Article(id=1236611790046556192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760825883, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760825883, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760825883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760825883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611790440820792, articleId=1236611790046556192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental study on start-stop peak regulation of a 350 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed coal-fired power unit, columnId=1236611784820445633, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on “ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power generation technology”, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid expansion of new energy power generation capacity in China, the insufficient load regulation capability of coal-fired power plants has become increasingly evident. In order to explore the start-stop peak regulation capability of supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power units, a 350 MW supercritical CFB unit was taken as the research object, and experimental studies on banked-fire hot standby and rapid start-stop operations were conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that the supercritical CFB unit can rapidly reduce its load to near zero (with an average load change rate of about 10%Pe/min) during bank firing, and then maintain hot standby for 108 minutes. After banked firing, the boiler quickly switched to wet-state operation, with the main steam pressure decreasing rapidly at a rate of 0.13 MPa/min. By reasonably controlling the feedwater flow, the working fluid temperature and wall temperature of the water-cooled walls and water-cooled panels were kept stable. The heat released from the combustion of residual carbon caused the bed temperature to decrease slowly during banked firing, which also provided favorable conditions for re-ignition. During the load lift phase, the unit could be quickly started, with NOx emission mass concentration reaching an instantaneous peak of 101 mg/m3, while the hourly average was stable below 50 mg/m3. Throughout the entire experimental period, SO2 emission mass concentration was consistently below 35 mg/m3, and pollutant emissions met the ultra-low-emission requirements. All parameters of the steam turbine and generator remained within normal ranges during the hot standby and startup/shutdown. The rapid decline in main steam pressure and the low superheat of the main steam temperature were the main factors limiting the duration of banked firing in this experiment. The relevant research work provides a reference for the start-stop peak regulation of higher-parameter supercritical and ultra-supercritical CFB units.

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随着我国新能源发电装机规模的快速增长,煤电调峰能力不足的问题日益凸显。为了挖掘超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃煤发电机组的启停调峰能力,以某350 MW超临界CFB机组为研究对象,开展了压火热备与快速启停的试验研究。试验结果表明,超临界CFB机组在压火时能够快速达到近零负荷(平均负荷变化率接近10%Pe/min),之后维持热备状态达108 min。压火后,锅炉迅速转入湿态运行,主蒸汽压力以0.13 MPa/min的速度快速下降。通过合理控制给水流量,水冷壁和水冷屏工质温度及壁温均保持稳定。残炭燃烧释放热量使压火期间床温下降缓慢,同时为扬火提供了有利条件。在扬火阶段,机组能够迅速启动,NOx排放质量浓度瞬时峰值达101 mg/m3,但小时均值稳定在50 mg/m3以下。在整个试验期间,SO2排放质量浓度始终低于35 mg/m3,污染物满足超低排放要求。汽轮机和发电机在压火热备及启停期间的各项参数均处于正常范围内。主蒸汽压力下降速度过快和主蒸汽温度过热度较低是限制本次试验压火时长的主要因素。研究结果为更高参数的超(超)临界CFB机组启停调峰提供了借鉴。

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王君峰(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环流化床技术,
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宋海峰(1984),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉技术改造和调试,

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Research progress on the characteristics of NOx emission in circulating fluidized bed boiler[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(8): 2757-2770., articleTitle=Research progress on the characteristics of NOx emission in circulating fluidized bed boiler, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236611801039827529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, awardId=2024-2026QNRC001, language=EN, fundingSource=Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of CAST(2024-2026QNRC001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236611801136296526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, awardId=2024-2026QNRC001, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2024-2026QNRC001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236611793347473648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236611793355862257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, 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parameters for the generator, figureFileSmall=AWSdihudQXerxcAYhsVPbA==, figureFileBig=lLPdV+Ndi/mzYejsldfQRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611800389710383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, language=CN, label=图9, caption=发电机各温度参数变化曲线, figureFileSmall=AWSdihudQXerxcAYhsVPbA==, figureFileBig=lLPdV+Ndi/mzYejsldfQRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611800519733813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main design parameters of a 350 MW supercritical CFB boiler

