Article(id=1236611788435935761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760825498, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760825498, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760825498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760825498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611788817617443, articleId=1236611788435935761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel power generation system integrating an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with an air-cooled coal-fired power plant is proposed to achieve cascaded utilization of steam energy and enhance output power capability. Based on the efficient thermoelectric conversion characteristics of the ORC system at low and medium temperatures, the steam expanding to a certain level in the coal-fired unit is extracted to drive the ORC system for higher output power. This coupling scheme can achieve the multiple purposes of increasing output power, recovering exhaust steam waste heat and preventing air cooler icing in winter. Focusing on a 600 MW coal-fired power plant, thermodynamic performance evaluation has been carried out. The results show that, when the extraction flow rate is 160 kg/s, the thermal efficiency of the system at 50% THA, 75% THA and 100% THA loads increases by 3.48, 1.72 and 1.08 percentage points, respectively. The exergy efficiency increases by 3.38, 1.68 and 1.05 percentage points, and the coal consumption rate decreases by 27.72, 12.88 and 7.92 g/(kW·h), respectively. The heat recovery rate reaches 64.57%, 25.64% and 15.40%, respectively. This approach not only improves the performance of existing air-cooled coal-fired power plants, but also reduces coal consumption, and the research results can provide a way to improve the overall performance of power plants.

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为实现蒸汽能量的梯级利用,提高蒸汽发电能力,提出了一种集成有机朗肯循环系统与风冷式燃煤发电系统的新型发电系统。该系统基于有机朗肯循环系统在中低温阶段的热电高效转换特性,抽取燃煤机组中膨胀到一定程度的蒸汽驱动有机朗肯循环系统进一步提高输出功率。该耦合方案可以实现燃煤电厂提高输出功率、回收排汽余热和在冬季防止空冷器结冰的多重目的。针对某600 MW燃煤电厂进行了热力学性能分析,结果显示,当抽汽流量为160 kg/s时,系统在50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的热效率分别提高了3.48百分点、1.72百分点和1.08百分点,㶲效率分别提高了3.38百分点、1.68百分点和1.05百分点,煤耗率分别降低了27.72、12.88、7.92 g/(kW·h),余热回收率达到64.57%、25.64%和15.40%。该方案不仅提升了现有风冷式燃煤电厂的性能,而且降低了煤耗,研究成果为提高电厂整体性能提供了新的思路。

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张俊莲(1979),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为电力与能源,

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efficiency with the driving steam flow rate, figureFileSmall=YlI6VAd+fzpk/GVDXeH0dQ==, figureFileBig=248B+zS+RLC9/yANMCiJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611798321909864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=CN, label=图12, caption=㶲效率随驱动蒸汽流量的变化, figureFileSmall=YlI6VAd+fzpk/GVDXeH0dQ==, figureFileBig=248B+zS+RLC9/yANMCiJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611798456127601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic design parameters of the system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
环境压力/kPa101汽轮机排汽压力/kPa15
环境温度/℃-5ORC排汽压力/kPa109
锅炉效率/%93标准煤低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)29 308
主蒸汽温度/℃538涡轮机等熵效率/%85
主蒸汽压力/kPa16 670工质泵等熵效率/%80
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798556790901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基本设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
环境压力/kPa101汽轮机排汽压力/kPa15
环境温度/℃-5ORC排汽压力/kPa109
锅炉效率/%93标准煤低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)29 308
主蒸汽温度/℃538涡轮机等熵效率/%85
主蒸汽压力/kPa16 670工质泵等熵效率/%80
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798657454201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Model validation of the coal-fired power plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值计算值相对误差/%
主蒸汽温度/℃538.00538.000
主蒸汽压力/kPa16 67016 6700
再热蒸汽温度/℃508.55508.550
再热蒸汽压力/kPa3 3203 3200
高压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)429.60435.321.33
中压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)388.65399.972.91
低压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)339.20338.840.11
输出功率/MW600.00600.400.07
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798795866240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

燃煤电厂模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值计算值相对误差/%
主蒸汽温度/℃538.00538.000
主蒸汽压力/kPa16 67016 6700
再热蒸汽温度/℃508.55508.550
再热蒸汽压力/kPa3 3203 3200
高压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)429.60435.321.33
中压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)388.65399.972.91
低压缸排汽流量/(kg·s–1)339.20338.840.11
输出功率/MW600.00600.400.07
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798917501061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model validation of the ORC system model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目文献[16]值计算值相对误差/%
蒸发器负荷/kW6 668.506 668.500
输出㶲/kW1 492.621 492.620
泵耗功/ kW58.0058.410.71
净输出功/kW1 054.401 056.660.21
热效率/%15.8115.850.25
㶲效率/%70.6470.800.23
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799030747274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ORC模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目文献[16]值计算值相对误差/%
蒸发器负荷/kW6 668.506 668.500
输出㶲/kW1 492.621 492.620
泵耗功/ kW58.0058.410.71
净输出功/kW1 054.401 056.660.21
热效率/%15.8115.850.25
㶲效率/%70.6470.800.23
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799114633358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Properties of the organic working mediums

