Article(id=1236611791527137970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202502054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760826236, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760826236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760826236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760826236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611791871070919, articleId=1236611791527137970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental study on banked fire for peak regulation of supercritical circulating fluidized bed units, columnId=1236611784820445633, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on “ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power generation technology”, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are characterized by high thermal inertia and strong heat storage capacity, enabling banked fire and near-zero output peak shaving. However, there is limited experimental research on banked fire and peak regulation in large-scale CFB units, with a lack of studies on key parameter variations and control strategies during this process. In this study, a banked fire and peak regulation test was conducted on a supercritical 350 MW CFB boiler to investigate the evolution of critical parameters during shutdown and propose optimization strategies for boiler feedwater flow rate and integrated turbine valve position control. These optimizations aim to maximize the peak shaving duration while ensuring operational safety. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized supercritical CFB unit achieved 85 minutes of shutdown peak regulation with a load of 5~8 MW. Throughout the test, the boiler maintained dry operation, while the main and reheat steam temperatures decreased from 566.0 ℃ and 553.0 ℃ to 482.0 ℃ and 472.0 ℃, with average cooling rates of 0.99 ℃/min and 0.95 ℃/min, respectively. The average bed temperature declined from 875.8 ℃ to 730.9 ℃ at a rate of 1.70 ℃/min. During the test, the maximum exhaust temperature of the high-pressure cylinder reached 380.0 ℃, with the steam temperature at the regulating stage exceeding that of the cylinder inner wall. The wall temperature deviation at the outlet of the boiler water-cooled walls and mid-partition walls gradually decreased, peaking at 97.5 ℃. These findings confirm the feasibility of hour-level shutdown peak regulation in supercritical CFB units and provide a reference for engineering applications of similar units.

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循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉具有热惯性大、蓄热能力强的特点,可以实现近零出力的压火调峰。然而,目前业内对于大型CFB机组压火调峰相关试验研究较少,缺乏压火调峰期间关键参数变化和相关控制策略的研究。对此,以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为对象,完成了压火调峰试验,研究了机组压火期间重要参数变化规律,提出了锅炉给水流量和汽轮机综合阀位控制策略优化方案,旨在保障机组运行安全性的前提下最大化压火调峰时间。试验结果表明:优化后超临界CFB机组可以实现85 min机组负荷5~ 8 MW的压火调峰;试验期间锅炉全程维持干态运行,主、再热蒸汽温度从566.0、553.0 ℃下降至482.0、472.0 ℃,平均下降速率为0.99、0.95 ℃/min;锅炉平均床温从875.8 ℃下降至730.9 ℃,平均下降速率为1.70 ℃/min;试验过程中,高压缸排汽温度最高为380.0 ℃,调节级蒸汽温度高于内缸内壁温度,锅炉水冷壁及水冷中隔墙出口壁温偏差随压火时间逐渐减小,最高为97.5 ℃。研究结果证明了超临界CFB机组小时级压火调峰的可行性,可为同类型机组的工程实践提供参考。

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李金晶(1983),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,
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佟博恒(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,

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佟博恒(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,

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佟博恒(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,