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主要设计参数数值
蒸发量/(t·h–1)1 177
主蒸汽温度/℃571.0
主蒸汽压力/MPa25.40
再热蒸汽进/出口温度/℃347/569.0
再热蒸汽进/出口压力/MPa5.50/5.31
给水温度/℃293.6
锅炉热效率/%91.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236611800662340155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611790046556192, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要设计参数数值
蒸发量/(t·h–1)1 177
主蒸汽温度/℃571.0
主蒸汽压力/MPa25.40
再热蒸汽进/出口温度/℃347/569.0
再热蒸汽进/出口压力/MPa5.50/5.31
给水温度/℃293.6
锅炉热效率/%91.7
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Proximate and ultimate analysis of the test coal

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工业分析/%热值Qar,net,p/(MJ·kg–1)
war(M)war(A)war(V)war(FC)
6.8042.5119.9230.7715.28
元素分析/%
war(C)war(H)war(O)war(N)war(S)
39.622.617.710.430.32
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试验煤种工业和元素分析

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工业分析/%热值Qar,net,p/(MJ·kg–1)
war(M)war(A)war(V)war(FC)
6.8042.5119.9230.7715.28
元素分析/%
war(C)war(H)war(O)war(N)war(S)
39.622.617.710.430.32
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350 MW超临界循环流化床煤电机组启停调峰试验
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宋海峰 1 , 王君峰 2, 3, 4 , 安仲红 1 , 兰文祥 1 , 常健 1 , 郭金亮 1 , 郎丽萍 3, 4 , 柯希玮 4 , 吕俊复 2, 4
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 63-70
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 63-70
350 MW超临界循环流化床煤电机组启停调峰试验
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宋海峰1 , 王君峰2, 3, 4 , 安仲红1, 兰文祥1, 常健1, 郭金亮1, 郎丽萍3, 4, 柯希玮4, 吕俊复2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.晋能控股集团阳高热电有限公司,山西 大同 038100
  • 2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 3.哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150046
  • 4.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
  • 宋海峰(1984),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉技术改造和调试,

通讯作者:

王君峰(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环流化床技术,
Experimental study on start-stop peak regulation of a 350 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed coal-fired power unit
Haifeng SONG1 , Junfeng WANG2, 3, 4 , Zhonghong AN1, Wenxiang LAN1, Jian CHANG1, Jinliang GUO1, Liping LANG3, 4, Xiwei KE4, Junfu LYU2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Jinneng Holding Group Yanggao Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Datong 038100, China
  • 2.Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.Harbin Boiler Co., Ltd., Harbin 150046, China
  • 4.Shanxi Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory, Taiyuan 030032, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503022
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随着我国新能源发电装机规模的快速增长,煤电调峰能力不足的问题日益凸显。为了挖掘超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃煤发电机组的启停调峰能力,以某350 MW超临界CFB机组为研究对象,开展了压火热备与快速启停的试验研究。试验结果表明,超临界CFB机组在压火时能够快速达到近零负荷(平均负荷变化率接近10%Pe/min),之后维持热备状态达108 min。压火后,锅炉迅速转入湿态运行,主蒸汽压力以0.13 MPa/min的速度快速下降。通过合理控制给水流量,水冷壁和水冷屏工质温度及壁温均保持稳定。残炭燃烧释放热量使压火期间床温下降缓慢,同时为扬火提供了有利条件。在扬火阶段,机组能够迅速启动,NOx排放质量浓度瞬时峰值达101 mg/m3,但小时均值稳定在50 mg/m3以下。在整个试验期间,SO2排放质量浓度始终低于35 mg/m3,污染物满足超低排放要求。汽轮机和发电机在压火热备及启停期间的各项参数均处于正常范围内。主蒸汽压力下降速度过快和主蒸汽温度过热度较低是限制本次试验压火时长的主要因素。研究结果为更高参数的超(超)临界CFB机组启停调峰提供了借鉴。

