Article(id=1236611789593571335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410227, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760825775, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760825775, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760825775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760825775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=135, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611790126247972, articleId=1236611789593571335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of different flow channel structures on heat transfer performance of lead-bismuth eutectic-supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchangers, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Improving the heat transfer efficiency between liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) and supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) is of great significance for advancing the development of advanced nuclear energy systems. The heat transfer performance of printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHE) with different channel structures (straight shaped, wing-shaped, S-shaped and Z-shaped) is investigated through numerical simulation. The results show that the thermal resistance on cold side of the heat exchanger is significantly higher than that on the hot side, with the average heat transfer coefficient of the hot side in straight-channel PCHE being 26.2 times that of the cold side. Under the condition of a fixed hot-side channel structure, the effects of different cold-side channel structures on PCHE heat transfer performance are explored. The results indicate that, compared with straight channels, the heat transfer of Z-shaped, S-shaped and wing-shaped channels increases by 23.3%, 22.2%, and 10.6%, respectively, while the specific pumping power improves by 1.48 times, 1.68 times, and 1.44 times, respectively. In addition, the dynamic performance of different PCHE designs when the cold-side flow rate increases by 20% is compared, revealing that the straight-channel PCHE has the shortest rebalancing time. The pressure drop loss is more significant than the improvement in heat transfer. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the design of LBE/S-CO2 heat exchangers and contribute to enhancing the thermal efficiency of next-generation nuclear energy systems.

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提高液态铅铋合金(LBE)与超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)之间的换热效率对于推动先进核能系统的发展具有重要意义。通过数值模拟方法,研究了直型、翼型、S型、Z型4种几何模型流道结构印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)的换热性能。结果表明,换热器冷侧热阻明显高于热侧热阻,直通道PCHE的热侧传热系数平均为冷侧的26.2倍。在固定热侧流道结构的条件下,重点探讨了不同冷侧流道结构对PCHE换热性能的影响。结果表明,与直型流道相比,Z型流道、S型流道和翼型流道的换热量分别提高了23.3%、22.2%和10.6%,等泵功指标分别提高了1.48倍、1.68倍和1.44倍。此外,对比了当冷侧流量提升20%时不同PCHE的动态性能,其中直通道的重新平衡时间最短,相比换热量的提升,流体压降损失更显著。研究结果为优化LBE/S-CO2换热器设计提供了理论依据,并对提高下一代核能系统的热效率具有指导意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电,
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倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热,

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倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热,

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Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2023, 44(9): 2521-2531., articleTitle=Study on the thermal-hydraulic performance of different channels in printed circuit heat exchanger, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236611802121957999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, awardId=2023-CX-TD-18, language=EN, fundingSource=Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2023-CX-TD-18), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236611802256175733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, awardId=2023-CX-TD-18, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2023-CX-TD-18), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236611794110837033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236611794119225641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, 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figureFileBig=WhbDV3CetBjKzmZqKhhw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611799764759066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=图8, caption=新型混合结构PCHE, figureFileSmall=jZvlYiiRZVhgvyvpLLXhAw==, figureFileBig=WhbDV3CetBjKzmZqKhhw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611799869616667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Velocity distribution of S-CO2 in the airfoil and S-shaped flow channel, figureFileSmall=a9KY27qP7Ohv4QN3PglVIg==, figureFileBig=8MPFGU+G0sHTSv5+6VaLuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611799995445791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=图9, caption=翼型、S型流道内S-CO2速度分布, figureFileSmall=a9KY27qP7Ohv4QN3PglVIg==, figureFileBig=8MPFGU+G0sHTSv5+6VaLuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611800108692003, 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articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=图14, caption=增加冷侧进口流量后换热量与压降, figureFileSmall=JPR0BbvDsrXJE9u1HJp+bA==, figureFileBig=Kdcl1Ml3twmnwy7R0hnQxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611801199211090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Boundary conditions for grid independence verification

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项目LBES-CO2
入口流量/(g·s–1)145.004×1.15
入口温度/K753.15585.85
出口压力/MPa0.810.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801299874391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格独立性验证的边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目LBES-CO2
入口流量/(g·s–1)145.004×1.15
入口温度/K753.15585.85
出口压力/MPa0.810.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801396343389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid independence verification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量THout/KTCout/KQ/W
257 940717.61719.31736.14
629 729718.50716.26717.67
834 028718.76715.41712.27
1 149 727718.83715.04710.82
1 424 599718.95714.87708.33
1 606 001718.96714.91708.12
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801522172510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格独立性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量THout/KTCout/KQ/W
257 940717.61719.31736.14
629 729718.50716.26717.67
834 028718.76715.41712.27
1 149 727718.83715.04710.82
1 424 599718.95714.87708.33
1 606 001718.96714.91708.12
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801639613025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The average synergy angles of S-CO2 in four types of channels

