  /  仿真模型  /  动态特性  /  边界条件

Enhancing peak shaving capability of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) boiler is the key to realize flexible operation of S-CO2 coal-fired power plants. Research on dynamic characteristics of S-CO2 boiler is beneficial to optimize the boiler operation control strategies. A dynamic simulation model of S-CO2 boiler is established by the principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer based on the boiler of a 5 MW S-CO2 cycle power unit designed and built by Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute, and the reliability of the model is validated with operational data from unit. Based on the simulation model, dynamic characteristics of the above S-CO2 boiler under step disturbance of different boundary conditions, such as fuel flow rate, working fluid flow rate, and working fluid temperature, are analyzed. The results show that, the S-CO2 boiler has large thermal inertia, stability times of working fluid temperature at the boiler outlet are different under disturbance of different boundary conditions. With the increase of disturbance range of boundary conditions, stability times become longer. With the increase of boiler heat load, the working fluid pressure at the S-CO2 boiler outlet decreases, and the working fluid flow rate at the S-CO2 boiler outlet increases instantaneously in the initial stages of a dynamic process.

supercritical carbon dioxide boiler  /  simulation model  /  dynamic characteristics  /  boundary condition
乔永强, 王生鹏, 白文刚, 张一帆, 张旭伟, 李红智, 杨玉, 顾正萌, 姚明宇. 5 MW超临界二氧化碳循环发电机组锅炉建模与动态特性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406146
Yongqiang QIAO, Shengpeng WANG, Wengang BAI, Yifan ZHANG, Xuwei ZHANG, Hongzhi LI, Yu YANG, Zhengmeng GU, Mingyu YAO. Modeling and dynamic characteristic analysis for boiler in a 5 MW supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406146