超临界  /  循环流化床锅炉  /  调峰  /  压火热备  /  快速启停

With the rapid expansion of new energy power generation capacity in China, the insufficient load regulation capability of coal-fired power plants has become increasingly evident. In order to explore the start-stop peak regulation capability of supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power units, a 350 MW supercritical CFB unit was taken as the research object, and experimental studies on banked-fire hot standby and rapid start-stop operations were conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that the supercritical CFB unit can rapidly reduce its load to near zero (with an average load change rate of about 10%Pe/min) during bank firing, and then maintain hot standby for 108 minutes. After banked firing, the boiler quickly switched to wet-state operation, with the main steam pressure decreasing rapidly at a rate of 0.13 MPa/min. By reasonably controlling the feedwater flow, the working fluid temperature and wall temperature of the water-cooled walls and water-cooled panels were kept stable. The heat released from the combustion of residual carbon caused the bed temperature to decrease slowly during banked firing, which also provided favorable conditions for re-ignition. During the load lift phase, the unit could be quickly started, with NOx emission mass concentration reaching an instantaneous peak of 101 mg/m3, while the hourly average was stable below 50 mg/m3. Throughout the entire experimental period, SO2 emission mass concentration was consistently below 35 mg/m3, and pollutant emissions met the ultra-low-emission requirements. All parameters of the steam turbine and generator remained within normal ranges during the hot standby and startup/shutdown. The rapid decline in main steam pressure and the low superheat of the main steam temperature were the main factors limiting the duration of banked firing in this experiment. The relevant research work provides a reference for the start-stop peak regulation of higher-parameter supercritical and ultra-supercritical CFB units.