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翼型S型Z型直型
88.4088.2687.8989.61
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801744470628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种流道内S-CO2的平均协同角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型S型Z型直型
88.4088.2687.8989.61
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801819968101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

PEC index of four types of channels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型S型Z型直型
1.441.681.481.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236611801996128875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611789593571335, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4种流道的PEC指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型S型Z型直型
1.441.681.481.00
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不同流道结构对铅铋-超临界二氧化碳换热器换热性能的影响
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倪依柯 , 李红智 , 杨玉 , 张一帆 , 吴帅帅 , 韩煜航 , 吴家荣
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(7): 135-143
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(7): 135-143
不同流道结构对铅铋-超临界二氧化碳换热器换热性能的影响
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倪依柯 , 李红智 , 杨玉, 张一帆, 吴帅帅, 韩煜航, 吴家荣
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热,

通讯作者:

李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电,
Effect of different flow channel structures on heat transfer performance of lead-bismuth eutectic-supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchangers
Yike NI , Hongzhi LI , Yu YANG, Yifan ZHANG, Shuaishuai WU, Yuhang HAN, Jiarong WU
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410227
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提高液态铅铋合金(LBE)与超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)之间的换热效率对于推动先进核能系统的发展具有重要意义。通过数值模拟方法,研究了直型、翼型、S型、Z型4种几何模型流道结构印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)的换热性能。结果表明,换热器冷侧热阻明显高于热侧热阻,直通道PCHE的热侧传热系数平均为冷侧的26.2倍。在固定热侧流道结构的条件下,重点探讨了不同冷侧流道结构对PCHE换热性能的影响。结果表明,与直型流道相比,Z型流道、S型流道和翼型流道的换热量分别提高了23.3%、22.2%和10.6%,等泵功指标分别提高了1.48倍、1.68倍和1.44倍。此外,对比了当冷侧流量提升20%时不同PCHE的动态性能,其中直通道的重新平衡时间最短,相比换热量的提升,流体压降损失更显著。研究结果为优化LBE/S-CO2换热器设计提供了理论依据,并对提高下一代核能系统的热效率具有指导意义。

印刷电路板换热器  /  超临界二氧化碳  /  液态铅铋合金  /  热工水力特性

Improving the heat transfer efficiency between liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) and supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) is of great significance for advancing the development of advanced nuclear energy systems. The heat transfer performance of printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHE) with different channel structures (straight shaped, wing-shaped, S-shaped and Z-shaped) is investigated through numerical simulation. The results show that the thermal resistance on cold side of the heat exchanger is significantly higher than that on the hot side, with the average heat transfer coefficient of the hot side in straight-channel PCHE being 26.2 times that of the cold side. Under the condition of a fixed hot-side channel structure, the effects of different cold-side channel structures on PCHE heat transfer performance are explored. The results indicate that, compared with straight channels, the heat transfer of Z-shaped, S-shaped and wing-shaped channels increases by 23.3%, 22.2%, and 10.6%, respectively, while the specific pumping power improves by 1.48 times, 1.68 times, and 1.44 times, respectively. In addition, the dynamic performance of different PCHE designs when the cold-side flow rate increases by 20% is compared, revealing that the straight-channel PCHE has the shortest rebalancing time. The pressure drop loss is more significant than the improvement in heat transfer. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the design of LBE/S-CO2 heat exchangers and contribute to enhancing the thermal efficiency of next-generation nuclear energy systems.