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Thermal Power Generation, 2021, 50(4): 59-66., articleTitle=Actual furnace test research on hydrodynamics of a supercritical boiler at 20% deep peak load, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611808858001869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=火力发电厂大气污染物排放标准: GB 13223—2011[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2011: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611808933499342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants: GB 13223—2011[S]. 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articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variations of cylinder exhaust temperature and integrated valve position with time, figureFileSmall=We+fAlov/Zd6r35cD9ASZg==, figureFileBig=JOs9IuUOXikoSC5WORiTPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611801736073480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=图4, caption=高压缸排汽温度和综合阀位随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=We+fAlov/Zd6r35cD9ASZg==, figureFileBig=JOs9IuUOXikoSC5WORiTPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611801803182347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variations of main/reheat steam temperature and high/intermediate pressure cylinder inlet steam inner wall temperature with time, figureFileSmall=CLBns+kZqlGxv8SJwFkw0w==, figureFileBig=l3OQMMlZ9IFM1YJUvs8tDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611801996120338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=水冷壁出口壁温最大偏差曲线, figureFileSmall=RjYwxMSprzKbMR0F9I3KOQ==, figureFileBig=WcRs+tzcCQqp6ZGs6B6eOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611802667209008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Changes of pollutants emission mass concentrations in early stage of fire suppression test, figureFileSmall=vSlgX/0mZ+yGLiF5qak38Q==, figureFileBig=smIEjX105yigerCQz+MJbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611802801426741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=图9, caption=压火试验前期污染物排放质量浓度, figureFileSmall=vSlgX/0mZ+yGLiF5qak38Q==, figureFileBig=smIEjX105yigerCQz+MJbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611802897895737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Changes of pollutants emission mass concentrations during boiler start-up, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611803380240718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Variations of average bed temperature and economizer inlet oxygen content during boiler start-up, figureFileSmall=QIVA8YTVg41+BACY1/Qerg==, figureFileBig=V132JR9QE0mFXL9d+dea2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611803480904019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=图12, caption=锅炉扬火期间平均床温及省煤器入口氧量变化曲线, figureFileSmall=QIVA8YTVg41+BACY1/Qerg==, figureFileBig=V132JR9QE0mFXL9d+dea2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611803615121751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BMCR工况THA工况
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 230.01 171.3
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.3125.31
过热蒸汽温度/℃571571
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)990.215943.057
再热器进口蒸汽压力/MPa5.7075.426
再热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa5.4115.144
再热器进口蒸汽温度/℃353347
再热器出口蒸汽温度/℃569569
给水温度/℃297293
), ArticleFig(id=1236611803724173659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BMCR工况THA工况
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 230.01 171.3
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.3125.31
过热蒸汽温度/℃571571
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)990.215943.057
再热器进口蒸汽压力/MPa5.7075.426
再热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa5.4115.144
再热器进口蒸汽温度/℃353347
再热器出口蒸汽温度/℃569569
给水温度/℃297293
), ArticleFig(id=1236611803904528736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Quality parameters of the tested fuels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种试验煤种
工业分析全水分war(M)/%6.708.10
收到基灰分war(A)/%52.2150.94
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%20.9822.78
收到基固定碳war(FC)/%26.3630.72
元素分析收到基碳war(C)/%32.1432.10
收到基氢war(H)/%2.051.89
收到基氮war(N)/%0.630.52
收到基全硫wt,ar(S)/%1.251.53
收到基氧war(O)/%5.024.92
低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)12 36011 170
), ArticleFig(id=1236611804013580644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验用燃料特性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种试验煤种
工业分析全水分war(M)/%6.708.10
收到基灰分war(A)/%52.2150.94
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%20.9822.78
收到基固定碳war(FC)/%26.3630.72
元素分析收到基碳war(C)/%32.1432.10
收到基氢war(H)/%2.051.89
收到基氮war(N)/%0.630.52
收到基全硫wt,ar(S)/%1.251.53
收到基氧war(O)/%5.024.92
低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)12 36011 170
), ArticleFig(id=1236611804198130025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main sizes of the boiler

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项目数值
锅炉深度(从K—A排柱中心至K—G排柱中心)/mm55 900
锅炉宽度(从B1排柱中心至B9排柱中心)/mm47 600
大板梁高度(最高标高)/mm81 100
炉膛宽度/mm31 020
炉膛深度/mm9 810
尾部竖井前烟道深度/mm4 655
尾部竖井后烟道深度/mm4 655
尾部竖井后烟道宽度/mm17 715
), ArticleFig(id=1236611804286210412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锅炉主要尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
锅炉深度(从K—A排柱中心至K—G排柱中心)/mm55 900
锅炉宽度(从B1排柱中心至B9排柱中心)/mm47 600
大板梁高度(最高标高)/mm81 100
炉膛宽度/mm31 020
炉膛深度/mm9 810
尾部竖井前烟道深度/mm4 655
尾部竖井后烟道深度/mm4 655
尾部竖井后烟道宽度/mm17 715
), ArticleFig(id=1236611804382679407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611791527137970, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Distribution of vertical water-cooled wall temperature

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壁温测点试验时间
00:0000:3001:0001:26
左墙壁温1420.50375.40371.10367.40
左墙壁温9381.70415.50428.20416.80
左墙壁温18385.90424.60427.60405.80
左墙壁温34462.90432.10421.00416.50
右墙壁温1421.20395.00383.80382.50
右墙壁温9373.50403.80418.80408.70
右墙壁温18378.60416.50424.80404.90
右墙壁温34463.20430.50419.20414.10
中隔墙壁温1382.87390.78406.61401.91
中隔墙壁温3376.78402.70426.53418.97
中隔墙壁温5377.69420.10433.27419.53
中隔墙壁温7393.99401.24416.45409.08
中隔墙壁温9378.42425.55437.45415.57
中隔墙壁温11400.26399.31413.59406.19
中隔墙壁温13377.63411.42437.43426.66
中隔墙壁温15393.87431.56442.39424.05
中隔墙壁温17386.80390.15407.49404.91
中隔墙壁温19380.88417.74438.47426.68
最大偏差89.7056.7057.1049.40
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垂直水冷壁壁温分布情况