supercritical  /  circulating fluidized bed boiler  /  peak regulation  /  banked fire for hot standby  /  fast start-stop
宋海峰, 王君峰, 安仲红, 兰文祥, 常健, 郭金亮, 郎丽萍, 柯希玮, 吕俊复. 350 MW超临界循环流化床煤电机组启停调峰试验. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503022
Haifeng SONG, Junfeng WANG, Zhonghong AN, Wenxiang LAN, Jian CHANG, Jinliang GUO, Liping LANG, Xiwei KE, Junfu LYU. Experimental study on start-stop peak regulation of a 350 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed coal-fired power unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503022
2024年,我国新增发电装机容量达4.3亿千瓦,发电装机容量同比增长14.6%,其中风电和太阳能发电的新增装机容量占比达到82.6%,自“十四五”以来新能源发电装机规模累计增长了157.4%[1]。同时,全国统调最高用电负荷达14.5亿千瓦,创历史新高,部分省份在用电高峰时段出现电力供应偏紧情况。新能源装机增加,其发电的不稳定性对电力系统可靠稳定运行带来巨大挑战[2]。随着新能源装机比例进一步提高,煤电的调峰能力仍难以满足电力系统对灵活电源的要求,部分机组被迫调停。我国执行的电力现货结算市场逐步推进,部分地区已出现“零电价”和“负电价”现象[3-4]。需要进一步提高煤电深度灵活调峰能力,加大消纳新能源,为构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系提供有力支撑[5]
循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉具有较好的燃料适应性和污染物控制经济性[6],尤其CFB机组具有压火的快速启停操作,可采用“停炉不停机”的运行方式[7-8]实现启停调峰需求[9]。乔磊磊等针对亚临界参数CFB锅炉开展的现场试验研究显示,该锅炉压火时长可达110 min以上,为采用自然循环CFB锅炉的现场压火试验提供了有力的技术支持[10];申欣等针对超临界CFB锅炉压火过程开展数值模拟研究,主要分析了压火后床层内烟气侧参数变化、压火时床层物料颗粒粒径分布以及炉内原始污染物生成情况[11];牛斌等分析了加装炉水循环泵和贮水箱2种汽水系统对超临界CFB启停调峰的作用[12],发现加装炉水循环泵对系统稳定性较好并有助于压火调峰,贮水箱则容易造成运行波动并影响机组汽水系统稳定性;吕俊复等在早期对75 t/h的CFB锅炉压火与启动特性研究中发现,CFB锅炉本体具有压火6 h的能力,同时负荷变化率可达到10%/min左右[13]。针对CFB机组压火试验的研究基本为亚临界及以下参数,关于超临界CFB锅炉压火调峰试验的运行操作及研究未见报道。
我国CFB锅炉已发展到超临界和超超临界参数[14-15],60余台超临界CFB发电机组投入商业运行,自主研发的世界首台超超临界CFB锅炉已于2024年11月在陕西彬长电厂正式投入商业运行,还有多个超超临界660 MW级CFB机组正在建设中[16]。超(超)临界CFB锅炉凭借其能耗优势,正逐步成为CFB发电机组的主力军[17]。挖掘超(超)临界参数CFB锅炉的启停调峰潜力具有重要意义,有利于提高可再生能源消纳比例。本文以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为研究对象,开展启停调峰试验,分析压火试验的机组参数变化情况,为后续超临界CFB发电的启停调峰技术发展提供支撑。
2024年5月,在某350 MW超临界CFB机组上开展了压火热备与快速启停现场试验,锅炉示意如图1所示,主要设计参数见表1
锅炉为哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司生产,一次中间再热、超临界直流系统、单炉膛、M型布置,采用不带炉水循环泵的大气扩容式启动系统。燃料制备系统包括三级筛分和两级破碎。炉膛水冷壁为垂直管屏结构,采用炉膛水冷壁串联上行水冷屏的二次上升结构水动力系统,炉膛内布置有水冷屏、高温过热器屏和高温再热器屏。采用前墙8点给煤,后墙7点排渣,床下为4台风道燃烧器。
炉膛和尾部烟道之间布置3台汽冷式旋风分离器,旋风分离器下布置双路回料阀。尾部烟道采用双烟道结构,前烟道布置低温再热器和前省煤器,后烟道布置中温过热器、低温过热器和后省煤器,设置1台四分仓回转式空气预热器。
