Article(id=1236611790939935385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410228, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760826096, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760826096, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760826096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760826096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611791493583535, articleId=1236611790939935385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Online optimization for collaborative treatment of CO and multi-pollutant emission reduction based on particle swarm optimization, columnId=1236611784820445633, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on “ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power generation technology”, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nowadays, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) coal-fired boilers face challenges in the process of deep peak regulation, such as high CO emission concentrations and the lack of theoretical guidance for collaborative emission reduction of multiple pollutants including NOx and SO2. Taking a 150 t/h CFB coal-fired boiler as the research object, a model for quickly predicting mass concentrations of CO, NOx and SO2 emitted from the furnace is established based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, the Attention mechanism and the XGBoost algorithm. Moreover, an online emission reduction strategy is proposed by coupling with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. 36 298 operational data points from the coal-fired boiler throughout 2023 are selected as training samples. A correlation analysis is conducted between the boiler inspection data and pollutant emission mass concentrations to determine the input parameters for the prediction model. The fitness function and boundary function are determined with the prediction model coupled with the PSO algorithm. Through the calculation of emission reduction optimization model, an online emission reduction optimization strategy for CO, NOx and SO2 mass concentrations of CFB boilers in different load ranges is proposed, and the feasibility of the algorithm in practical boiler tuning applications is evaluated.

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深度调峰过程中燃煤循环流化床(CFB)锅炉面临CO排放质量浓度高及其与NOx、SO2等多种污染物协同减排缺乏理论指导等问题。以某150 t/h燃煤CFB锅炉为研究对象,构建基于长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络、注意力机制(Attention)与极端梯度提升(XGBoost)算法的锅炉炉膛出口CO、NOx、SO2等多种污染物排放质量浓度快速预测模型,并耦合粒子群优化(PSO)算法建立CO在线减排优化策略模型。采用2023年36 298条实际运行数据作为训练样本进行炉膛出口污染物排放相关性分析,筛选出污染物质量浓度预测模型的输入参数,并设定适应度函数和边界函数,通过减排优化模型计算,提出了不同负荷范围CFB锅炉CO、NOx、SO2质量浓度在线减排寻优策略,并评估其在实际锅炉在线优化运行应用的可行性。

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陈玲红(1972),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石能源清洁燃烧基础研究、智慧能源,
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康子为(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉污染物减排优化,

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康子为(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉污染物减排优化,

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figureFileBig=Qv4z6ZobJTRGTZdr7+ANoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611802281333022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790939935385, language=CN, label=图13, caption=锅炉81% ~90%额定负荷运行时调优前后NOx与SO2质量浓度对比, figureFileSmall=4IkY1bpYn4U3dot8sTNh2w==, figureFileBig=Qv4z6ZobJTRGTZdr7+ANoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611802390384931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790939935385, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The results of feature selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点名称数量测点名称数量
模型输入特征悬浮段下部压力2返料母管风压1
空预器出口压力2引风机电流/频率1/1
一次风机/二次风机压力2给煤量3
风门开度1烟气含氧量2
电流1/1主蒸汽流量1
风量2/1压力1
频率1/1温度1
给水压力1汽包压力1
温度1炉膛出口温度2
流量1分离器出口烟温2
汽包水位1高过进口烟温2
前墙温度4排烟温度2
后墙温度4一次风温度2
返料床温度1二次风温度1
风机母管压力1循环灰阀开度2
消石灰给量阀开度1锅炉蒸发量1
模型输出特征其他污染物预测网络塔前SO2质量浓度1CO排放质量浓度预测网络1
塔前NOx质量浓度1
总特征向量58
), ArticleFig(id=1236611802524602665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790939935385, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

特征筛选结果

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测点名称数量测点名称数量
模型输入特征悬浮段下部压力2返料母管风压1
空预器出口压力2引风机电流/频率1/1
一次风机/二次风机压力2给煤量3
风门开度1烟气含氧量2
电流1/1主蒸汽流量1
风量2/1压力1
频率1/1温度1
给水压力1汽包压力1
温度1炉膛出口温度2
流量1分离器出口烟温2
汽包水位1高过进口烟温2
前墙温度4排烟温度2
后墙温度4一次风温度2
返料床温度1二次风温度1
风机母管压力1循环灰阀开度2
消石灰给量阀开度1锅炉蒸发量1
模型输出特征其他污染物预测网络塔前SO2质量浓度1CO排放质量浓度预测网络1