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有机流体临界温度/℃临界压力/MPaODPGWP
R600151.983.80020
R245fa154.003.650950
R141b204.204.250.086700
R601196.553.37020
R123183.703.660.012120
R365mfc186.903.2008 060
Heptane267.002.7400
Cyclohexane280.454.0800
MDM290.901.42
Hexane234.703.0300
Octane296.052.50
R1233zd(E)165.603.5701
R1224yd(Z)155.503.3301
R1234ze(Z)150.13.5301
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799198519444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611788435935761, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

有机工质的性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机流体临界温度/℃临界压力/MPaODPGWP
R600151.983.80020
R245fa154.003.650950
R141b204.204.250.086700
R601196.553.37020
R123183.703.660.012120
R365mfc186.903.2008 060
Heptane267.002.7400
Cyclohexane280.454.0800
MDM290.901.42
Hexane234.703.0300
Octane296.052.50
R1233zd(E)165.603.5701
R1224yd(Z)155.503.3301
R1234ze(Z)150.13.5301
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基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能
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张俊莲 , 杨传燕 , 张雪标
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(7): 144-152
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(7): 144-152
基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能
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张俊莲 , 杨传燕, 张雪标
作者信息
  • 成都工贸职业技术学院(成都市技师学院)电气工程学院,四川 成都 611730
  • 张俊莲(1979),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为电力与能源,

Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle
Junlian ZHANG , Chuanyan YANG, Xuebiao ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu Industry and Trade College, Chengdu 611730, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410220
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为实现蒸汽能量的梯级利用,提高蒸汽发电能力,提出了一种集成有机朗肯循环系统与风冷式燃煤发电系统的新型发电系统。该系统基于有机朗肯循环系统在中低温阶段的热电高效转换特性,抽取燃煤机组中膨胀到一定程度的蒸汽驱动有机朗肯循环系统进一步提高输出功率。该耦合方案可以实现燃煤电厂提高输出功率、回收排汽余热和在冬季防止空冷器结冰的多重目的。针对某600 MW燃煤电厂进行了热力学性能分析,结果显示,当抽汽流量为160 kg/s时,系统在50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的热效率分别提高了3.48百分点、1.72百分点和1.08百分点,㶲效率分别提高了3.38百分点、1.68百分点和1.05百分点,煤耗率分别降低了27.72、12.88、7.92 g/(kW·h),余热回收率达到64.57%、25.64%和15.40%。该方案不仅提升了现有风冷式燃煤电厂的性能,而且降低了煤耗,研究成果为提高电厂整体性能提供了新的思路。

能量梯级利用  /  余热回收  /  有机朗肯循环  /  燃煤电厂  /  热力学分析

A novel power generation system integrating an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with an air-cooled coal-fired power plant is proposed to achieve cascaded utilization of steam energy and enhance output power capability. Based on the efficient thermoelectric conversion characteristics of the ORC system at low and medium temperatures, the steam expanding to a certain level in the coal-fired unit is extracted to drive the ORC system for higher output power. This coupling scheme can achieve the multiple purposes of increasing output power, recovering exhaust steam waste heat and preventing air cooler icing in winter. Focusing on a 600 MW coal-fired power plant, thermodynamic performance evaluation has been carried out. The results show that, when the extraction flow rate is 160 kg/s, the thermal efficiency of the system at 50% THA, 75% THA and 100% THA loads increases by 3.48, 1.72 and 1.08 percentage points, respectively. The exergy efficiency increases by 3.38, 1.68 and 1.05 percentage points, and the coal consumption rate decreases by 27.72, 12.88 and 7.92 g/(kW·h), respectively. The heat recovery rate reaches 64.57%, 25.64% and 15.40%, respectively. This approach not only improves the performance of existing air-cooled coal-fired power plants, but also reduces coal consumption, and the research results can provide a way to improve the overall performance of power plants.