PCHE  /  S-CO2  /  LBE  /  thermal hydraulic characteristics
倪依柯, 李红智, 杨玉, 张一帆, 吴帅帅, 韩煜航, 吴家荣. 不同流道结构对铅铋-超临界二氧化碳换热器换热性能的影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410227
Yike NI, Hongzhi LI, Yu YANG, Yifan ZHANG, Shuaishuai WU, Yuhang HAN, Jiarong WU. Effect of different flow channel structures on heat transfer performance of lead-bismuth eutectic-supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchangers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410227
液态铅铋合金(lead-bismuth eutectic,LBE)具有优异的中子经济性、化学稳定性以及高热导率,是第四代核反应堆研究中备受关注的冷却剂类型之一[1]。铅铋冷却快堆功率密度高、运行压力低、系统结构紧凑,其应用场景涵盖舰船推进[2]、车载能量系统[3]以及发电领域[4]
与传统蒸汽朗肯循环相比,超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环系统结构简单、设备紧凑[5],在中高温热源条件下循环效率更高[6]。同时,S-CO2循环灵活性更好,郭亚龙等[7]提出一种新型负荷跟随控制策略,实现了51%~100%负荷范围内对电网负荷指令和控制目标安全稳定跟随。
S-CO2循环发电系统紧凑、高效、灵活的特性与铅铋快堆的应用需求高度吻合,被认为是铅铋快堆理想的动力循环。印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)是LBE/S-CO2耦合系统中重要的热传输设备,现有研究广泛关注了S-CO2和LBE在PCHE中的流动与换热特性,为理解耦合传热机理和优化换热器设计提供了参考。
崔大伟等[8]利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法分析了套管式换热器中LBE与S-CO2湍流换热计算模型的适用性,表明在远离CO2临界点的高温区域内,湍流普朗特数Prt模型的选择对计算结果的影响较小。Li等人[9]用四方程模型研究了LBE/S-CO2直通道PCHE的换热水力性能,得到了流量、温度、压力、几何参数等对传热性能和整体效率影响的系统性结论。Mao等人[10]研究了LBE/S-CO2管壳式换热器中的颗粒沉积特性,揭示了颗粒直径、浓度和密度对2种流体中沉积分布和机制的影响,发现颗粒浓度对沉积的影响最显著,并指出LBE与S-CO2的沉积规律存在显著差异。Wang等人[11]通过数值模拟分析了不同通道布置和结构对LBE/S-CO2耦合PCHE的传热性能及压降的影响,得出结论:逆流布置的综合性能优于并流布置,Z型和S型通道的传热性能优于直通道,弯曲角度和次数的增加虽提升了传热效果但也增加了压降和机械损伤风险。刘妍君等[12]分析了翼型流道内S-CO2的流动传热特性,并提出了新的流动和传热关联式。张蓉芳等[13]综述了钠冷快堆耦合布雷顿循环系统中PCHE的研究进展,指出流道结构的优劣需要结合具体应用场景,通过数值分析或实验研究确定。刘书涵等[14]通过模拟PCHE中LBE/S-CO2耦合换热特性,发现换热热阻主要存在于冷工质侧。
LBE作为一种液态金属冷却剂,流动过程中存在较大的流动阻力,需优化流道几何形状以降低压力损失并改善流动稳定性[15]。Zaheed等人[16]的研究表明,圆形截面的几何设计能够降低积垢和堵塞风险,同时减小壁面应力,延长设备运行寿命并提升系统长期可靠性。Shi等人[17]研究了非对称板式换热器在不同流量条件下的流动换热特性,发现该设计在流量不平衡工况下可显著提升综合性能。Niknam等人[18]指出,添加剂制造技术为非对称换热器的制造提供了新方法,可有效控制表面粗糙度和内部应力。Kim等人[19]研究了具有非对称横波纹剖面换热器的换热性能及结构可靠性,提出非对称设计可平衡冷热侧压降,减少热应力集中。