塔前NOx质量浓度1
总特征向量58
), ArticleFig(id=1236611802625265965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790939935385, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The comparison between actual boiler debugging and algorithm optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 调整对象工况点1工况点2工况点3工况点4工况点5
塔前SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整+132.03+20.66+41.5+45.81-9.62
算法调整-12.08-70.23+7.52-51.32-88.80
塔前NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整-10.09+0.76-5.08-3.57-0.89
算法调整-5.54-3.43-10.64-3.81-6.21
塔前CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整-124.00-12.92-49.27-94.14-86.72
算法调整-222.91-21.14-69.44-12.39-67.21
实际调整与策略相似度/%7979716471
), ArticleFig(id=1236611802746900786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790939935385, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实际锅炉调试和算法调优差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 调整对象工况点1工况点2工况点3工况点4工况点5
塔前SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整+132.03+20.66+41.5+45.81-9.62
算法调整-12.08-70.23+7.52-51.32-88.80
塔前NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整-10.09+0.76-5.08-3.57-0.89
算法调整-5.54-3.43-10.64-3.81-6.21
塔前CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)锅炉实际调整-124.00-12.92-49.27-94.14-86.72
算法调整-222.91-21.14-69.44-12.39-67.21
实际调整与策略相似度/%7979716471
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基于粒子群算法的燃煤CFB锅炉一氧化碳与多污染物在线减排优化
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康子为 1 , 陈玲红 1 , 武燕燕 1 , 吴俊 2 , 徐碧涛 3 , 金杭良 3 , 曲培培 3
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 23-32
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 23-32
基于粒子群算法的燃煤CFB锅炉一氧化碳与多污染物在线减排优化
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康子为1 , 陈玲红1 , 武燕燕1, 吴俊2, 徐碧涛3, 金杭良3, 曲培培3
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2.杭州杭联热电有限公司,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 3.杭州和达能源有限公司,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 康子为(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤锅炉污染物减排优化,

通讯作者:

陈玲红(1972),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石能源清洁燃烧基础研究、智慧能源,
Online optimization for collaborative treatment of CO and multi-pollutant emission reduction based on particle swarm optimization
Ziwei KANG1 , Linghong CHEN1 , Yanyan WU1, Jun WU2, Bitao XU3, Hangliang JIN3, Peipei QU3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2.Hangzhou Hanglian Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 3.Hangzhou Heda Energy Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410228
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深度调峰过程中燃煤循环流化床(CFB)锅炉面临CO排放质量浓度高及其与NOx、SO2等多种污染物协同减排缺乏理论指导等问题。以某150 t/h燃煤CFB锅炉为研究对象,构建基于长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络、注意力机制(Attention)与极端梯度提升(XGBoost)算法的锅炉炉膛出口CO、NOx、SO2等多种污染物排放质量浓度快速预测模型,并耦合粒子群优化(PSO)算法建立CO在线减排优化策略模型。采用2023年36 298条实际运行数据作为训练样本进行炉膛出口污染物排放相关性分析,筛选出污染物质量浓度预测模型的输入参数,并设定适应度函数和边界函数,通过减排优化模型计算,提出了不同负荷范围CFB锅炉CO、NOx、SO2质量浓度在线减排寻优策略,并评估其在实际锅炉在线优化运行应用的可行性。

CFB锅炉  /  长短时记忆神经网络  /  粒子群算法  /  CO  /  协同减排

Nowadays, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) coal-fired boilers face challenges in the process of deep peak regulation, such as high CO emission concentrations and the lack of theoretical guidance for collaborative emission reduction of multiple pollutants including NOx and SO2. Taking a 150 t/h CFB coal-fired boiler as the research object, a model for quickly predicting mass concentrations of CO, NOx and SO2 emitted from the furnace is established based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, the Attention mechanism and the XGBoost algorithm. Moreover, an online emission reduction strategy is proposed by coupling with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. 36 298 operational data points from the coal-fired boiler throughout 2023 are selected as training samples. A correlation analysis is conducted between the boiler inspection data and pollutant emission mass concentrations to determine the input parameters for the prediction model. The fitness function and boundary function are determined with the prediction model coupled with the PSO algorithm. Through the calculation of emission reduction optimization model, an online emission reduction optimization strategy for CO, NOx and SO2 mass concentrations of CFB boilers in different load ranges is proposed, and the feasibility of the algorithm in practical boiler tuning applications is evaluated.