在“双碳”战略目标引领下,我国加快构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统[1],燃煤发电正从电量主体性电源向基础支撑性、系统调节性电源转型升级[2],迫切需要加快发展灵活高效的燃煤发电技术[3]。超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)循环由于循环热效率高、系统及设备简单紧凑、运行灵活等优势,能够提高火电机组运行高效性和灵活性[4-5]。S-CO2锅炉是S-CO2火力发电机组的热源设备,其高效性、灵活性和安全性是S-CO2火力发电机组商业化应用的关键,但其存在入口工质温度高、质量流量大、工质远离大比热容区、再热气吸热比例高等一系列与常规蒸汽锅炉不同的特征,必须深入开展相关研究,以提升锅炉运行的高效性、灵活性和安全性。
针对S-CO2锅炉上述特点引起的烟气余热利用不足、工质压降较大、炉膛气冷壁壁温较高、再热气受热面布置等问题,学者们开展了广泛的研究,取得了丰硕的成果。
在锅炉高效运行与系统协同优化方面:Mecheri等人[6]采用锅炉尾部分隔烟道方法,利用主压缩机出口分流工质回收利用烟气余热;徐进良[7-8]、孙恩惠[9]等提出模块化设计理念和工质分流方案来解决大压降问题,利用顶底复合循环实现锅炉烟气热量全温区吸收利用;张一帆[10]、白文刚[11]等提出分流省煤器技术,利用高温回热器冷侧入口部分工质吸收利用烟气余热;孙瑞强等[12]采用烟道旁路、低温省煤器、辅助空气预热器(空预器)及主压缩机中间冷却的循环构型来降低锅炉排烟温度。
针对炉膛气冷壁安全运行:杨玉[13]、张一帆[14]等提出在炉膛上部布置墙式再热器以提高再热气吸热比例,并采用上下气冷壁对称流动的方案来降低炉膛管壁温度;周敬等[15]认为减小管径可以降低气冷壁热流密度和温度偏差,并提出工质分流、对称流动及锅炉局部受热面扩张的策略;汪洋等[16]研究了炉膛分区后过热气冷壁相对炉膛高度对受热面管壁温度的影响;朱萌等[17]采用炉膛分段方法对1 000 MW等级S-CO2锅炉进行热力计算,发现换热量分布由辐射换热向对流换热转移,除炉膛外,其余受热面出口烟温均高于常规燃煤锅炉;杨丹蕾等[18]提出烟气再循环和气冷壁分区顺逆流布置的方案来降低炉膛受热面管壁温度,并引入螺旋气冷壁降低周向热流不均匀对管壁温度的影响;苏宏亮等[19]计算分析了5 MW等级S-CO2锅炉辐射受热面壁温特性,发现高温烟室热辐射对金属管的安全强度有重要影响。此外,张一帆等[14]研究发现300 MW等级S-CO2锅炉炉膛受热面呈明显的负流量响应特性;闫凯等[20]提出质量流速500 kg/(m2·s)是气冷壁管屏内流量分配出现正、负流量特性转换的阈值,质量流速低于该值呈正流量特性,高于该值呈负流量特性。
在锅炉灵活运行方面:王富强等[21]将锅炉出口工质温度动态特性拟合为一阶惯性加纯滞后的传递函数模型,并进行控制效果分析;Zheng等人[22]提出燃烧器摆角与工质分流比相结合的气温控制策略来解决S-CO2锅炉全负荷范围内温度控制问题;李红智等[5]基于5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组开展了大量运行试验,结果显示该机组平均升、降负荷速率可达6.35%Pe/min、-6.37%Pe/min。
总体来看,目前S-CO2锅炉受热面布置与系统协同优化以及辐射受热面热力特性与气动力特性等方面研究较为充分,相关结论比较明晰,为锅炉的安全高效运行提供了有力支撑。但S-CO2锅炉瞬态运行特性方面的研究还比较缺乏,同时相比常规蒸汽锅炉,S-CO2锅炉工质特性不同且再热气吸热比例升高,其热力学和传热学机理发生显著变化,有必要深入开展S-CO2锅炉动态特性及运行控制优化研究,提升锅炉深度调峰和快速变负荷能力,满足锅炉灵活运行方面的需求。
为此,以西安热工研究院有限公司(西安热工院)5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组[23]锅炉为研究对象,基于热力学和传热学原理,采用数值计算方法,建立S-CO2锅炉动态仿真模型,并利用机组运行数据验证模型的可靠性。基于仿真模型,开展燃料量、工质流量、工质温度等锅炉边界条件阶跃扰动试验,计算分析S-CO2锅炉出口工质参数的动态响应规律,以期为该类型锅炉运行控制策略的制定和优化提供参考。
西安热工院5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组采用一次再热分流再压缩循环,机组额定参数20 MPa/ 600 ℃/600 ℃/80.67 kg/s。5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉(S-CO2锅炉)为一次再热燃气锅炉,主要设计参数和燃料分析见表1表2,结构示意如图1所示。该S-CO2锅炉整体呈L型布置,竖直炉膛内布置气冷壁,水平烟道分为2侧,一侧布置高、低温过热器及并联的分流省煤器,另一侧布置高、低温再热器及并联的分流省煤器,空预器置于水平烟道尾部,在分流省煤器和空预器之间设置烟气调节挡板和烟气再循环回路。
