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Article(id=1236679385210737242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772776941826, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772776941826, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772776941826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772776941826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236679384321544791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772776941614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772777031740, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236679762404504299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236679384321544791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=129, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236679385550475870, articleId=1236679385210737242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Fracture analysis and experimental study of induced draft fan blades under fluctuating flow field, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The calculation analysis and experimental study of blade fracture of a certain type of steam and static adjustable induced draft fan are carried out. Vibration signals and blade natural frequencies of fans at different speeds and openings are obtained through vibration tests and modal experiments. Performance curves of fans at different speeds are drawn according to the similarity theory, and the rotation-opening curves corresponding to the flow rate are obtained. The fan operation restricted zone is delimited by the stall line. The test results show that, when the rotation speed is constant, the amplitude of the blade passing frequency and its harmonic component increase with the stator blade opening. Combining with the modal experiment, it is found that the natural frequency of the blade and the blade passing frequency and its harmonic component coincide when the fan runs in the rotation speed range of 796~912 r/min, resulting in blade resonance. The fan should avoid running in the resonance speed range and avoid running in the speed restricted area.

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针对某型汽动静叶可调引风机叶片断裂故障开展计算分析和试验研究。通过振动试验和模态实验，获取不同转速和开度下风机振动信号以及叶片固有频率，根据相似理论绘制风机不同转速下性能曲线，求得与流量对应的转速-开度曲线，由失速线划定风机运行禁区。试验结果表明，转速一定时，随着静叶开度增大，叶片通过频率及其谐波分量幅值增大，结合模态实验发现风机在796~912 r/min转速区间运行时，叶片固有频率和叶片通过频率及其谐波分量重合，引发叶片共振。风机应避开共振转速区间运行并避免在转速禁区内运行。

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杨建刚（1970），男，教授，主要研究方向为旋转机械振动和转子动力学，。
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臧盛（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为动力机械振动，。

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臧盛（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为动力机械振动，。

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臧盛（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为动力机械振动，。