CFB boiler  /  long short-term memory neural network  /  PSO algorithm  /  CO  /  multi-pollutant emission reduction
康子为, 陈玲红, 武燕燕, 吴俊, 徐碧涛, 金杭良, 曲培培. 基于粒子群算法的燃煤CFB锅炉一氧化碳与多污染物在线减排优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 23 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410228
Ziwei KANG, Linghong CHEN, Yanyan WU, Jun WU, Bitao XU, Hangliang JIN, Peipei QU. Online optimization for collaborative treatment of CO and multi-pollutant emission reduction based on particle swarm optimization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 23 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410228
“双碳”目标下,燃煤机组要求配合新能源机组进行深度调峰,CO已成为燃煤锅炉燃烧过程中生成的重要污染物之一。CO是含碳燃料燃烧过程中生成的一种中间产物,炉内氮氧化物、硫氧化物和CO相互间具有一定程度的关联性,在限制燃煤锅炉燃烧过程中所产生的NOx和SO2时,就会相应地生成大量的CO[1-2]。根据试验数据估算,CO浓度超过一定值时,锅炉效率约降低0.4%[3]。并且随着CO浓度的升高,对锅炉管壁的腐蚀也将加重,为此燃煤锅炉工作的过程中,需要对炉内的CO、NOx和SO2进行调节。
煤燃烧机理的研究发现,CO产生途径主要包括[4-8]大分子有机物高温热解、小分子有机物(如CxHy)等缺氧燃烧、固定碳缺氧燃烧及水煤气反应以及固定碳与其他无机氧化物的置换反应等[9-14]。可以看出,煤质特性、炉内温度、空气混合、燃烧时间等均是影响CO、NOx和SO2生成的因素[15]
近年来,随着计算机技术的发展,机器学习已成为锅炉燃烧优化的重要研究工具,如Zhou等人[16]于SVM模型搭建电站锅炉的氮氧化物预测模型,并基于粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法优化得到最优的一次风速、二次风速。Song等人[17]基于GRNN搭建电站锅炉氮氧化物、给煤量和飞灰含碳量的综合预测模型,并基于ABC寻优算法得到最优二次风开度等参数。Xu等人[18]基于ELM模型搭建锅炉氮氧化物和热效率的综合预测模型,并基于PSO算法得到最优的二次风压力、速度等参数。清华大学顾燕萍等[19]利用了一种基于最优保留策略的GA算法,对锅炉效率和NOx排放进行了分别的优化处理。牛培峰等[20]基于量子神经网络建立电厂锅炉氮氧化物排放浓度和锅炉煤耗的综合模型,并通过蜂群算法优化一次风量、燃煤量和各二次风门开度实现锅炉燃烧优化。当前CO协同其他污染物减排研究相对较少,随着燃煤锅炉参与调峰任务的占比增加,燃烧效率较低导致的CO排放量较大会成为锅炉燃烧需要解决的新问题。
本文以某150 t/h燃煤CFB锅炉为研究对象,采用PSO算法开展CO超标工况寻优,将NOx与SO2排放作为该算法的限制函数,CO排放预测网络作为该算法的目标函数,提出锅炉在线优化策略,为在线优化锅炉CO协同其他污染物减排提供科学指导。
选择PSO算法作为锅炉在线寻优策略的核心工具[21-27],与CO、NOx、SO2等污染物预测网络一并耦合建立锅炉CO协同多污染物减排优化算法。其中,基于结合注意力机制的LSTM网络、XGBoost算法,根据历史运行数据,建立CFB锅炉炉膛出口CO与NOx、SO2排放预测网络模型。PSO算法主要负责在解空间搜寻可行优化解,通过调整锅炉可调参数实现降低锅炉CO排放,同时其他污染物的浓度控制在合理范围内的目标。