综上所述,当前研究多集中于提升PCHE传热性能的结构优化,而针对不同流道结构对LBE/S-CO2耦合换热器换热性能影响的研究较少,尤其在动态响应特性方面的研究不足。对此,本文将建立非对称的PCHE几何模型,LBE侧流道采用较大直径圆形截面,S-CO2侧采用多种流道结构,对比不同流道结构下LBE/S-CO2的耦合换热特性,并探索新型PCHE的动态响应特性,为S-CO2循环发电系统动态模型的构建提供理论基础。
流体域内连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程分别如下。
连续性方程:
ρt+div(ρU)=0
式中:ρ为流体密度;t为时间;U为流体速度。
动量方程:
(ρU)t+div(ρUU)=p+div(τ)+f
式中:p为压力;τ为黏性应力张量;f为体积力。
能量方程:
(ρE)t+div[U(ρE+p)]=div(kT)+Φ
式中:E为流体能量;k为热导率;T为温度;Φ为黏性耗散项。
使用SST k-ω湍流模型封闭方程组,该模型兼具k-ω模型在流道近壁面处的稳定性和k-ω模型在远壁面处的精确度。经验证,将SST k-ω湍流模型应用于S-CO2[20-21]及LBE[9,22]对流换热过程的数值模拟较为可靠。LBE作为一种液态合金,其导热系数远高于常规流体,温度边界层与流动边界层分离明显,因此需应用湍流普朗特数Prt模型对数值模拟求解方法进行修正。王琛等[23]通过实验和数值模拟研究了LBE的流动传热特性,比较不同Prt模型对计算结果的影响,结果表明,当佩克莱数Pe< 1 500时,用于模拟LBE流动传热的最优物理模型为Cheng等人[24]提出的Prt模型和SST k-ω模型的组合,此时模拟结果与实验值的平均偏差最小。
Cheng-Tak模型为[24]
Prt={4.12Pe10000.01Pe[0.018Pe0.8(7.0A)]1.251000<Pe6000
式中:参数A的值需用式(5)计算。
A={4.5Pe10005.49×104Pe1 000<Pe20003.6Pe>2000
LBE的物性参数设置参考实验数据[25],使用用户定义函数(user defined function,UDF)进行编译。S-CO2物性参数设置参考美国国家标准与技术研究院公布的制冷剂及其混合物热力学和传输特性数据库,使用物性差值方法导入计算。计算方法选择Coupled耦合算法,采用二阶迎风的空间离散格式。
模拟工况均已开展网格无关性验证,在此给出直型流道模型(图1)的网格无关性分析过程。选取直型流道模型中1个换热单元进行网格无关性及数值模型验证。图1中:圆形截面为热侧LBE流道,直径6 mm;半圆形截面为S-CO2流道,直径3 mm,流道间距1 mm;LBE侧板片厚度为4 mm,S-CO2侧板片厚度为2 mm,采用2块S-CO2板片夹1块LBE板片的布置形式;流道总长610 mm。冷、热工质采用逆流方式流动,冷侧入口设为0,热侧入口为610 mm处。
划分网格时,控制近壁面区域y+值约等于1,边界层区域网格增长率1.2。为验证网格独立性,参考S-CO2布雷顿循环中工况参数设置边界条件(表1),对已建立的几何模型采用不同网格数量进行仿真。计算得到LBE和S-CO2出口温度及换热量的变化趋势见表2。网格模型如图2所示。
图2可以看出,随着网格数量增加,出口参数的变化趋于稳定,当网格数达到1 149 727时,出口温度值偏差小于0.1%,兼顾数值计算的准确性和计算效率,将上述网格用于后续数值模拟。
为保证数值模拟结果的准确性,将设置相同模型与边界条件,利用实验数据验证数值模拟结果。因LBE/S-CO2耦合换热实验开展极少,缺乏实验数据,将分别验证模型的适用性。Zhang等人[26]进行了高入口温度、高热流密度、竖直圆管边界条件下的LBE流动传热实验研究,并提出当350<Pe<3 800时的努塞特数Nu预测关联式为:
Nu=3.847 2+0.017 9Pe0.803 7
LBE侧Nu的模拟值与实验值对比如图3所示。由图3可以看出,数值模拟结果与实验结果的一致性较好,最大误差小于8%,平均误差小于5%。Li等人[27]也进行了PCHE中S-CO2流动传热实验研究,模拟结果与实验结果最大误差小于10%(图4)。证明所选SST k-ω模型与湍流普朗特数模型的准确性较好,模拟结果合理可信。
利用上述经验证的数值模型对比分析直型流道与Z型流道PCHE中LBE/S-CO2耦合换热特性。将S-CO2侧流道改为Z型,建立了一种混合结构PCHE模型(图5),选择边界条件见表1,冷、热流体采用逆流方式,进口为质量流量入口,出口为压力出口,模型的上、下表面和左、右表面各自设置为周期性边界条件,Zl=24 mm,Zd=5 mm。