污染物控制方面,设置有炉内脱硫和尾部脱硫相结合方式。炉内脱硫系统采用气力输送方式,石灰石粉从锅炉后墙6个回料腿的喷射口喷入,设计脱硫效率大于90.0%。尾部湿法脱硫系统为石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫方式,采用一炉两塔串联脱硫装置,设计脱硫效率不小于99.2%。因实际运行煤质含硫量较低,试验期间炉内脱硫暂未使用。对于NOx排放,采用非选择性催化还原(SNCR)脱硝工艺和选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝工艺相结合的形式,综合脱硝效率可达到80.0%以上。SNCR脱硝剂为稀释后尿素溶液,喷入点为锅炉旋风分离器入口烟道;SCR脱硝装置布置在锅炉省煤器和空气预热器之间,设置2层催化剂空间(一层运行,另一层作为备用),SCR系统利用逃逸的氨实现进一步脱硝。
汽轮机和发电机分别由东方电气集团的东方汽轮机有限公司和东方电机有限公司生产。汽轮机超临界一次中间再热、单轴、抽汽凝汽式、直接空冷机组,型号为CZK350/271-24.2/0.36/566/566。发电机冷却方式为水氢氢,额定功率为350 MW,最大功率385 MW,型号为QFSN-350-2-20。
通过对超临界CFB机组的锅炉炉内蓄能、近零负荷水动力稳定性、汽轮机微出力等关键技术开展的系列研究,以及现场多次讨论,制定了本次超临界CFB压火试验方案。试验煤质的工业分析数据如表2所示,该煤质着火温度为410 ℃。
考虑此次为该机组首次进行压火试验操作,结合对国内亚临界CFB机组压火运行的调研与分析,选取合适的机组负荷、蒸汽侧参数和燃烧侧参数作为压火前参数,将压火前机组负荷降至最低稳定运行负荷附近,蒸汽侧参数和烟气侧参数按照机组正常工况适当调整。考虑到压火试验的不确定性,试验在电网调度要求“用电高峰期1台机组需停机备用”的情况下开展,扬火成功后需立即停机。扬火后,依据锅炉燃烧温度、烟气氧量及汽轮机负荷等变化情况判断扬火成功后结束试验并开始停机。本次压火试验目的为研究机组启停调峰能力,结合国内300 MW亚临界等级CFB压火运行状态,压火时长按机组在近零负荷(<2%Pe)下维持的时间计算。
压火前调整机组运行参数,控制在较低负荷(105~125 MW)、较高床温(830 ℃以上)和较高床压(8 kPa以上)状态。准备停炉时,先停止给煤,然后短时快速关停风机,进入压火运行,汽轮发电机组快速降低负荷。压火期间,锅炉控制给水流量以保证水系统安全和参数稳定,汽轮机和发电机维持近零负荷(<5 MW)运行。当机组设定关键参数达到或接近临界条件时,启动风机开始扬火操作,快速恢复机组至一定负荷,判断机组可以扬火成功后,受电网调度指令,启动正常停机程序,试验结束。具体现场试验操作如下。
1)压火前,通过适当增加给煤量,压火前床温提升了约20 ℃,达到850 ℃,同时控制排渣使床压增加了约0.8 kPa,达到8.8 kPa,如图2所示。
2)准备压火时,确认机组各项检查和准备工作无误后,锅炉侧手动切除主燃料(main fuel trip,MFT),观察锅炉参数变化。随后在短时通风后,停运炉侧所有风机,同时关闭各风机出入口挡板、锅炉尾部烟气挡板、空气预热器入口烟气挡板,保持脱硫净烟气挡板全开状态,就地安排专人关闭锅炉过热器和再热器减温水手动阀门。
3)锅炉进入压火状态后,控制汽轮机综合阀位,维持主蒸汽压力不超过17 MPa,汽轮发电机组开始快速减负荷,转入近零功率输出运行。
4)压火期间,密切监视机组参数变化,锅炉侧需重点关注床温、水系统工质参数及壁温情况,汽轮机侧重点关注主蒸汽压力、振动、汽温及壁温等参数,发电机侧重点关注各定冷水、冷热氢温、电子线圈等温度参数,当参数超过运行边界则退出压火状态,开始扬火操作。
5)扬火时,开启烟风挡板,然后依次启动引风机、高流风机、二次风机、一次风机,锅炉给水流量提升至最小直流流量保证水动力系统安全,判断炉内流化后开始投煤。
6)扬火投煤后,结合床温和氧量变化判断扬火是否成功,扬火过程中不投油,扬火时注意机组各项关键参数的快速变化,特别是污染物控制。待扬火成功后,机组进入正常升负荷运行状态。
图3为机组负荷、给煤量、主蒸汽流量等参数变化曲线。锅炉停煤停风后,汽轮发电机组开始快速降负荷,约3.5 min内负荷从123 MW降至4 MW,平均降负荷速率达9.7%Pe/min,其中前1.3 min内负荷从123 MW降至20 MW,变化率高达22.6%Pe/min。进入压火状态后,机组负荷维持在1.5~5.0 MW,实现近零功率输出(平均负荷率在1%左右),期间主蒸汽流量维持在35~60 t/h。
本次试验总压火时长达108 min,压火期间机组各项参数运行稳定。一次不投油扬火成功,机组能够快速启动,约6 min升至34 MW。因本次试验是利用电网调度指令要求停机备用的情况下申请开展的,试验完成之后按照电网调度要求,开始正常停机。本次试验实现了超临界CFB燃煤发电机组压火热备和快速启停调峰运行。
在压火期间,对锅炉工质侧参数监测和控制是确保受热面安全性的关键,尤其对于超临界直流CFB锅炉,其水动力安全性的保障尤为重要[18-19]