为分析S-CO2锅炉的动态特性,通过自编程建立了S-CO2锅炉的动态仿真模型,并利用机组运行数据对模型的可靠性进行了验证。
S-CO2锅炉各受热面间的连接关系如图2所示。
图2可知,该锅炉工质流程分为主气流程和再热气流程,其中:主气流程为约10%流量工质流过分流省煤器后,与气冷壁入口约90%流量的工质混合,然后依次流过气冷壁、低温过热器、高温过热器;再热气依次流过低温再热器、高温再热器。烟风流程为:冷空气经空预器加热后,与送入炉膛的天然气混合后燃烧,产生的高温烟气沿炉膛向下流动并在水平分隔烟道处分为2路,依次流过高温过(再)热器、低温过(再)热器及并联的分流省煤器,在分流省煤器出口烟道汇合,最后流经空预器离开锅炉;再循环烟气引自分流省煤器出口,与空预器出口热空气混合后进入燃烧器。
考虑到S-CO2锅炉受热面较多且传热机理不同以及工质与烟气耦合换热等因素,必须对仿真模型进行合理划分。为此,将锅炉所有受热面模型分为烟气与管壁换热(烟气侧换热)和管壁与工质换热(工质侧换热),并进一步将烟气侧换热分为炉膛烟气传热和其他受热面烟气传热。炉膛内烟气温度高达1 000 ℃以上,传热主要以辐射方式为主,对流传热占比非常小,其烟气侧换热计算采用热负荷边界,热负荷通过炉膛热力计算模型获得。过热器、再热器、分流省煤器以及空预器的烟气侧传热计算采用对流传热模型。包括炉膛气冷壁在内的所有受热面管内工质传热计算采用对流传热模型。最终将所有模型耦合为整体,构成S-CO2锅炉仿真模型。
炉膛辐射热负荷由输入锅炉的有效热量和离开炉膛的烟气焓值决定。输入锅炉的有效热量主要包括燃料的发热量及随燃料带入炉膛的空气的热量。假设燃料在炉膛内瞬间燃烧并释放出所有化学热,炉膛内烟气压力保持微负压不变。模型主要公式如式(1)、式(2)所示。
Fqave=φQefhlBj
Qef=Qar,net(1q3+q6100q4)+Qa
式中:F为炉膛有效辐射换热面积,m2qave为炉膛换热面平均热负荷,kW/m2φ为保热系数,本文φ=(100–q5)/100;Qef为单位质量燃料的入炉有效热量,kJ/kg;hl为炉膛出口烟气焓值,kJ/kg;Bj为计算燃料量,kg/s;Qar,net为燃料收到基低位发热量,kJ/kg;Qa为随单位质量燃料带入炉内的空气的热量,kJ/kg;q3q4q5q6分别为化学未完全燃烧热损失、机械未完全燃烧热损失、散热损失、灰渣物理热损失,%,因为本文S-CO2锅炉为燃气锅炉,所以q3q4q5q6分别取0.4、0、0.3、0。
由于锅炉炉膛沿高度方向热负荷分布存在差异[23],将炉膛气冷壁沿高度划分为4段,假设每段辐射换热特性均匀,引入热负荷不均匀系数ηj图3),沿炉膛高度方向由上到下各段ηj分别取1.0、1.2、1.1、0.7,气冷壁辐射热负荷计算公式如下。
q=qaveηj
j=14ηj=4
式中:q为气冷壁辐射热负荷,kW/m2qave为炉膛换热面平均热负荷,kW/m2
高温烟气流过过热器等对流受热面将热量传递给管内的CO2工质,传热过程模型如图4所示。分别将高温烟气流和S-CO2工质流划分为若干节点,金属管壁划分为若干换热板,节点之间采用介质流线连接,节点与换热板之间采用热流线连接。
假设每个节点和换热板内热力学参数均匀分布,对流受热面内守恒方程如式(5)—式(8)所示。
16mi-j2π2di4(1ρi1ρj)+ρigH+fi-j8li-jπ2di5mi-j2ρi=pipj
16mj-k2π2dj4(1ρj1ρk)+ρjgH+fj-k8lj-kπ2dj5mj-k2ρj=pjpk
Vdρjdτ=mi-jmj-k
Vd(ρu)jdτ=mi-jhimj-khjαA(tj,ftj,m)
式中:τ为时间,s;V为节点体积,m3A为换热板面积,m2g为重力加速度,m/s2H为节点相对高度,m;p为节点内介质压力,Pa;d为节点水力直径,m;f为流动阻力系数;l为介质流线长度,m;m为介质流量,kg/s;ρ为节点内介质密度,kg/m3uh分别为节点内介质比内能和比焓,kJ/kg;α为介质与换热板的对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);tmtf分别为换热板温度和介质温度,℃;上述变量的下标ijk为相邻的3个节点编号,下标i-jj-k为相邻的流线编号。
忽略管壁金属物性变化以及管壁轴向导热,管壁温度的计算公式为:
cmρmAδdtmdτ=αhA(tf,htm)αcA(tmtf,c)