长短时记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络单个神经元的结构如图1所示。多个神经元可以组成LSTM神经网络的隐含层,神经元的个数决定了网络的复杂程度和计算输出的维度。可以观察到,输入隐含层的变量由htxk,tCt-1组成,C是LSTM神经网络中特有的内部自循环记忆单元,称为记忆细胞,通过分配长短期数据留存的比例来达成对网络重要长期记忆的留存,优化普通循环神经网络中的“遗忘”问题。
注意力机制(Attention)是一种模仿人脑对事物分析的模型,内部由Q(Query),K(key),V(value) 3个重要的矩阵构成。Q包含了输入信息,KV矩阵一般成对出现,一般为样本中以及包含的原始信息。自注意力机制(self-Attention)是注意力机制具体实现的一种,自注意力体现在QKV矩阵的数据来自于同源的输入,在实际运用中,self-Attention层可以跨时间步捕捉到特征之间的联系。对于前后连贯运行的系统,这样的处理使得模型能注意到更早时刻存在的重要变化,辅助模型对当下状态做出更合理的判断。为了更准确地提取数据间特征,选取了多头自注意力机制(multi-head self-attention)。
本文优化算法以粒子群算法为基础,基本思想是通过群体中个体之间的协作和信息共享来寻找最优解,其计算过程如图2所示。粒子群算法初始化为一群随机的粒子(随机解),然后通过迭代找到最优解。在每一次迭代中,粒子通过跟踪2个极值来更新自己:第1个是个体极值,即粒子本身所找到的最优解;第2个是全局极值,即整个种群目前找到的最优解。粒子们追随当前的最优粒子在解空间中搜索,从而使整个群体的运动在问题求解空间中产生从无序到有序的演化过程,最终获得问题的最优解。式(1)、式(2)展示了粒子速度与位置更新具体计算过程。
vid,k+1=vid,k+c1r1(pidzid,k)+c2r2(pgdzid,k)
zid,k+1=zid,k+vid,k+1Zi=(zi1,zi2,...,zid)Vi=(vi1,vi2,...,vid)Pi=(pi1,pi2,...,pid)Pg=(pg1,pg2,...,pgd)
式中:Zi为第i个粒子在d维空间中的矢量位置;Vi为第i个粒子的飞行速度;Pi为粒子i迄今为止搜索到的最优位置;Pg为整个粒子群群里迄今为止搜索到的最优位置;k为算法在迭代寻优时的第k轮迭代;r1r2为[0,1]的随机数,这些随机数通常在每次迭代中重新生成,用于保证粒子群体的多样性,在速度更新公式中引入随机性,从而帮助粒子跳出局部最优解,增强全局搜索能力;c1c2为学习因子,使粒子具有自我总结与向种群中优秀个体靠拢的能力,本文算法中分别设置为0.5、0.3。
Fitness函数是评价粒子群中每个粒子的优劣程度,其值反映了搜索空间中对应的目标函数值,合适的适应度函数设计直接决定了算法的收敛速度以及性能。为保证锅炉平稳运行,在NOx、SO2排放不超标的情况下降低锅炉CO排放量,基于以上考量设计适应度函数f(nn,action,et+1,et)为:
f=max{100ρe0.1j=1nΔactionj,t+1,  (ρe>0)1.5                ,   
et+1=nnCO(action1,t+1,...,actionj,t+1)
ρe=etet+1et,  et0
式中:et+1为采取优化策略后t+1时刻CO排放网络预测值;ett时刻CO排放质量浓度;ρe为采取优化策略后的优化幅度;action为优化策略的具体动作;nn()为神经网络函数。
为了避免策略过于激进影响锅炉运行状态,调整后其他污染物生成浓度过高,设计优化算法的限制函数,限制策略的调整幅度<15%,调整后炉内NOx质量浓度小于50 mg/m3,SO2排放质量浓度小于300 mg/m3,边界函数f(nn,action)的定义为式(6)。