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壁温测点试验时间
00:0000:3001:0001:26
左墙壁温1420.50375.40371.10367.40
左墙壁温9381.70415.50428.20416.80
左墙壁温18385.90424.60427.60405.80
左墙壁温34462.90432.10421.00416.50
右墙壁温1421.20395.00383.80382.50
右墙壁温9373.50403.80418.80408.70
右墙壁温18378.60416.50424.80404.90
右墙壁温34463.20430.50419.20414.10
中隔墙壁温1382.87390.78406.61401.91
中隔墙壁温3376.78402.70426.53418.97
中隔墙壁温5377.69420.10433.27419.53
中隔墙壁温7393.99401.24416.45409.08
中隔墙壁温9378.42425.55437.45415.57
中隔墙壁温11400.26399.31413.59406.19
中隔墙壁温13377.63411.42437.43426.66
中隔墙壁温15393.87431.56442.39424.05
中隔墙壁温17386.80390.15407.49404.91
中隔墙壁温19380.88417.74438.47426.68
最大偏差89.7056.7057.1049.40
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350 MW超临界循环流化床机组压火调峰试验研究
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佟博恒 1 , 李玉 1 , 马乐乐 1 , 许永伟 1 , 赵彬彬 2 , 杨军 2 , 杨雪婷 1 , 李金晶 1 , 程亮 1 , 黄中 3 , 吕俊复 3
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 82-90
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 82-90
350 MW超临界循环流化床机组压火调峰试验研究
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佟博恒1 , 李玉1, 马乐乐1, 许永伟1, 赵彬彬2, 杨军2, 杨雪婷1, 李金晶1 , 程亮1, 黄中3, 吕俊复3
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045
  • 2.冀建投寿阳热电有限责任公司,山西 晋中 045400
  • 3.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 佟博恒(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,

通讯作者:

李金晶(1983),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,
Experimental study on banked fire for peak regulation of supercritical circulating fluidized bed units
Boheng TONG1 , Yu LI1, Lele MA1, Yongwei XU1, Binbin ZHAO2, Jun YANG2, Xueting YANG1, Jinjing LI1 , Liang CHENG1, Zhong HUANG3, Junfu LYU3
Affiliations
  • 1.North China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
  • 2.Jijian Investment Shouyang Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 045400, China
  • 3.Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502054
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循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉具有热惯性大、蓄热能力强的特点,可以实现近零出力的压火调峰。然而,目前业内对于大型CFB机组压火调峰相关试验研究较少,缺乏压火调峰期间关键参数变化和相关控制策略的研究。对此,以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为对象,完成了压火调峰试验,研究了机组压火期间重要参数变化规律,提出了锅炉给水流量和汽轮机综合阀位控制策略优化方案,旨在保障机组运行安全性的前提下最大化压火调峰时间。试验结果表明:优化后超临界CFB机组可以实现85 min机组负荷5~ 8 MW的压火调峰;试验期间锅炉全程维持干态运行,主、再热蒸汽温度从566.0、553.0 ℃下降至482.0、472.0 ℃,平均下降速率为0.99、0.95 ℃/min;锅炉平均床温从875.8 ℃下降至730.9 ℃,平均下降速率为1.70 ℃/min;试验过程中,高压缸排汽温度最高为380.0 ℃,调节级蒸汽温度高于内缸内壁温度,锅炉水冷壁及水冷中隔墙出口壁温偏差随压火时间逐渐减小,最高为97.5 ℃。研究结果证明了超临界CFB机组小时级压火调峰的可行性,可为同类型机组的工程实践提供参考。

超临界  /  循环流化床锅炉  /  压火调峰  /  干态运行  /  床温

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are characterized by high thermal inertia and strong heat storage capacity, enabling banked fire and near-zero output peak shaving. However, there is limited experimental research on banked fire and peak regulation in large-scale CFB units, with a lack of studies on key parameter variations and control strategies during this process. In this study, a banked fire and peak regulation test was conducted on a supercritical 350 MW CFB boiler to investigate the evolution of critical parameters during shutdown and propose optimization strategies for boiler feedwater flow rate and integrated turbine valve position control. These optimizations aim to maximize the peak shaving duration while ensuring operational safety. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized supercritical CFB unit achieved 85 minutes of shutdown peak regulation with a load of 5~8 MW. Throughout the test, the boiler maintained dry operation, while the main and reheat steam temperatures decreased from 566.0 ℃ and 553.0 ℃ to 482.0 ℃ and 472.0 ℃, with average cooling rates of 0.99 ℃/min and 0.95 ℃/min, respectively. The average bed temperature declined from 875.8 ℃ to 730.9 ℃ at a rate of 1.70 ℃/min. During the test, the maximum exhaust temperature of the high-pressure cylinder reached 380.0 ℃, with the steam temperature at the regulating stage exceeding that of the cylinder inner wall. The wall temperature deviation at the outlet of the boiler water-cooled walls and mid-partition walls gradually decreased, peaking at 97.5 ℃. These findings confirm the feasibility of hour-level shutdown peak regulation in supercritical CFB units and provide a reference for engineering applications of similar units.