因温度远离CO2的拟临界区,密度变化不大且流速较快,故流道内属于强制对流换热,换热过程受浮升力的影响较小[28]。同时,为排除入口效应及出口可能的回流影响,选择长度20~596 mm共24个周期范围内的数据。换热器冷侧流道40~160 mm范围内温度场及流场对比如图6所示。
图6可以看出,在Z型流道中,流体不断地改变流动方向,在每个弯道处形成强烈的速度变化,这种速度变化不仅能够破坏边界层,减小流动的层流区域,还可以促进流体之间的热量交换,提高换热效率。与直型流道相比,Z型流道通过增加导热路径和换热面积,显著改善了热量在通道内的分布。如图6a)所示,Z型流道在换热器内部有效避免了局部高温区域的形成,温度分布相对均匀,其中最高温度低于710 K,有助于提升整体换热性能。相比之下,传统直型流道易在上游区域产生局部高温,可能降低换热器效率甚至导致材料应力集中。另一方面,流体在流道转折处的多次转弯和改变方向导致流动阻力显著增加,Z型流道在转折处有明显压降,且总体压力损失显著高于直型流道。
换热器两侧工质的传热系数沿程变化如图7所示。
图7a)可知,Z型流道冷侧传热系数平均为直型流道的2.2倍,且传热系数沿程分布较均匀。由图7b)可知,热侧工质入口处速度和温度分布尚未完全发展,因此局部传热系数较高。该换热器热侧传热系数远大于冷侧,直型流道热侧传热系数平均为冷侧的26.2倍,耦合换热的热阻主要存在于冷侧,PCHE整体换热更受制于S-CO2,冷侧的换热强度决定了整体换热的下限。由于热侧LBE的不稳定流动会加剧对管壁的冲刷腐蚀,不宜设置复杂结构流道,因此,保留热侧流道为直线型并基于以上模拟结果对换热器冷侧流道结构进行优化设计。
过增元院士提出的场协同理论[29]是从温度场与流场相互协同程度进行分析的流动换热强化准则,理论指出:为强化传热,速度矢量与温度梯度矢量的夹角余弦值cosβ应尽可能大,相同边界条件下夹角β越小,则协同程度越好。表示为:
cosβ=UT|U||T|
等泵功条件下的性能评价准则数(performance evaluation criteria,PEC)是衡量强化传热综合性能的重要指标,表示为:
PEC=(Nue/Nur)/((fe/fr)(1/3))
式中:f为阻力系数;下标e代表强化换热结构,下标r代表参考结构。通过对比强化结构与参考结构的努塞特数和流动阻力系数,可量化评估强化技术的综合性能。当PEC值大于1时,表明强化结构在相同泵功条件下比参考结构更高效。
丁源等[30]研究表明,水力直径的增加降低了工质流速,一方面减少了流动阻力,带来压降指数式降低;另一方面,导致传热系数h降低,进而增加换热器长度。随流道数量增加,直线式换热器长度存在最优值,而翼型翅片换热器长度则单调下降,2种换热器压降均以指数形式下降。安风霞等[31]建立了PCHE芯体尺寸与换热效率及阻力损失的代理模型,并用多目标优化算法找出一组Pareto最优解集,结果表明,PCHE芯体的宽度和高度应尽量设计得较小,以获得较高的效率,但代价是压降较大。为降低压降,首先应增加PCHE芯体宽度,存在一个PCHE芯体的最佳宽度。Kim等人[32]调研发现,锯齿形流道弯曲点附近有明显压降。Tsuzuki等人[33]研究表明,与传统的锯齿形PCHE相比,S型PCHE仅消耗1/5的压降,但具有相似的传热性能。伍权等[34]利用数值模拟方法比较了直型、之字型、翼型流道PCHE的综合流动换热性能,发现之字形、翼型流道的换热效果比直型流道更好,但在相同的S-CO2入口流量条件下,之字型流道的压降最高可达直型流道的9倍,而翼型流道的压降相比直型流道增长不多;翼型流道在Re>17 000时具有更好的综合流动换热性能,适用于Re较高同时考虑换热量和流动阻力需求的工况,而具有直型流道结构的PCHE适用于低流阻需求的工况。
由于PCHE热侧的传热系数较高,同时,热侧LBE的不稳定流动会加剧对管壁的冲刷腐蚀,因此保留热侧流道为直线型,将冷侧S-CO2流道结构改为新翼型流道及S型流道,如图8所示,其中,翼型流道模型的左、右表面设置为对称面,上、下表面为周期面,S型流道模型的上、下表面及左、右表面均为周期面。翼型结构参考NACA 0025翼型数据,高度1 mm,lc=8 mm,ld=4 mm,lv=2 mm,横截面积10.961 mm2,横截面周长17.068 mm;S型流道Sl=24 mm,Sd=5 mm,流道为样条曲线。
翼型流道水力直径计算过程如下:
D=4VS
V=(lswSa)t
S=2t(Pa2+lslc)+2(lswSa)