式中:cm为换热板比热容,kJ/(kg·K);ρm为换热板密度,kg/m;δ为换热板厚度,m;αh为烟气侧对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);tf,h为烟气温度,℃;αc为工质侧对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);tf,c为工质温度,℃。
S-CO2锅炉受热面管内工质远离大比热容区,物性变化不大,工质侧对流传热系数采用Dittus-Boelter关联式[24],计算公式如式(10)所示。
αc=0.023λdRec0.8Prc0.4
式中:αc为管内工质的对流传热系数,W/(m2·K);λ为工质的导热系数,W/(m·K);d为管子内径,m;Rec为工质的雷诺数;Prc为工质的普朗特数。
S-CO2锅炉工质侧阻力系数采用Colebrook-White关联式[25],计算公式如式(11)所示。
fc=1[2lg(2.51Recfc+Δ3.7)]2
式中:fc为管内工质的阻力系数;Rec为工质的雷诺数;Δ为S-CO2锅炉受热面管内的相对粗糙度,取0.005[26]
5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉对流受热面均为顺列排布的光管管束,且均为烟气横向冲刷。烟气侧对流传热系数计算公式[27]如式(12)所示。
αh=0.2CsCzλdReh0.65Prh0.33
式中:αh为管外烟气的对流传热系数,W/(m2·K);Cs为管束几何布置方式的修正系数,与管子的相对节距有关;Cz为沿烟气行程方向管子排数的修正系数,取决于计算管束各个管组的平均排数;λ为烟气的导热系数,W/(m·K);d为管子外径,m;Reh为烟气的雷诺数;Prh为烟气的普朗特数;根据S-CO2锅炉几何尺寸,Cs=1,Cz=1。此外,假设炉膛及烟道内烟气压力保持微负压不变,可以忽略烟气侧压降,烟气压力取0.1 MPa。
工质物性采用NIST物性数据库,烟气物性基于NIST物性数据库自定义编制物性表。
建立S-CO2锅炉仿真模型,获得稳态工况的计算结果,并与运行数据进行对比验证,结果见表3。锅炉出口工质温度和排烟温度是衡量锅炉能量利用水平以及仿真模型计算精度的重要参数。由表3可知,锅炉出口工质温度误差在1.0%以内,排烟温度误差为10.7%。
受热面热力参数验证结果如图5所示。图5a)为受热面出口工质温度仿真值与运行数据,可以看出:受热面出口工质温度仿真值的分布趋势与运行数据一致;仿真值与运行数据对比,过热器出口工质温度误差为0.08%,再热器出口工质误差为0.88%。图5b)为受热面出口烟气温度仿真值与运行数据,可以看出:烟气温度仿真值分布趋势与运行数据一致;仿真值与运行数据对比,空预器出口烟气温度误差为10.7%。
稳态工况验证结果表明,锅炉出口工质温度和排烟温度的计算精度满足要求,所建立模型具有较高的可靠性。
在开展S-CO2锅炉动态仿真计算时,不仅要保证仿真模型在稳态工况下具有较高可靠性,而且在瞬态过程中也要具有较高的计算精度。为此,选取S-CO2锅炉机组从初始工况(过热器出口参数316 ℃/ 12.5 MPa/ 60 kg/s,再热器出口参数308 ℃/9.9 MPa/ 60 kg/s)经过约1 000 min升温升压,到达最终稳定工况(过热器出口参数594 ℃/ 16.3 MPa/66 kg/s,再热器出口参数584 ℃/12.3 MPa/66 kg/s)的运行为例,进行仿真模拟。此过程中过热器和再热器出口工质温度仿真值与运行数据对比如图6所示。由图6可以看出,过热器和再热器出口工质温度在瞬态过程中变化趋势一致,误差较小,表明本文模型在瞬态过程中也具有较高的计算精度和可靠性。
提升S-CO2锅炉调峰能力是实现S-CO2燃煤发电机组灵活运行的关键。研究和分析S-CO2锅炉动态特性,有助于优化锅炉变负荷运行控制。为此,开展S-CO2锅炉在主要边界条件扰动下的动态特性分析。选取锅炉BRL工况,所有控制均不投入时,分别开展燃料量、工质流量及工质温度阶跃扰动试验,研究S-CO2锅炉过热器出口工质(主气)和再热器出口工质(再热气)的动态响应规律。
在第100 s时,燃料量阶跃增加4%,由1.488 0 t/h增加到1.547 5 t/h,此时S-CO2锅炉出口参数变化趋势如图7所示。
图7可知:随着燃料量阶跃增加,锅炉热负荷迅速升高,但由于锅炉管壁金属的蓄热作用,主气温度和再热气温度缓慢升高;主气压力和再热气压力随着燃料量增加而降低,因为此时工质密度减小、流速增大,锅炉管内工质流动阻力增大,引起出口压力下降,这与超临界水锅炉出口蒸汽压力随热负荷增大而升高有明显区别;在过渡过程的初始阶段,主气流量和再热气流量出现瞬时增大的现象,且再热气压力较低,流量变化幅度更大,这是因为随着锅炉燃烧热负荷的增加,工质温度升高、密度减小引起锅炉管内工质储量减少,进而促使锅炉出口工质流量短时间增大,且再热气由于压力低,密度变化更加剧烈,导致流量增大幅度更大;随着工况变化逐渐趋于稳定,主气流量和再热气流量重新恢复至初始值。由此可见,虽然S-CO2锅炉管内的工质远离大比热容区,没有类似超临界水的蒸发过程,但随着燃料量的增加或减小,工质流量仍然会出现瞬时增大或减小的现象。