supercritical  /  circulating fluidized bed boiler  /  banked fire and peak regulation  /  dry operation  /  bed temperature
佟博恒, 李玉, 马乐乐, 许永伟, 赵彬彬, 杨军, 杨雪婷, 李金晶, 程亮, 黄中, 吕俊复. 350 MW超临界循环流化床机组压火调峰试验研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502054
Boheng TONG, Yu LI, Lele MA, Yongwei XU, Binbin ZHAO, Jun YANG, Xueting YANG, Jinjing LI, Liang CHENG, Zhong HUANG, Junfu LYU. Experimental study on banked fire for peak regulation of supercritical circulating fluidized bed units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502054
随着电力需求波动性加大和新能源比例提升,可再生能源的间歇性、波动性和随机性对电力系统可靠运行造成巨大挑战[1]。传统火电机组承担着基础负荷发电的重任,但随着新能源(如风能、太阳能等)发电的接入比例增加,电力负荷峰谷差异明显加大,电力系统需要灵活的调度手段以确保电网稳定[2]。为了提高风电、光伏等间歇性可再生能源的消纳能力,火电机组逐渐从稳定的基础负荷电源转变为灵活调峰电源[3]。这种角色转变要求火电机组具备更加灵活的启停能力,以便在负荷需求较低时停机,在新能源发电不足时快速启机。这种背景下,火电机组启停调峰成为“兜底保供”保障电力系统稳定运行的重要手段[4]
循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉具有燃料适应性广、污染物控制成本低以及负荷调节范围大的特点[5-7],机组升降负荷时燃烧(污染物生成与还原)和传热过程都存在较大惯性[8]。压火启动调峰是一种充分利用CFB锅炉热惯性大、蓄热能力强的特点,采用独特的“压火”操作,采取热态启动方式快速扬火,实现机组近零出力的深度调峰技术,可实现“停炉不停机”,被称为压火调峰技术[9]。在新能源大规模接入的背景下,CFB锅炉可以“压火”的优势,相较于常规煤粉锅炉可以应对更大的电网负荷变化需求,在电力系统调峰中发挥更大作用[10]
目前,国内对于CFB机组压火调峰的研究和工程实践主要集中于理论研究和运行优化,对于亚临界CFB锅炉已有研究和工程实践较为丰富。乔磊磊等[11]在300 MW亚临界CFB锅炉上进行了压火调峰试验,研究了锅炉、汽轮机等重要参数的变化趋势,结果表明亚临界CFB锅炉具备长周期压火调峰能力;许先义等[12-14]对亚临界CFB锅炉进行了热力计算、控制策略和运行方式等研究,提出了亚临界CFB锅炉压火调峰的操作流程以及关键参数指标;袁登友等[15-18]进行了300 MW等级亚临界锅炉的压火和启动过程工程实践,验证了亚临界锅炉进行小时级压火调峰的可行性。
相比亚临界机组,超临界CFB机组蒸汽参数水平高,具有低煤耗等优势[19]。针对超临界CFB锅炉压火调峰,集中于理论研究和分析。申欣等[20]对350 MW超临界CFB锅炉压火过程进行了现场试验和数值模拟,分析了其温度、氧量和污染物排放。牛斌等[21]分析了超临界CFB机组2种汽水系统的调峰方法。目前,业内对超临界CFB机组压火调峰试验研究和工程实践相关文献报道较少。
超临界CFB锅炉无汽包部件,压火调峰期间汽水系统的控制存在困难。对此,本文进行了某电厂350 MW超临界CFB机组压火调峰试验和工程实践,对CFB机组近零负荷在网运行特性进行了试验,对压火调峰过程中平均床温、主蒸汽压力、炉膛出口氧气体积分数、排汽温度等重要参数进行了试验研究,同时提出了超临界CFB机组压火调峰干态运行控制策略以在保障设备安全的前提下尽可能延长压火时长。试验证明了超临界CFB锅炉具备压火调峰能力,为同类型机组压火调峰提供参考。
某电厂350 MW机组配套锅炉为东方锅炉股份有限公司生产的超临界直流CFB锅炉,型号为DG1230/25.31-Ⅱ1型。锅炉采用单布风板、单炉膛、平衡通风、一次中间再热、固态排渣、CFB燃烧方式,全钢架结构、全悬吊M型布置,采用高温冷却式旋风分离器进行气固分离。