图4为压火调峰时锅炉工质侧主要参数变化。主蒸汽压力开始先上升到16.7 MPa,然后逐渐下降到约6.1 MPa,下降阶段的压力变化速度为0.13 MPa/min。压火初期主蒸汽压力主要通过汽轮机侧调节阀控制防止压力过高;后期由于锅炉产汽量下降,开始逐渐降低。
锅炉出口蒸汽温度呈下降趋势,其中主蒸汽温度从压火前535 ℃降至扬火前386 ℃,平均下降速度为1.38 ℃/min,再热蒸汽温度从压火前530 ℃降至扬火前376 ℃,平均下降速度1.42 ℃/min。特别需要注意的是,主蒸汽温度在扬火前的过热度为105 ℃,接近压火试验前预先设定限值(过热度不低于80 ℃),锅炉出口主蒸汽过热度低会影响汽轮机安全运行,存在末级叶片汽蚀等风险。试验期间汽轮机侧投入罗茨真空泵系统最大限度降低运行背压和提升低压缸容积流量,同时全过程对汽轮机膨胀、振动参数进行监测。汽轮机侧运行参数虽然未出现异常波动,但是考虑过热度已较低且主蒸汽压力下降较快,停止压火运行并进行扬火操作。
试验过程中锅炉水动力系统工质侧参数随时间变化如图5所示。可以看到锅炉压火后水冷壁出口工质温度逐渐上升,而水冷屏出口工质温度逐渐下降,在压火约7 min后2个温度基本一致,此时汽水分离器的过热度也降至0,锅炉由干态转为湿态运行,并一直保持到扬火前。水系统温度一方面受压火时炉内传热变化影响,另一方面也受给水流量的调节控制。
本次压火后,结合前期的分析和运行时工质侧参数情况,主给水流量由压火前383 t/h快速降至约200 t/h,以尽量减少外排热量损失。后根据运行时水冷壁和水冷屏工质参数及壁温情况,又逐渐降至约140 t/h,并保持到扬火前。通过对给水流量的合理控制,保证整个压火期间水冷壁和水冷屏的工质温度变化较为稳定,同时壁温参数也在允许范围。
本次压火试验中,锅炉主蒸汽压力的下降速度明显快于亚临界CFB锅炉[10]。对比图3中压火期间的主蒸汽流量可以发现,压火时主给水流量(140~200 t/h)明显高于主蒸汽流量(35~60 t/h),说明大部分给水经炉膛水冷壁和水冷屏加热后并未产生蒸汽而是进入启动系统。由于本项目未采用循环水泵,这部分水通过启动系统排出造成热量损失,导致蒸发系统容量损失,使得主蒸汽压力下降较快。如增设启动循环泵,可以大大减少热量损失,提高蒸发量,从而减缓主蒸汽压力下降速度。另外,本次试验考虑安全性,压火前将机组负荷、主蒸汽压力及主蒸汽温度等参数控制在较低水平,后续可通过提高参数(如提升机组负荷至150 MW、主蒸汽压力至15 MPa、主蒸汽温度至560 ℃以上)增加锅炉工质侧蓄热量,从而提高压火时长。
锅炉压火后炉内床料位于炉膛底部,处于静止状态。炉膛和尾部烟道的烟风挡板关闭,然而因烟囱自拔通风特性以及烟道挡板也存在漏风,烟道内烟气存在缓慢流动,但总体上可视为停滞。
试验过程中锅炉床温及尾部烟温变化如图6所示。锅炉炉膛密相区下部床温由压火前840 ℃降至770 ℃,低于其他300 MW亚临界CFB机组压火过程中床温下降速度[10]。这可能与本次压火操作有关。本次压火试验在锅炉停止给煤后26 s内即停运所有风机,压火停风时间短且速度快,一方面减少了空气对床料的冷却,另一方面可使更多的残炭保存在床料中。残炭在压火期间缓慢燃烧并释放热量加热床料,考虑床层静止时颗粒间导热系数也比较小[20],使得床料温度下降较为缓慢。本次试验针对维持床层温度所采取的措施为延长压火时间及扬火启动提供了有利条件。
密相区上部烟温下降较为明显,由压火前的733 ℃降至扬火前的279 ℃,表明在扬火前炉膛上部已存在受热面向烟气反向传热的情况,这也是主蒸汽出口温度下降较快的一个原因。分离器出口烟温下降速度低于炉膛密相区上部烟温,主要是因为分离器出口烟道为绝热结构,此处浇注料蓄热量较大而使得此处烟温下降速度较慢。省煤器出口和空气预热器出口位于尾部烟道护板区,无包墙受热面冷却,烟温变化较小。
本次压火期间炉膛床温下降速度较慢,但炉膛上部烟气侧温度下降明显。为提高炉内烟气温度从而改善压火和扬火条件,后续可考虑适当提高压火前的锅炉负荷、床压和床温参数,如在更高负荷下试验可提升烟气和床温,可再适当提高床压和床温进一步改善燃烧条件。
SNCR系统在锅炉停煤压火瞬时停止运行,在扬火后重新启动运行,尾部湿法脱硫系统在试验全程保持投运状态。图7为锅炉尾部NOx和SO2排放情况,其中SO2排放质量浓度在压火及扬火期间始终低于35 mg/m3,说明尾部湿法脱硫在压火调峰期间能够很好地控制烟气中SO2排放。NOx排放质量浓度在压火热备期间仍能控制在50 mg/m3以下,但扬火瞬时峰值达到101 mg/m3。扬火时SNCR系统快速投入使用,同时随给煤投入和炉内氧量下降,其NOx排放很快得到控制。分析扬火时NOx排放质量浓度急速升高与该时刻炉内氧量较高有关[21],燃料给入后短时间内炉内大部分区域处于氧化性气氛,导致原始NOx生成增加且抑制其还原[22-23]
不过从小时平均值来看,SO2排放质量浓度能够被稳定控制在10 mg/m3以下,NOx在扬火期间的小时排放质量浓度均值也仅为34 mg/m3,均满足超低排放要求。