f={nnSO2(action1,t+1,...,actionj,t+1)<300|actionj,tactionj,t+1|actionj,t<15%nnNOx(action1,t+1,...,actionj,t+1)<50
设计适应度函数的总则是寻找到改变锅炉运行条件时,下一时刻最低CO排放质量浓度的工况,调整后下降幅度e越大认为该点调优情况越好,对于调整后排放浓度增大的值应该舍弃,同时也应该对算法调整参数时的幅度加以限制,幅度调整过大会影响锅炉的稳定燃烧,因此会将调整幅度作为粒子优化评价的负向增益。
策略激进指的是,假如不对算法参数的调整幅度加以限制,可能会出现为了达成降低污染物目标关闭出风口,关闭给煤机等等不符合运行常理的操作。
本文以额定蒸发量150 t /h的CFB锅炉为研究对象,其中一次风机鼓出的空气在经过空气预热器的加热处理后分为2路:一路有效地使物料流化,确保燃烧过程中燃料的均匀性和稳定性;另一路送至炉前,用于播煤、给煤机及给煤管路输煤,保证煤炭均匀播撒和输送。二次风在前墙设有6只风口,后墙设有4只风口。石灰石给料系统直接将石灰石从锅炉二次风口投入炉膛。其中DCS测点位置如图3所示。
图4为2023年炉膛出口CO、NO2、SO2质量浓度数据检测结果,从图4可以看出,CO的排放质量浓度在100~500 mg/m3剧烈波动,最大排放质量浓度为500.19 mg/m3,锅炉出现频次最高的排放质量浓度为120 mg/m3,且有4%以上的工况锅炉排放质量浓度超过了450 mg/m3。锅炉内NO2在50 mg/m3附近波动。炉内SO2产生波动较大,在200~500 mg/m3内波动,较少出现极端情况。
对于神经网络的输入特征值选择,应让选取对象包含尽可能多的目标信息。特征值与目标的相关性越强,对应模型训练的精度也就越高。本文采用最大互信息系数(maximal information coefficient,MIC)来衡量特征值与目标之间的非线性关系,这主要是MIC作为一种非参数统计方法,不需要对数据的分布进行假设,在处理具有复杂非线性关系的数据时更加灵活;与传统的相关性度量方法(如Pearson相关系数)相比,MIC在样本量较小、特征数量较多等情况下具有较好的鲁棒性。从1 124个DCS测点36 298条历史数据中筛选出模型输入参数。图5为最大互信息系数热力图。从图5前3行可以看出:所筛选出的测点与3个污染物排放质量浓度均存在强烈的非线性相关性,适合作为网络的输入特征值;挑选出55个特征向量作为其他污染物网络输入,加入SO2质量浓度与NOx质量浓度与以上特征向量作为CO排放网络输入,最终结果见表1
基于CFB锅炉36 298条DCS数据,搭建了CO、NOx、SO2排放预测网络,具体如图6所示。其中CO排放预测网络通过1D_CNN提取特征间潜在联系,Attention层捕捉时序上的全局信息,最终使用LSTM神经网络站在锅炉历史数据规律上对CO排放进行预测。CO排放预测网络在400个连续测试集上预测模型均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)δRMSE为16.77 mg/m3R2修正系数为0.86,当测试集扩大到1 000时,模型对更多的未知数据表现出更好的预测性能,δRMSER2修正系数分别为14.90 mg/m3与0.89。对于NOx、SO2排放预测网络,其中对NOx预测效果很好,δRMSER2修正系数分别为3.00 mg/m3与0.89;因炉内SO2波动较大,神经网络难以准确预测,采取集成学习XGBoost算法,最终δRMSER2修正系数分别为34.76 mg/m3与0.67。
本文同时利用平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)δRMSE评估3个预测模型,CO、NOx、SO2排放预测网络的δRMSE分别为18.76、2.25、 37.61 mg/m3,表明模型预测误差在合理范围内,满足工业上的预测要求。
从筛选出的特征值中挑选出一次风量(左、右)、二次风量、给煤量(1号、2号、3号)、消石灰给料阀开度、循环给料阀开度(1号、2号)作为模型待优化的可变参数模拟对锅炉运行优化进行操作。