配套汽轮机为东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司生产的CZK350/295-24.2/0.5/566/566超临界、中间再热、两缸两排汽、单轴、直接空冷抽汽凝汽式汽轮机组。锅炉主要设计参数如表1所示。
锅炉设计燃料特性和本次试验所使用燃料特性如表2所示。锅炉主要尺寸如表3所示。
锅炉的耐磨耐火材料主要布置在布风板至燃烧室中垂直壁与斜壁的交界处,旋风分离器入口烟窗,前、后墙水冷壁相交的顶部高灰浓度回流区,旋风分离器内壁,U阀回料器,分离器出口烟道,点火风道,一、二次风入口和接口处。
超临界CFB锅炉在水冷壁出口的汽水系统与亚临界CFB锅炉存在较大区别。超临界直流锅炉工质通过水冷壁出口集箱汇集,然后通过连接管引入汽水分离器进行汽水分离后,存在2种运行状态,即循环运行方式(湿态)和直流运行方式(干态)。锅炉启动系统如图1所示。锅炉未设置炉水循环泵,在启动初期低负荷时处于循环运行方式,蒸汽流经汽水分离器后进入旋风分离器进口烟道,被分离的水进入储水罐,经过储水罐水位控制阀进入疏水扩容器,经过疏水泵后进入冷凝器。在锅炉进入直流运行时,全部工质通过汽水分离器进入旋风分离器进口烟道。
CFB锅炉蓄热体主要包括循环灰、耐磨耐火材料与床料等[22]。在压火调峰过程中,锅炉输出的热量包括:1)锅炉本体与环境散热量及其他热量损失Qloss;2)水冷壁进口至出口的工质换热Qww;3)过热器进口至出口工质换热Qhs;4)再热器进口至出口工质换热Qrh;5)省煤器进口至出口工质换热Qeco。根据能量守恒,压火过程中锅炉工质总换热量等于锅炉蓄热体输出热量,满足式(1):
Qstorage=Qww+Qhs+Qrh+Qeco+Qloss
式中:Qstorage为锅炉蓄热体总输出的热量,kJ,包括床料、金属材料和耐磨耐火材料的蓄热量。
锅炉安全压火的时间为锅炉蓄热量降低至满足最低投煤温度工况所消耗的时间。将锅炉耐火浇注料按不同区域划分,锅炉输出总热量包括床料蓄热、受热面金属蓄热和耐火材料蓄热。床料、金属蓄热和不同区域的耐火浇注料温度不同,采用下标i进行区分。安全压火时间满足式(2):
Qstorage=iMiTsafe_iT0_icpidT
式中:cpi为区域蓄热体平均比热容,kJ/(kg·℃);T0_i为压火开始时蓄热体平均温度,℃;Tsafe为压火结束时可以安全扬火的蓄热体平均温度,℃。
水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器工质换热量满足以下公式:
Qww=0tsafeGww(Hww_0Hww_i)dt
Qhs=0tsafeGhs(Hhs_0Hhs_i)dt
Qrh=0tsafeGrh(Hrh_0Hrh_i)dt
Qeco=0tsafeGww(Heco_0Heco_i)dt
式中:tsafe为安全压火持续时间,s;GwwGhsGrh分别为水冷壁、过热器、再热器工质流量,kg/s;Hww_0Hhs_0Hrh_0Heco_0分别为水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器出口焓值,kJ/kg;Hww_iHhs_iHrh_iHeco_i分别为水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器入口焓值,kJ/kg。
压火时间主要由锅炉总蓄热量和工质流量决定。锅炉总蓄热量越大、工质流量越小,安全压火时间越长。由于湿态运行方式水冷壁出口存在汽水分离器分离并外排进入冷凝器的水,水冷壁工质流量Gww显著增大,水冷壁进口至出口的工质换热量Qww显著增大,因此压火时间tsafe缩短。
综上所述,为减少热量损失以保证压火时长足够,本次试验压火期间锅炉全程维持干态运行,保证水冷壁出口中间点温度过热度大于5 ℃。
试验中所有锅炉、汽轮机运行参数均采集自电厂DCS系统,试验过程从锅炉压火开始至扬火启动成功结束。压火时长共计85 min。压火期间保持汽轮机不跳闸,机组并网不解列。
锅炉压火前,保持机组负荷148 MW运行,此时给水流量456 t/h、主/再热蒸汽压力12.9 MPa/ 2.01 MPa,主/再热蒸汽温度571 ℃/559 ℃,中间点温度(水冷壁出口)385 ℃,中间点过热度54 ℃,总给煤量108 t/h。