在锅炉停煤停风后,汽轮机随锅炉蒸汽量减少而急速降负荷,期间通过汽轮机侧调节阀控制主蒸汽侧压力稳定,汽轮机高压缸调节级后蒸汽温度和金属壁温压火期间偏差最大不超过2 ℃。图8分别为压火试验期间汽轮机各轴在X方向和Y方向的振动曲线,可以看到压火试验期间各方向振动变化有一定幅度,其中X方向振动最大偏差达到34.5 μm,Y方向振动最大偏差较小为22.8 μm,但所有振动均未超过运行限值。
图9为压火试验期间发电机各温度参数变化曲线。可以看出,在压火试验期间发电机侧各项温度参数变化较小,保持在安全运行范围内。其中:定冷水供水温度和回水温度在压火后变化幅度均比较小(<3.0 ℃);冷氢温度和热氢温度在压火后呈缓慢下降趋势,压火试验期间下降温度分别为2.1 ℃和3.1 ℃;定子线圈温度的所有测点规律比较一致,整体略呈下降趋势,图9只列出其中一个典型测点变化曲线,压火试验期间下降温度均不超过3.0 ℃。
通过在某350 MW超临界CFB机组上开展压火调峰试验,系统探究了超临界CFB机组压火热备与快速启停的运行特性与可行性,为超(超)临界高参数CFB机组参与深度调峰提供重要技术支撑。主要结论如下:
1)本次试验成功实现了超临界CFB机组压火热备和快速启停运行,机组近零负荷下稳定运行108 min(平均负荷率维持在1%左右),压火过程中的平均降负荷速率高达9.7%Pe/min。
2)超临界CFB锅炉在压火后很快转入湿态运行,因采用无启动循环泵的水循环系统,外排热量损失较大,虽然通过给水流量优化控制,但主蒸汽压力下降速度仍较快(0.13 MPa/min),期间水冷壁与水冷屏工质温度及壁温均稳定在安全范围内。试验进一步验证了采用二次上升结构的水动力系统安全性和稳定性较好,为超临界CFB通过压火热备进行启停调峰运行提供了关键技术支持。
3)压火试验期间床温下降速度较慢(密相区由840 ℃降至770 ℃),分析是由于采取快速停风操作后床料中存留残炭更多,其在压火期间释放燃烧热量抵消了一部分床温下降,为扬火启动创造了有利条件。
4)扬火时NOx排放质量浓度瞬时峰值达101 mg/m3,但小时均值仅为34 mg/m3,SO2排放质量浓度始终低于35 mg/m3,满足超低排放要求。
5)压火期间汽轮机高压缸调节级后蒸汽温度偏差小于2 ℃,各轴振动最大偏差34.5 μm(X方向),发电机定冷水、氢温及线圈温度波动均未超过3 ℃,表明超临界参数汽轮发电机组在近零负荷调峰工况下具备良好的设备耐受性。
6)主蒸汽压力下降速度过快和主蒸汽温度过热度较低是限制本次压火时长的2个主要原因,建议通过适当提高压火前初始参数(机组负荷、主蒸汽压力、主蒸汽温度、锅炉床温和床压等)来增加系统蓄热量,同时增设启动循环泵以减缓工质热量损失,从而协同改善主蒸汽压力与过热度的控制,进一步延长压火热备时长。
本研究在超临界CFB锅炉上尝试压火热备与快速启停调峰运行,系统揭示了压火工况下超临界CFB机组水动力特性、燃烧动态、污染物排放及设备安全性等参数变化规律,填补了超临界机组在该领域的技术空白。研究结果证明超临界CFB煤电机组具备压火热备与快速启停能力,为后续更高参数、更大容量、更多技术类型的超(超)临界CFB机组参与启停调峰提供了实践依据,契合新型电力系统对煤电灵活性的需求,为新能源消纳与电力保供提供可推广技术路径。未来可持续优化运行参数、规范操作流程,进一步延长压火热备时间,并重点关注关键部件和材料的安全性问题。
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2024-2026QNRC001)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503022
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
基金
Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of CAST(2024-2026QNRC001)
中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2024-2026QNRC001)
作者信息
    1.晋能控股集团阳高热电有限公司,山西 大同 038100
    2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
    3.哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150046
    4.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032

通讯作者:

王君峰(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环流化床技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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