在第100 s时,锅炉入口工质流量阶跃减少4%,由290.4 t/h减少至278.784 t/h此时S-CO2锅炉出口参数变化趋势如图8所示。
图8可知:随着锅炉入口工质流量阶跃减少,此时燃烧热负荷不变,锅炉相对热负荷增加,主气温度和再热气温度缓慢升高;由于S-CO2锅炉管内工质均处于过热状态,没有蒸发过程,因此工质流量的阶跃减少导致锅炉管内工质流动阻力突然减小,主气和再热气压力迅速升高,然后随着工质温度的升高,压力逐渐降低,但仍然较初始值高,且相比主气,再热气压力低,工质物性变化更大,因此再热气压力变化幅度更大;主气流量和再热气流量随着锅炉入口工质流量的阶跃减少而迅速减少。
在第100 s时,锅炉入口工质温度阶跃增加4 ℃,此时S-CO2锅炉出口参数变化如图9所示。由图9可知:随着锅炉入口工质温度阶跃升高,主气温度和再热气温度缓慢升高;主气压力和再热气压力降低,这与燃料量阶跃增加时相同,均为锅炉管内工质流动阻力增大所致;在过渡过程的初始阶段,主气流量和再热气流量出现瞬时增大的现象,这是因为锅炉入口工质温度阶跃增加,引起锅炉管内工质密度减小,工质储量减少,进而导致锅炉出口流量短时间内升高;随着工况变化逐渐趋于稳定,主气流量和再热气流量重新恢复至初始值。
由前文仿真结果可知,由于锅炉管壁金属的蓄热作用,在燃料量等边界条件扰动下,S-CO2锅炉出口工质参数的响应变化存在较大的热惯性,稳定时间较长。为了精确评估不同边界条件阶跃扰动下5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉的热惯性,选取S-CO2锅炉出口工质温度变化最终稳定值ts与实时值tr的差值Δt,当工质温度差值|Δt|小于0.5 ℃时,认为动态过程结束,锅炉达到稳定工况。下面以S-CO2锅炉过热器出口工质温度为例进行说明。
图10为不同边界条件扰动下S-CO2锅炉热惯性对比。由图10可知,随着燃料量等边界条件阶跃扰动幅度的增加,S-CO2锅炉出口工质温度稳定时间变长,这是因为燃料量等边界条件扰动幅度越大,锅炉管壁金属蓄热量的变化越大,导致锅炉工况稳定时间越长。燃料量等边界条件扰动下S-CO2锅炉出口工质温度稳定时间详细数据见表4
图11为锅炉入口工质总流量保持不变,工质分流量阶跃扰动下的主气温度和再热气温度变化。
图11可知:随着分流省煤器入口流量减少以及气冷壁入口流量增加,工质进入锅炉的热量增加,主气温度和再热气温度升高;反之,主气温度和再热气温度降低;且主气温度比再热气温度变化幅度大。考虑该5 MW S-CO2循环发电机组锅炉采用了分流省煤器技术,分流省煤器内换热后的工质汇入气冷壁入口,进一步分析,在分流省煤器入口流量减少时,进入空预器的烟气温度升高,使得空预器出口的热风温度抬升,且再循环烟气温度也升高,两者导致炉膛温度升高,炉膛气冷壁辐射换热增强,过热器和再热器对流换热相对减弱,因此主气温度上升幅度比再热气温度更大。相反,在分流省煤器入口流量增加时,炉膛气冷壁辐射换热减弱,过热器和再热器对流换热增强,主气温度下降幅度比再热气温度更大。但对于大容量S-CO2锅炉,其炉膛上部布置再热气冷壁[13],则当工质分流量扰动时,主气温度和再热气温度变化幅度将接近。
1)S-CO2锅炉具有较大的热惯性,不同边界条件扰动下锅炉出口工质温度稳定时间不同,且随着边界条件扰动幅度增加,稳定时间变长。
2)S-CO2锅炉工质吸热过程没有蒸发段,全程均处于远离大比热容区的过热状态,随着锅炉热负荷升高,S-CO2锅炉出口工质压力下降,出口工质流量会出现瞬时增大的现象,且再热气由于压力较低,流量的瞬时变化幅度更大。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4104400)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406146
  • 接收时间:2024-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-23
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4104400)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中国华能集团有限公司华中分公司,湖北 武汉 430077
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