energy cascade utilization  /  waste heat recovery  /  organic Rankine cycle  /  coal-fired power plants  /  thermodynamic analysis
张俊莲, 杨传燕, 张雪标. 基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410220
Junlian ZHANG, Chuanyan YANG, Xuebiao ZHANG. Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410220
长期以来,煤炭、原油、天然气等一次能源的广泛使用不仅造成能源短缺,也带来严峻的环境问题,因此节能减排一直是各领域学者的研究热点[1]。然而,受制于当前的技术和经济因素,大规模应用清洁能源仍然存在一定的现实问题[2]。在可预见的未来,化石燃料仍是主要能源。我国以煤炭为主要能源,电力生产主要依赖燃煤。因此,燃煤电厂不仅是煤炭的主要消耗者,也是节能减排的关键领域之一[3]
在中低温领域具有高效热电转化技术的有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统近年来倍受国内外学者的关注[4]。Bălănescu等人[5]使用ORC回收燃气-蒸汽联合循环电厂的烟气余热。结果表明:当以R123为工质时,系统效率提高1.19%,每年节约天然气约57 000 m3(标况下)。Guo等人[6]利用ORC回收磷酸燃料电池的余热,并从热力学和生态学角度评价其性能。结果表明,相比于纯磷酸燃料电池,耦合方案的最大输出功率提高了25.2%。Moreira等人[7]在巴西采用亚临界简单ORC回收水泥厂余热,并进行了热力学和经济性分析。结果表明,收益率超过80%,最大净现值为1.7亿雷亚尔。Zhi等人[8]采用亚临界—跨临界平行ORC回收发动机余热,并从能量和㶲方法两方面进行热力学性能分析。结果表明,与单一工质相比,采用共沸混合工质可以提高输出功率。上述研究证明了ORC在中低温热电转换和余热回收方面具有显著优势。
众多学者对燃煤电厂与ORC的耦合系统进行了深入研究。Jin等人[9]将热泵和ORC与燃煤电厂耦合,回收锅炉烟气余热,解决烟气余热回收率与利用效率之间的矛盾。结果表明,该电厂年净输出功率和售电效益分别提高409.19 kW和12 200美元,标准煤耗量和煤炭成本分别降低595.5 t和89 320美元。Liao等人[10]提出了一种耦合ORC的新型冷热电联产系统,用于回收300 MW燃煤电厂的底渣余热,并研究了冷凝温度、冷却水流量和过热度对机组㶲效率和热效率等性能的影响。随后,他们采用基于ORC的组合系统回收烟气余热。结果表明,ORC-ORC系统的㶲效率和热效率分别为45.54%和16.37%,高于ORC-超临界二氧化碳系统[11]。Zhang等人[12]采用ORC降低吸收式热泵驱动热源的能级,降低受热侧和供热侧的能级差。结果表明,新型热电联产系统不仅能提高供热能力和输出功率,而且能降低化石燃料消耗。上述研究表明,耦合ORC与燃煤电厂能够达到显著节能效果。
基于ORC在中低温高效热电转换优势,本文提出了一种新的发电系统,该系统通过抽取燃煤机组汽轮机中的蒸汽来驱动ORC进一步发电,提高蒸汽的发电能力。本文以某600 MW电厂为研究对象,基于第一和第二热力学定律,从能量和㶲利用的角度对传统发电系统和新发电系统进行热力学性能分析。通过定量和定性的方法揭示了改造前后的性能变化,为新发电系统的设计和应用提供指导作用。
图1为本文提出的新型发电系统流程。耦合发电系统由燃煤发电系统和ORC系统组成,燃煤发电系统主要包括锅炉、汽轮机系统(高压缸、中压缸和低压缸)、回热系统、空冷器和泵,ORC系统由预热器、蒸发器、涡轮机、空冷器Ⅰ和工质泵组成。工作阶段,经工质泵加压(流股35→36)后的有机工质先在预热器内被电厂排汽预热(流股36→37),再进入蒸发器内由5号抽汽加热至饱和汽态(流股37→38),随后通过涡轮机输出功率(流股38→39)。涡轮机出口的乏汽经空冷器Ⅰ冷却至饱和液态(流股39→35)后进入工质泵开始下一次循环。