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China Science and Technology Information, 2013(14): 129-130., articleTitle=Stall and surge of axial flow fan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236679403468542243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=20, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［24］, rfOrder=45, authorNames=陆亚钧, journalName=水利电力机械, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陆亚钧. 风机、叶片机中的旋转失速和喘振现象及分离旋涡流动[J]. 水利电力机械, 1992(5): 20-44., articleTitle=风机、叶片机中的旋转失速和喘振现象及分离旋涡流动, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236679403590177065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=20, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［24］, rfOrder=46, authorNames=LU Yajun, journalName=Water Conservancy and Electric Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Yajun. 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Water Conservancy and Electric Machinery, 1992(5): 20-44., articleTitle=Rotating stall and surge phenomenon and separation vortex flow in fan and blade machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236679403669868843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=6, pageStart=60, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［25］, rfOrder=47, authorNames=刘吉波, journalName=山西大同大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘吉波. 轴流风机的脱流、喘振分析和防范措施[J]. 山西大同大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 33(6): 60-65., articleTitle=轴流风机的脱流、喘振分析和防范措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236679403774726449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=6, pageStart=60, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［25］, rfOrder=48, authorNames=LIU Jibo, journalName=Journal of Shanxi Datong University (Natural Science), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jibo. 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Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2021, 40(10): 7-19., articleTitle=Vibration features and diagnosis methods for rotor blade fracture in a gas turbine’s compressor, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236679389526676155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236679389535064764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, companyId=1236679389526676155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236679389543453373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, companyId=1236679389526676155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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label=Fig.1, caption=The change of airflow angle of attack and stall formation, figureFileSmall=Xo4hcO2V6+6bkdU2yYGiVw==, figureFileBig=7WTkd7gPjsJSxzyZ3OnHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393058280281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图1, caption=气流冲角的改变及失速形成, figureFileSmall=Xo4hcO2V6+6bkdU2yYGiVw==, figureFileBig=7WTkd7gPjsJSxzyZ3OnHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393280578412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Blade fractures, figureFileSmall=LuhnUPzpL/FokRQFvxjW7g==, figureFileBig=612H8ub3kqxmmPBu8JVXDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393389630323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图2, caption=叶片断裂, figureFileSmall=LuhnUPzpL/FokRQFvxjW7g==, figureFileBig=612H8ub3kqxmmPBu8JVXDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393507070841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Vibration measuring points locations, figureFileSmall=U7pjYJ6eWQzXSZbZyA/lJw==, figureFileBig=vrr471maAit23a83iNgkzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393586762624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图3, caption=振动测点位置, figureFileSmall=U7pjYJ6eWQzXSZbZyA/lJw==, figureFileBig=vrr471maAit23a83iNgkzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393683231626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Vibration trend, figureFileSmall=6jXxFmGMy00kvtaNqqUfdg==, figureFileBig=+e3GCInLolTmxZbRiK2JQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679393762923407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, 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figureFileBig=kXM/RMkm7BYc+KLQUEZs1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394157188011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图6, caption=振动大状态下的频谱, figureFileSmall=kqy70+x1AQUJYnwibkfXpg==, figureFileBig=kXM/RMkm7BYc+KLQUEZs1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394232685490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The influence of speed on opening