选定边界条件见表1,但将翼型结构PCHE的冷侧入口流量改为2×2.3 g/s。S-CO2侧速度场对比如图9所示。翼型流道内翅片周期性排列,导致流道截面积周期性变化,在翅片前缘处,由于相邻翅片之间的间隙缩小,流动加速。相反,在翅片下游,流体在扩展到翅尾更宽的流道时减速。同时,翅片上游高压区与翅片之间低压区的交替分布会进一步促进流速变化。流体流过翅片弯曲表面时,附着层从翅片表面分离,在翅片后缘,分离的附着层重新混合,这种分离再混合增加了速度场的复杂性,提升了对流换热的强度。
4种冷侧流道内S-CO2协同角的对比如图10所示。由图10可以看出,翼型流道中由于肋片的扰动作用,工质流经肋片时截面上产生径向速度,在翼尖与翼尾处协同角较小,工质速度场和温度梯度场的协同性较好,平均场协同角为88.40°;S型流道中速度矢量和温度梯度矢量平行的位置集中在流道中心区域,平均场协同角为88.26°,略低于翼型流道。4种流道内S-CO2的平均协同角见表3。可以看出,Z型流道的平均协同角最小,表明其中工质速度场与温度场协同性最好,换热性能最佳。
4种流道的PEC评价指标见表4,可见S型流道的PEC评价指标最高,翼型流道小于S型流道而高于Z型流道。
图11对比了4种流道结构的PCHE的换热量和S-CO2侧压降的变化情况。由图11可以看出:翼型流道比直型流道换热量高10.6%,压降是其1.6倍;S型流道较直型流道换热量高22.2%,压降是其2.8倍;Z型流道较直型流道换热量高23.3%,压降是其3.5倍。3种流道中:Z型流道总换热量最大,压降损失也最大;翼型流道的流动换热性能适中。
综上所述,Z型流道速度场与温度场的协同性最好,换热性能最佳,但压降也最大。S型流道换热量稍小于Z型流道,但其等泵功指标最佳,因此S型流道适用于对换热量需求高且同时考虑泵功损耗的工况。翼型流道中翅片的扰动增加了流体径向速度,提高了S-CO2速度场和温度场的协同性,在小幅增加压降损失的前提下强化了PCHE的对流换热性能,适用于同时考虑换热量和流动阻力需求的工况。
为比较4种结构换热器的动态响应特性,在上述稳态计算结果的基础上将冷侧工质入口质量流量提高20%,进行瞬态计算。4种流道结构换热器冷侧出口温度变化如图12所示,可见由于直型流道结构最简单,其PCHE的动态响应速度最快,重新平衡时间短于20 s;其次依次是翼型、S型、Z型,重新平衡时间均短于1 min。可见,PCHE具有较好的动态响应特性。
4种流道结构换热器冷、热侧热流密度的变化如图3所示。由图13可以看出:热侧热流密度变化更显著;翼型流道的热流密度显著高于直型流道,热侧和冷侧分别稳定在80 000 W/m2和48 000 W/m2,其换热效率更高;Z型流道的热流密度与S型流道的热流密度差距变大。
冷侧工质入口质量流量提高20%并重新平衡后的4种流道换热器的换热量及压降对比如图14所示。通过对比图11图14可以看出:当冷侧流量提升20%时,Z型流道PCHE换热量提升效果最明显,为36.4%;直型流道PCHE的换热量提升不足30%;压降普遍提升50%以上,说明相比换热量提升,流体摩擦损失更显著。
为探究不同流道形式PCHE的流动换热特点,建立了直型、翼型、S型、Z型4种结构的PCHE几何模型,并开展数值模拟。通过分析不同换热器换热机理差异,得出如下结论:
1)LBE/S-CO2耦合换热器中热侧传热系数显著高于冷侧,直通道PCHE热侧传热系数平均为冷侧的26.2倍。
2)Z型流道的换热性能最佳,流场与温度场协同性最好,但压降最高,是直型流道的3.5倍。S型流道的等泵功指标最佳,是直型流道的1.68倍。
3)在冷侧入口流量增加20%的扰动下,直型流道换热器最容易达到重新平衡,接下来依次是翼型、S型、Z型。重新平衡时间均短于1 min,表明PCHE换热器具有良好的动态响应特性。流体压力损失的增加远大于换热性能的提升。
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410227
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2023-CX-TD-18)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2023-CX-TD-18)
作者信息
    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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