试验开始,首先锅炉手动切断燃料(主燃料跳闸,master fuel trip,MFT),所有给煤机及煤仓至给煤机之间的中心给料机跳闸,所有减温水阀门全关;汽轮机阀位控制切换至手动,手动关闭综合阀位。降低主给水流量至185 t/h,减小汽轮机通流量以减少热量损失。切断进入炉膛的燃料后,引风机、二次风机、一次风机、高压流化风机持续运行,保证锅炉残余的挥发物和CO气体等燃尽。监视炉膛出口氧量回升至7%,锅炉通过手动打闸(锅炉跳闸,boiler tripping,BT),停运一、二次风机,保留1台引风机运行10 min后停止,高压流化风机维持运行,关闭所有风门挡板,锅炉压火。
机组负荷和主蒸汽流量随时间变化如图2所示。由图2可以看出,压火之前机组负荷由150 MW快速下降至8 MW,负荷下降速率约为8%Pe/min。压火过程中,主蒸汽流量为50 t/h左右,机组负荷5~8 MW运行,整个压火过程持续时间约85 min。
锅炉蓄热量可以维持的压火时长是决定扬火是否成功的关键。压火初期,为保证锅炉蓄热不被迅速带出,将汽轮机综合阀位切至手动模式,视主蒸汽变化速率手动关闭。
压力下降速率反映了压火状态下锅炉热负荷的变化情况。锅炉出口蒸汽压力持续下降,说明汽轮机蒸汽通流量大于锅炉蒸发量。图3给出了锅炉过热蒸汽压力和再热蒸汽压力随时间的变化曲线。
图3表明:随时间推移,再热蒸汽压力由0.2 MPa升至0.4 MPa,变化速率约0.002 MPa/min;主蒸汽压力匀速下降,由13.34 MPa降至7.97 MPa,下降速率约0.06 MPa/min;压火期间发电机功率较稳定,机组负荷维持在4.5~9.6 MW;受限于发电机逆功率保护的安全限制(该机组发电机程跳逆功率保护定值整定值为-5.8 MW),机组压火调峰负荷没有进一步下探,汽轮机综合阀位不再继续关闭。
图4为高压缸排汽温度和综合阀位随时间的变化曲线。图4表明:试验初期,锅炉蒸发量仍旧较大,随着快速减小综合阀位开度,主蒸汽压力先上升后下降;高压缸排汽温度随阀位关闭而上升,最高升高至380 ℃;后续随蒸汽压力变化速率放缓,锅炉蒸发量不再剧烈下降,高压缸排汽温度为稳定下降趋势;压火期间高压缸排汽温度未超过允许值。
图5给出了主、再热蒸汽温度和高、中压缸进汽内壁温度随时间的变化曲线。
由于压火期间过热器、再热器吸热量降低,蒸汽温度持续下降,主、再热蒸汽温度从压火开始的566.0、553.0 ℃下降至482.0、472.0 ℃,平均下降速率为0.99、0.95 ℃/min(图5)。压火过程中,主、再热蒸汽过热度均大于50 ℃,蒸汽温度下降速率小于100 ℃/h,满足汽轮机安全运行的要求。试验期间主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度均大于高压调节级后内缸内壁温度和中压进汽室内壁温度,最大温差分别为51.2 ℃和22.3 ℃,处于安全阈值内。
锅炉压火时长的重要参数为床温,床温过低将导致压火结束后锅炉启动时投煤无法燃烧,扬火失败。因此,床温下降速率和压火结束时床温绝对值是锅炉压火的重要参数,直接决定了压火时长。图6给出了平均床温和省煤器入口氧量随时间的变化曲线。图6表明:停煤后,平均床温从875.8 ℃下降至730.9 ℃,下降速率较为稳定,平均下降速率为1.7 ℃/min;压火后,由于引风机仍保持运行10 min,省煤器入口氧量持续上升;停运引风机后,氧量在锅炉微弱漏风的情况下继续上升,至扬火前氧量已至21%,此时炉膛内可燃气体已基本燃尽,扬火时出现爆燃等安全风险较低。
本次试验使用的煤质如表2所示,折算后干燥无灰基挥发分为24%,根据Yang等人对于CFB锅炉煤质与点火特性的研究[23],该煤种对应的允许点火温度为550~600 ℃。本试验中压火结束时平均床温为730 ℃,扬火后平均床温最低降低至683 ℃,仍处于允许点火温度之上,满足安全扬火的要求。
压火期间,为减少热量损失,锅炉全程干态运行,控制给水流量保证中间点温度变化速率小于2 ℃/min,中间点过热度始终维持10 ℃以上。图7给出了锅炉给水流量、中间温度和过热度随时间的变化。
图7表明:压火期间给水流量为30~50 t/h;中间点温度和过热度变化趋势为先升高再降低,过热度最高104.3 ℃,最低38.9 ℃;压火初期,锅炉蓄热量还处于持续释放阶段,水冷受热面换热量足以支持锅炉蒸发量,因此中间点温度呈上升趋势;在试验51 min后,中间点温度和过热度开始下降,意味着水冷壁吸热量难以继续维持干态运行;85 min,过热度降低至38.9 ℃时,为避免湿态运行,锅炉扬火启动,试验结束。