change, figureFileSmall=9yCseJBeY2maLKpKgHftcQ==, figureFileBig=VjW/GideiUqPab3DOlsvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394324960185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图7, caption=转速对开度变化的影响, figureFileSmall=9yCseJBeY2maLKpKgHftcQ==, figureFileBig=VjW/GideiUqPab3DOlsvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394417234879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Frequency response function curve of blades, figureFileSmall=ql/kcJPPIp7liTU48RnwNg==, figureFileBig=KjPm2LEogPU7niGGaHMWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394526286790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图8, caption=叶片频响函数曲线, figureFileSmall=ql/kcJPPIp7liTU48RnwNg==, figureFileBig=KjPm2LEogPU7niGGaHMWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394622755789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variable opening characteristic curve of constant speed, figureFileSmall=Tx07pWIf0Zlxzd1ftNHYIA==, figureFileBig=HNUPFf8GwswymEM8XKqe6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394723419091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图9, caption=定转速变开度特性曲线, figureFileSmall=Tx07pWIf0Zlxzd1ftNHYIA==, figureFileBig=HNUPFf8GwswymEM8XKqe6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394811499484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Characteristic surface of induced draft fan at different speeds and openings, figureFileSmall=LoCmcXkxhbbX5NzsHejTfw==, figureFileBig=1MBz2DS9k3NNNyQK1A/hfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679394916357093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同转速与开度引风机特性曲面, figureFileSmall=LoCmcXkxhbbX5NzsHejTfw==, figureFileBig=1MBz2DS9k3NNNyQK1A/hfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679395025409005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Safety boundary of speed opening matching curves, figureFileSmall=9Ddh31RgSaR/j2kIiVgsxQ==, figureFileBig=288IeeVlK07PE4Lhq70ecA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679395105100791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=图11, caption=转速开度匹配曲线安全边界, figureFileSmall=9Ddh31RgSaR/j2kIiVgsxQ==, figureFileBig=288IeeVlK07PE4Lhq70ecA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236679395264484352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the fan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值
类型轴流引风机
型号HA47048-8Z
介质烟气/煤
平均大气压/Pa85 910
平均海拔高度/m1 372
工况TB工况B-MCR工况
容积流/(m3·s–1)820.20717.90
入口温度/℃129.8114.8
出口温度/℃148.5129.5
入口密度/(kg·m–3)0.706 00.734 0
入口压力/Pa-7 410-6 175
全压/Pa11 4969 580
效率/%84.787.1
轴功率/kW10 8117 733
转速/(r·min–1)920895
), ArticleFig(id=1236679395365146628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风机设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值
类型轴流引风机
型号HA47048-8Z
介质烟气/煤
平均大气压/Pa85 910
平均海拔高度/m1 372
工况TB工况B-MCR工况
容积流/(m3·s–1)820.20717.90
入口温度/℃129.8114.8
出口温度/℃148.5129.5
入口密度/(kg·m–3)0.706 00.734 0
入口压力/Pa-7 410-6 175
全压/Pa11 4969 580
效率/%84.787.1
轴功率/kW10 8117 733
转速/(r·min–1)920895
), ArticleFig(id=1236679395482587151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effective value of vibration velocity at different speeds and guide vane openings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机转速/(r·min–1)静叶开度/%轴承箱水平振动/(mm·s–1)轴承箱垂直振动/(mm·s–1)后导叶水平振动/(mm·s–1)后导叶垂直振动/(mm·s–1)
481650.620.860.811.00
850.730.761.011.06
536650.800.731.061.25
850.940.860.901.26
588550.830.850.901.36
901.121.381.201.65
646551.101.481.391.86
901.371.771.541.91
694551.201.501.701.96
901.502.381.943.49
754551.331.611.553.03
901.732.261.954.6
801551.592.451.744.26
801.782.872.187.98
866552.822.733.102.30
703.693.993.322.48
911553.683.743.582.46
653.213.364.122.67
), ArticleFig(id=1236679395604221978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同转速和导叶开度下振动速度有效值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机转速/(r·min–1)静叶开度/%轴承箱水平振动/(mm·s–1)轴承箱垂直振动/(mm·s–1)后导叶水平振动/(mm·s–1)后导叶垂直振动/(mm·s–1)
481650.620.860.811.00
850.730.761.011.06
536650.800.731.061.25
850.940.860.901.26
588550.830.850.901.36
901.121.381.201.65
646551.101.481.391.86
901.371.771.541.91
694551.201.501.701.96
901.502.381.943.49
754551.331.611.553.03
901.732.261.954.6
801551.592.451.744.26
801.782.872.187.98
866552.822.733.102.30
703.693.993.322.48
911553.683.743.582.46
653.213.364.122.67
), ArticleFig(id=1236679397080616991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Blade modal parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次频率/Hz阻尼比/%
114420.002 7
124590.006 2
135080.018 8
145310.107 0
155390.030 5
165620.002 1
175810.144 0
186080.273 0
196350.099 1
206720.006 6
217040.046 1
22718–0.000 6
237360.023 5
247850.002 3
258000.001 7
), ArticleFig(id=1236679397177085988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236679385210737242, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