从锅炉历史DCS里面筛选出CO排放质量浓度高于300 mg/m3的记录共2 498条(约占历史运行数据集的10%),具体如图7所示。由图7可以看出,CO排放超标工况主要集中在锅炉额定负荷的60%~90%。为此,从锅炉额定负荷60%~70%、71%~80%、81%~90%的工况中选取典型长时间超标历史运行数据,通过粒子群算法分析其在不同工况下对锅炉进行CO减排优化后的效果。
锅炉在60%~70%额定负荷运行时,CO排放质量浓度易出现400 mg/m3的超高值,5个工况甚至能达到全年测量的极值499.85 mg/m3且接近测点量程。选取52个典型高排放工况对锅炉运行优化,基于PSO算法开展在线寻优,优化策略为:先适当减小一次风总量,合理分配各一次风喷口出风量,提升一次风温;二次风保持合理风量,在污染物质量浓度较大工况提升二次风温,并适当增大引风机电流与石灰石给料量。
优化后,CO排放质量浓度平均下降20.38 mg/m3,最高下降67.62 mg/m3。CO排放下降幅度及模型计算所需时间如图8所示。其中下降幅度为1%~17%,并且随着CO排放质量浓度的增加呈现“两头翘”的趋势,如CO排放质量浓度低于300 mg/m3的工况点1—7,其下降幅度平均能达到12.49%,当CO排放质量浓度在490 mg/m3左右时,如工况点28—30、38—46,优化也能达到不错的效果。对于处于中间的工况点来说,优化效果普遍在2%左右,这可能与中间工况运行时,运行参数特征不明显,寻优难度大所致,还可能和限制函数较为严格,解空间狭小有关。
当前工况优化后其他污染物生成情况如图9所示。
图9可知,优化对大部分工况NOx与SO2的控制都有较好的效果,这得益于约束函数的约束作用。优化后,NOx排放质量浓度平均下降1.96 mg/m3,最高下降8.58 mg/m3,SO2排放质量浓度平均下降75.68 mg/m3,最高下降164.42 mg/m3
对于71%~80%的锅炉额定负荷工况,基于PSO算法开展在线寻优,优化策略主要为:对一次风采取左减右加、提升风温;二次风提升总量,降低风温;加大引风机功率、石灰石给料量、飞灰再循环倍率。CO优化效率及优化时间如图10所示。优化后,CO排放质量浓度普遍下降6%~12%,平均下降22.08 mg/m3,最高下降32.83 mg/m3,每个工况点寻优计算时间为20~40 s。
观察调整后其他污染物的排放情况(图11),锅炉原始NOx生成质量浓度在23 mg/m3左右波动,优化后NOx生成质量浓度控制在20 mg/m3左右,优化后超过90%工况点的NOx质量浓度都有所下降,NOx排放质量浓度平均下降1.61 mg/m3,最高下降10.01 mg/m3。优化后,部分工况点SO2排放质量浓度有所提升,并且这些工况点CO减排优化效果较好,但SO2总体排放质量浓度能够保证在建议生成质量浓度之下,SO2排放质量浓度平均上升5.60 mg/m3,最高下降105.77 mg/m3
对于81%~90%锅炉额定负荷工况,调优前炉膛出口CO质量浓度为200~450 mg/m3,NOx为37~50 mg/m3左右,SO2为280~310 mg/m3。基于PSO算法开展在线寻优,优化策略为:一次风遵循左加右减、增加风温规律;二次风遵循增大风量、降低风温规律;给煤量、飞灰再循环阀及消石灰给料阀均遵循增大规律。锅炉81%~90%额定负荷运行时CO优化效率及优化时间如图12所示,调优前后NOx与SO2质量浓度对比如图13所示。
调优后,CO、NOx、SO2排放质量浓度平均分别下降29.55、3.06、84.85 mg/m3,最高分别下降37.55、5.79、147 mg/m3。相较于中低负荷区间,在高负荷区间的下降幅度更高,CO排放下降幅度最少能达到7%,平均下降幅度为12.7%,优化时间更短,优化一个工况点平均耗时20.12 s。这可能与当前状态锅炉运行在一个较为良好的工况有关,算法经过较小的调整就能达到较优的运行条件,尾部污染物浓度也能控制到很低的程度。