对于超临界CFB锅炉机组,低负荷运行期间水冷受热面壁温偏差为重要的安全性指标[24]。给水流量降低导致膜式水冷壁流量分配不均匀,严重时会引起管壁超温、管座鳍片撕裂、爆管等水动力安全问题。因此,试验期间需持续关注锅炉水冷受热面壁温情况,防止出现水动力不足导致受热面超温或偏差过大的情况[25]表4给出了垂直水冷壁壁温分布情况。
表4可见,随着压火进行,水冷壁及水冷中隔墙壁温最大偏差呈持续下降趋势。原来较高的壁温(如左、右墙壁温34)下降,原来较低的壁温(如左、右墙壁温9)上升,可以推断,压火过程中水冷壁换热不均匀现象有所缓解。原因可能是锅炉压火后炉内从原有的床料对流换热+辐射换热变为压火期间的单纯辐射换热。床料流化导致的对流换热偏差消失,因此水冷壁热负荷偏差下降。
根据设备制造厂商技术要求,本工程中水冷壁出口最大温差不能超过80 ℃。试验中水冷壁壁温偏差曲线如图8所示。由图8可以看出:在压火初期和锅炉扬火期间出现2次短暂上涨的趋势;试验初期水冷壁出口壁温偏差最高为97.5 ℃,水冷壁热偏差存在短暂超限;扬火过程中水冷壁壁温偏差短暂超限,最高为83.8 ℃。
工质流量是保障水动力安全的重要因素。本试验中,初期给水流量手动控制的下降速率过快,导致压火初期工质流量分配不均,是导致水冷壁出口壁温偏差超限的主要原因。同样,扬火期间,水冷壁壁温热负荷迅速增加,此时应迅速增大给水流量以保障受热面安全。
具体水动力安全需要进一步详细的建模分析和核算,以确保压火期间保持干态具备常态化运行的条件。
锅炉压火期间,所有风机停运,风烟系统挡板关闭,锅炉“闷炉”没有烟气排放,因此忽略锅炉压火“闷炉”过程中的污染物排放指标。锅炉压火前污染物排放指标如图9所示。
压火前各项指标均满足环保排放要求(NOx质量浓度<50 mg/m3,SO2质量浓度<35 mg/m3,粉尘质量浓度<5 mg/m3[26]
锅炉扬火时污染物排放质量浓度如图10所示。由图10可以看出,在风机启动,投煤燃烧后,各项污染物均呈现短期上升,后续趋于稳定的趋势,整体排放质量浓度均小于限值。
锅炉扬火时,风烟系统启动的同时锅炉投入燃料,此时由于床料流化加上煤颗粒燃烧,水冷壁换热量大幅增加,根据2.4节,需要提升给水流量至安全值以防止水冷壁超温或大幅温度偏差。因此出于安全考虑,扬火后手动增加给水流量。
图11为扬火期间主、再热蒸汽温度变化情况。主、再热蒸汽温度由于给水流量增加后,锅炉蒸发量增加,但是扬火投煤后燃烧和换热有一定延迟,因此短期内蒸汽温度出现下降。后续投煤稳定后主、再热蒸汽温度呈上升趋势。
扬火后,床温曲线如图12所示。可以看到,在投煤之后,床温经历“先上升-后下降-再度上升”的过程。推测原因如下。
1)第一段上升。启动风机后,锅炉内床料流化,换热系数显著增大,部分未燃尽的焦炭燃烧和之前颗粒蓄热产生的热量换热至床料颗粒,最终使测点床温大幅上升。
2)第二段下降。投煤后,由于煤燃烧放热和燃料颗粒传热至床料具有惯性,因此短期内床温没有上升,反而因为投入煤后密相区颗粒浓度上升导致床温下降。
3)第三段上升。投煤后燃烧放热和对流换热过程最终显现至床温的变化上。
通过观察省煤器入口氧量测点可以看到,投煤后氧量呈下降趋势(由于投煤燃烧延迟,氧量出现短暂上升后又回落),说明投入的煤颗粒成功燃烧。
根据2.1节的分析,对于没有炉水循环泵的锅炉要尽量减小锅炉给水流量以提升压火时长,因此锅炉汽水系统选择干态运行,控制中间点温度(水冷壁出口蒸汽温度)全程高于饱和温度。另外,需控制水冷壁壁温偏差满足设备厂商要求,并根据此偏差设计锅炉给水流量禁止减少的限制。
根据2.3节对试验中蒸汽压力变化情况的分析,主蒸汽压力是反映锅炉汽水系统蓄热和锅炉蒸发量与汽轮机通流量平衡的重要参数。为尽可能延长超临界CFB的压火时长,需控制汽轮机综合阀位,降低汽轮机通流量,延缓锅炉蓄热量传递速率。
综上所述,选择综合阀位、锅炉给水流量为控制参数,选择主蒸汽压力、压火调峰为被调量。控制策略优化方法如下。
1)综合阀位控制方法 根据主蒸汽压力控制:锅炉BT的同时,首先将综合阀位降低至35%~50%,然后通过主蒸汽压力下降速率、发电负荷和主蒸汽温度下降速率控制,若主蒸汽压力下降速率高于0.3 MPa/min,或主蒸汽汽温变化速率超过2 ℃/min,则降低综合阀位直至速率合格;压火过程中若发电负荷不大于3 MW,则禁止降低综合阀位。