叶片模态参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次频率/Hz阻尼比/%
114420.002 7
124590.006 2
135080.018 8
145310.107 0
155390.030 5
165620.002 1
175810.144 0
186080.273 0
196350.099 1
206720.006 6
217040.046 1
22718–0.000 6
237360.023 5
247850.002 3
258000.001 7
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流场脉动下引风机叶片断裂分析与试验研究
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臧盛 1 , 沈德明 2 , 杨建刚 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(12): 129-134
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(12): 129-134
流场脉动下引风机叶片断裂分析与试验研究
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臧盛1 , 沈德明2, 杨建刚1
作者信息
  • 1.东南大学能源与环境学院，江苏　南京　211189
  • 2.南京科远智慧科技集团股份有限公司，江苏　南京　211102

    • 臧盛（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为动力机械振动，。

通讯作者:

杨建刚（1970），男，教授，主要研究方向为旋转机械振动和转子动力学，。
Fracture analysis and experimental study of induced draft fan blades under fluctuating flow field
Sheng ZANG1 , Deming SHEN2, Jiangang YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 2.Nanjing Sciyon Wisdom Technology Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405109
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摘要
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针对某型汽动静叶可调引风机叶片断裂故障开展计算分析和试验研究。通过振动试验和模态实验，获取不同转速和开度下风机振动信号以及叶片固有频率，根据相似理论绘制风机不同转速下性能曲线，求得与流量对应的转速-开度曲线，由失速线划定风机运行禁区。试验结果表明，转速一定时，随着静叶开度增大，叶片通过频率及其谐波分量幅值增大，结合模态实验发现风机在796~912 r/min转速区间运行时，叶片固有频率和叶片通过频率及其谐波分量重合，引发叶片共振。风机应避开共振转速区间运行并避免在转速禁区内运行。

汽动引风机  /  叶片断裂  /  气流脉动  /  叶片通过频率  /  运行特性

The calculation analysis and experimental study of blade fracture of a certain type of steam and static adjustable induced draft fan are carried out. Vibration signals and blade natural frequencies of fans at different speeds and openings are obtained through vibration tests and modal experiments. Performance curves of fans at different speeds are drawn according to the similarity theory, and the rotation-opening curves corresponding to the flow rate are obtained. The fan operation restricted zone is delimited by the stall line. The test results show that, when the rotation speed is constant, the amplitude of the blade passing frequency and its harmonic component increase with the stator blade opening. Combining with the modal experiment, it is found that the natural frequency of the blade and the blade passing frequency and its harmonic component coincide when the fan runs in the rotation speed range of 796~912 r/min, resulting in blade resonance. The fan should avoid running in the resonance speed range and avoid running in the speed restricted area.