在不同负荷范围内下,运行状态良好时均表现出优化效果更好的规律,这可能是由于,一方面,与运行状态较差的情况相比,运行状态良好时的数据量大,模型学习到优良低排放的工况点特征机会多;另一方面,一般优良工况下运行状态平稳,算法寻优可搜索空间大。也就是说,在运行状态差情况下,很多搜索到的解可能不合理,在有限时间内,相对于工况优良时搜索到局部最优解的概率低。
锅炉数据测点的采样时间为10 min左右,基于本文的算法一般可在20~60 s内获得优化结果。需要指出的是,当锅炉在变工况或者即将停炉时触发调优,可能会影响算法的稳定性。
为了验证算法的可行性,读取锅炉从2024年1月—3月的数据,挑选出CO质量浓度较大工况,按照锅炉负荷随机抽取5个工况点进行优化,其中工况点1为高锅炉负荷,工况点2、3为中锅炉负荷,其他点为低锅炉负荷,对比锅炉实际成功减排CO调试案例和算法CO减排策略之间的差异,结果见表2
表2中,数值的正负代表优化后在原工况基础上数值的增减,相似度表示算法与实际调整对于可调节参数的动作趋势相似性,对同一参数,当调整趋势相同且数值上差异不超过10%,即认为在该参数上算法和实际调整一致。
表2的策略相似度来看:算法调整趋势和锅炉实际生效CO减排调整趋势较为相似,不过在锅炉实际调试操作中,对其他污染物的生成关注度不够;有超过一半的工况在调整后SO2的生成质量浓度增量大于40 mg/m3,而在算法的辅助下,仅有一个工况的SO2的生成质量浓度增量大于0,相较于优化前SO2质量浓度仅有6.9%的增幅;对于炉内NOx的生成质量浓度,算法和实际调整都控制得比较好,实际调整只有一个工况有0.76 mg/m3的增幅。因此可以认为算法能够识别出锅炉当前状态,并能根据当前的参数给出相应的CO减排建议。
1)通过LSTM网络、CNN网络、注意力机制以及XGBoost算法等构建CO、NOx、SO2排放质量浓度的预测模型,在400个连续测试集上均方根误差分别为14.90、3.00、34.77 mg/m3R2分别为0.87、0.89、0.67。
2)基于上述预测模型与PSO算法耦合的算法,确定了适应度函数和边界函数,并对锅炉较高负荷运行工况进行寻优策略研究。
3)在CO协同其他污染物优化过程中,调优后炉膛出口CO质量浓度可从200~450 mg/m3下降至170~400 mg/m3,平均下降29.55 mg/m3,CO平均优化效率最高为12.70%,NOx排放质量浓度平均下降3.06 mg/m3,SO2排放质量浓度平均下降84.85 mg/m3
4)将算法调优结果和锅炉实际调优成功决策对比,发现相似度在64%以上,说明该优化算法有一定的可行性。另外,所有负荷成功执行一次调优的时间均在40 s内,可实现在线寻优。
  • 浙江省“领雁”计划项目(2024C03113)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410228
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
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Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2024C03113)
浙江省“领雁”计划项目(2024C03113)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
    2.杭州杭联热电有限公司,浙江 杭州 310018
    3.杭州和达能源有限公司,浙江 杭州 310018

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陈玲红(1972),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石能源清洁燃烧基础研究、智慧能源,
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