2)给水流量控制方法 根据中间点温度和水冷壁壁温偏差控制:压火后2 min内将给水流量降低至预设值(50~100 t/h),通过水冷壁出口金属壁温(中间点温度)A1、水冷壁壁温最大值A2、水冷壁最大值与最小值之差A3控制。若A1上升速率小于0.5 ℃/min,则降低给水流量;若A2A3值超限(按设备厂家限值),则增大给水流量。
3)扬火期间给水流量控制方法 与2)类似,扬火期间按速率增加给水流量至设备厂商给定的安全值。给水流量增加速率根据水冷壁出口壁温A2A3值控制,若A2A3值超限(按设备厂家限值),则增大给水流量上升速率。
以某超临界350 MW CFB锅炉机组为研究对象,开展了压火调峰试验,采取全程干态运行的给水流量控制方法,最终总计有效压火时长85 min。得到如下结论。
1)压火期间,排汽温度变化处于安全区间内,最高不超过380 ℃;主、再热蒸汽温度从566.0、553.0 ℃下降至482.0、472.0 ℃,平均下降速率为0.99、0.95 ℃/min,处于安全变化区间。
2)压火期间,主蒸汽压力呈匀速下降趋势,由13.34 MPa下降至7.97 MPa,下降速率约为0.06 MPa/min。
3)压火过程中,水冷受热面出口壁温最大偏差为97.5 ℃,且偏差呈持续下降趋势,原因为压火初期给水流量下降速率过快。由于该偏差已大于设备厂商允许值,因此在后续进行压火和扬火时需注意保证适宜的给水流量变化速率。
4)压火过程中,平均床温从875.8 ℃下降至730.9 ℃,平均下降速率为1.7 ℃/min。
5)对于没有炉水循环泵的超临界CFB锅炉,采用根据主蒸汽压力控制综合阀位、根据水冷壁出口蒸汽温度(中间点温度)和水冷壁壁温偏差最大值控制给水流量的策略可以在保证安全的前提下最大限度提高压火时长。
6)试验结果表明,超临界CFB锅炉,尤其是未配备炉水循环泵的锅炉具备压火调峰能力,压火过程中锅炉、汽轮机各项参数经控制优化后均可以处于安全阈值内。对于超临界CFB锅炉提升电力系统辅助服务能力、消纳风光等新能源、保障新型电力系统安全可靠运行具有重要意义。
随着新能源发电占比进一步提高,电力系统对新一代煤电提出更高要求,因此需要尽可能提高压火调峰的时长,以适应更多午间新能源大规模大发电的场景。大型CFB机组的压火调峰需要锅炉、汽轮机、发电机多专业协同改进。未来可以从锅炉蒸发-汽轮机通流-发电机低负荷3个方面,通过增大锅炉蓄能、减缓床温下降速率、重塑扬火温度边界、减缓锅炉蒸发量、降低压火期间负荷等技术路线研究进一步延长压火时长。
从机组可靠性角度,未来可进一步对超临界CFB锅炉压火工况金属部件安全、低给水流量下的水动力计算、耐磨耐火材料安全、汽轮机末级叶片风险等方面进行研究。
从压火时间预测角度,下一步研究可以对压火期间水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器的换热方式以及锅炉蓄热量热力计算等方面进行研究,通过更精密的热力计算进行锅炉蓄热能力边界和压火时长边界的研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100303-3)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502054
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100303-3)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100303-3)
作者信息
    1.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045
    2.冀建投寿阳热电有限责任公司,山西 晋中 045400
    3.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084

通讯作者:

李金晶(1983),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉试验科学与技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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