steam induced draft fan  /  blade fracture  /  air pulsation  /  blade passing frequency  /  operation characteristics
臧盛, 沈德明, 杨建刚. 流场脉动下引风机叶片断裂分析与试验研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (12) : 129 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405109
Sheng ZANG, Deming SHEN, Jiangang YANG. Fracture analysis and experimental study of induced draft fan blades under fluctuating flow field[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (12) : 129 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405109
正文
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为节能减排，许多电厂对电机驱动引风机进行了汽动改造[1-3]。引风机采用变频驱动后，出现了振动增大、叶片断裂等故障[4-9]，对引风机安全稳定运行产生了影响。
加厚叶片和调频是减少叶片断裂故障的主要措施。风机通过对叶片改型设计，增加叶根部到叶顶部厚度能够减少叶片断裂故障[10-13]。电厂在静叶可调轴流式引风机叶轮进气侧设置调频环，改变叶片共振频率，可以避免发生共振[14-16]。加厚叶片可以提高叶片强度，加调频环能够改变叶片固有频率，但是风机运行时作用在叶片上的气流脉动力则是导致叶片断裂的根本原因[17-20]。陈庆光等[21]分析了气流脉动对叶片稳定性的影响，指出不稳定气流引起的激振力对叶片造成疲劳破坏致使叶片断裂。郭航[22]指出周期性压力波动作用在叶片上，当叶片固有频率与气流脉动频率耦合时，会引发叶片断裂。这些研究分析了气流脉动对叶片断裂的影响，但在实际机组上开展的试验研究较少，对叶片断裂的认识不够深入。
本文针对某电厂引风机叶片断裂事故，通过计算和试验分析叶片断裂原因，提出叶片断裂防治措施。
1　叶片通过频率分析
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偏离设计工况运行时，气流冲角的改变及失速的形成如图1所示。由图1可知，叶背尾端出现涡流区[23]，涡流从尾部扩展至整个叶背区间，气流在叶道内发生阻塞，引发脱流现象[24-25]。流道内每个位置压力和速度不同，形成了间隔排列的“气柱流”[26]，产生环向的气流速度、压力分布凹坑，导致流场在叶盘出口截面产生周向畸变，即环向速度和压力并非恒定值，而呈多周期性沿环向增大又减小的变化状，形成周期性叶片尾流激振力，流道内产生较大的压力脉动，引发叶片通过频率振动。
叶片通过频率定义为：
f=n⋅z60
式中：f为叶片通过频率，Hz；n为转速，r/min；z为叶片数。
2　风机振动试验研究
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2.1　概况
引风机为静叶可调轴流风机，型号为HA47048-Z，风机转速为1 000 r/min，叶轮材质为Naxtra 700，叶片厚度为24 mm。采用小汽轮机驱动，通过齿轮箱减速（速比为6.037），调速运行。引风机设计参数见表1。表1中TB工况是风机设计工况，B-MCR工况是锅炉最大连续蒸发量工况。
2022年6月风机振动突增并触发跳机，检查发现有一片叶片从叶根处整根断裂，其余叶片有不同程度扭曲，现场叶片断裂情况如图2示。
叶片断口可以看到裂纹形成、扩展和快速断裂3个区域。叶片断口起裂源位于风机叶片入口叶根与轮毂组焊的封头位置，断口中部表面特征平滑光整，具有疲劳条带特征。风机出气侧表面具有起伏和粗糙性，属于快速撕裂的瞬断区。叶片断口具有典型的疲劳断口特征。
2.2　不同工况下振动试验
在风机机壳中分面布置振动测点，开展变转速、变开度试验。振动测点位置如图3所示。
汽轮机从2 000 r/min开始，逐次增加50 r/min。先变转速，转速基本稳定后，改变静叶开度为0%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、100%（对应开度–75°~30°）。图4、图5、图6为具体的振动测试数据。
根据振动趋势图、频谱图分析发现。
1）整个试验过程中，风机工频分量很小，说明风机叶轮不存在不平衡问题。
2）转速一定，静叶开度越大，振动越大。导叶开度对振动的影响大于转速影响。
3）引风机叶片数为19片。当监测点振动大时，信号中出现工频谐波的38倍频和57倍频分量，对应叶片通过频率的2倍频、3倍频。叶片通过频率及其倍频分量是由风机内流场脉动引起的。监测振动信号中叶片通过频率及其倍频分量，可以判断风机工作状态。
将不同导叶开度和转速下振动速度列入表2。结合振动趋势与表2中数据可知，转速一定时，开度调节由小到大、再由大到小，振动也是由小到大、再由大到小。计算同一转速下最大和最小开度振动差值，绘制转速振动差值曲线如图7所示。
由表2及图7可知，转速越高，导叶开度对振动的影响越大。导叶开度变化相同时，在不同转速下振动速度差值不同，差值越大，说明转速的改变对开度变化的影响越大。高转速下导叶开度微小增大，振动速度相对于低转速会有更大幅度的增长。
3　叶片断裂原因分析
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叶片断口符合高周疲劳断裂特征，可排除外物打伤、异常碰摩、制造缺陷等原因。共振情况下叶片上受到较大的交变应力，会引发叶片疲劳断裂。
采用模态实验方法测试风机叶片各阶固有频率。图8给出了模态实验时叶片频响函数曲线。由图8可知，500~600 Hz、750~870 Hz内共振频率点分布密集。表3给出了风机叶片模态频率测试值。
汽轮机常用工作转速区间为4 800~5 500 r/min，对应风机转速796~912 r/min，对应叶片通过频率2倍频为504~578 Hz，3倍频为756~867 Hz。叶片通过频率2倍频、3倍频分别与叶片13—16、24—25阶固有频率接近。在该转速区间内运行时，叶片存在高频共振风险。
4　风机转速开度匹配关系
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图9给出了风机额定转速、不同静叶开度下特性曲线。由相似理论可知，引风机变转速运行时满足：
qq'=nn'
pp'=(nn')2
式中：q为流量，m3/s；n为转速，r/min；p为风压，Pa；q′、n′、p′为流量、转速和风压变化后的量。
图10给出了由相似关系求得的不同转速和开度下引风机特性曲面。
根据管路阻力曲线和风机特性曲面，可以求得不同流量下转速与开度匹配曲线如图11所示。提高转速或增加静叶开度会使特性曲线向右上方移动，运行点接近失速曲线，进入失速区的风险增大。根据失速曲线可以在转速-开度曲线上划定失速边界（图11），应该尽量避免在失速边界右侧运行，这可能会引起引风机失速。
5　叶片断裂抑制措施
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气流脉动作用在风机壳体上，会激发出较大幅度的叶片通过频率及其高倍谐波分量。通过布置在机壳上的振动传感器监测叶片通过频率及其高倍谐波分量，可以判断风机运行状态，避免风机进入不稳定区工作。
试验表明，静叶开度或转速增大后，振动增大，开度影响更大。从特性曲线可知，开度或转速增大后，运行工况点接近失速区。运行中应该监测转速和静叶开度，避免风机进入失速区。
风机在转速796~912 r/min下运行时，如果发生气流脉动，叶片通过频率与叶片固有频率可能重合，激发叶片共振。运行时接近共振转速区间应快速通过，避开共振区，保证风机的安稳运行。
6　结论
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1）风机在转速796~912 r/min运行时，叶片通过频率二倍频、三倍频与叶片13—16、24—25阶固有频率重合，可能引发共振导致叶片疲劳断裂，运行中应该避开该转速禁区。
2）根据风机管路阻力曲线与特性曲线建立转速-开度匹配曲线，并在该曲线上划定失速边界，监测风机运行工况，严禁风机在失速区内运行。
3）监测风机机壳振动信号中叶片通过频率及其高倍谐波分量，可以判断风机运行状态，避免风机内流场脉动引发叶片断裂。
文献
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2024年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405109
  • 接收时间：2024-05-29
  • 首发时间：2026-03-06
  • 出版时间：2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-29
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    1.东南大学能源与环境学院，江苏　南京　211189
    2.南京科远智慧科技集团股份有限公司，江苏　南京　211102

通讯作者:

杨建刚（1970），男，教授，主要研究方向为旋转机械振动和转子动力学，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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