可以看出,处于高品位状态的蒸汽在电厂汽轮机中膨胀做功,随着品质降低到中低温级,再作为ORC系统的驱动热源。该耦合方案充分利用ORC在中低温领域热电转化效率高的优势,提高蒸汽的整体发电能力,同时还回收了一定比例的低温排汽余热,使不同等级的热能更好地匹配相应的热力学循环,从而提高系统的整体性能。此外,ORC的低熔点有机工质排汽代替汽轮机排汽,可以防止蒸汽在风冷系统中的冻结,也为防冻提供新的方案。因此,耦合ORC与燃煤电厂的新型发电系统可以实现增强蒸汽发电能力、回收余热和预防冻结的多重目标。
基本的设计参数见表1[13]。风冷式燃煤机组主要应用于西北部干旱寒冷地区,因此环境温度设置为-5 ℃。为便于建立热力学模型,需要做出如下假设:1)忽略设施和管道的热损失和压降损失;2)忽略动能和势能的变化;3)ORC系统中蒸发器和冷凝器出口的有机工质处于饱和状态;4)系统处于稳定运行状态;5)改造前后系统的参数不变,输出性能的变化归因于流量的改变。
电厂中的回热系统包含2种加热器,其原理如图2所示。疏水流放式加热器在传热过程中冷流体和热流体相互分离,汇集式加热器在传热过程中冷流体和热流体相互接触。
对于疏水流放式换热器[13]为:
τj=τ¯jτ¯j1
qj=hjt¯sj
γj=t¯s(j+1)t¯sj
对于汇集式换热器[13]为:
τj=t¯jt¯j1
qj=hjt¯j1
γj=t¯s(j+1)t¯j1
式中:τ为给水比焓增量,kJ/kg;t为换热器出口的给水比焓值,kJ/kg;q为抽汽的比放热量,kJ/kg;h为抽汽比焓值,kJ/kg; γ为疏水比放热量,kJ/kg;下标j和s分别代表抽汽级数和疏水。
各级抽汽流量可由能量平衡方程计算得到[14]
[q1γ2q2γ3γ3q3γ4γ4γ4q4τ5τ5τ5τ5q5τ6τ6τ6τ6γ6q6τ7τ7τ7τ7γ7γ7q7][m1m2m3m4m5m6m7]=[τ1τ2τ3τ4τ5τ6τ7][mgmgmgmgmgmgmg]
式中:m1-m7为第1—7级抽汽流量,kg/s;mg为给水流量,kg/s。
有机工质先在预热器中被电厂排汽预热,然后进入蒸发器内被抽汽加热至饱和汽态,得到预热器和蒸发器的热负荷为[15]
Qpre=morc×(h37h36)
Qgen=morc×(h38h37)
式中:QpreQgen分别为预热器和蒸发器的热负荷,kW;morc为有机工质流量,kg/s;h为比焓值,其下角标为图1中的相应流股,kJ/kg。
涡轮机的输出功率为:
Wtur=morc×(h38h39s)×ηtur
式中:Wtur为涡轮机的输出功率,kW;hs为相应流股的等熵比焓,kJ/kg;ηtur为涡轮机的等熵效率。
空冷器Ⅰ的换热负荷为[15]
QACSΙ=morc×(h39h35)
工质泵的耗功可由下式计算得到:
Wb,orc=morc×(h36sh35)/ηb,orc
式中:Wb,orc为工质泵的耗功,kW;ηb,orc为工质泵的等熵效率。
ORC系统的净输出功率为:
Worc=WturWb,orcWACSI
式中:Worc为ORC系统的净输出功率,kW;WACSI为ORC系统中空冷器Ⅰ的耗功,kW;WACSI为空冷器Ⅰ的耗功,kW。
系统总输出功率为:
Wtotal=WST+WorcWb,CPG
式中:Wtotal为系统总输出功率,kW;Wb,CPG为燃煤机组中泵的耗功,kW;WST为汽轮机的输出功率,kW,其可由式(15)计算得到。
WST=m1×(h1h18)+j=2n1(m1i=1j1mi)×(hj1hj)+m4×(h4hn1+1)+j=n1+2n1+n2+1(m4i=n1+1j1mi)×(hj1hj)
式中:n1n2分别为燃煤机组中再热前后的抽汽总数;j为抽汽级数。
系统标准发电煤耗率为:
mcr=3.6×106×mcWtotal
mc=m1×(h1h17)+m4×(h4h3)ηbl×QLHV,coal
式中:mcr为标准发电煤耗率,g/(kW·h);mc为煤耗流量,kg/s;ηb1为锅炉效率,%;QLHV,coal为标准煤的低热值。
燃煤机组的汽轮机排汽被用于预热有机工质,实现了余热回收利用,相应的余热回收率为:
α=m33×(h33h34)m6×(h6h7)×100
系统的热效率和㶲效率为:
ηen=WtotalQt,in×100
ηex=WtotalEt,in×100
式中:ηenηex分别为系统的总热效率和总㶲效率,%;Qt,inEt,in分别为输入系统的总热值和总㶲值,kW。
系统中相应节点㶲值为:
Ex=m×(hh0T0×(ss0))
式中:Ex为各节点的㶲值,kW;m为工作流体的质量流量,kg/s;hs分别为工作流体的比焓和比熵,kJ/kg,kJ/(kg·K);h0s0分别为工作流体在环境温度下的比焓和比熵,kJ/kg,kJ/(kg·K);T0为环境温度,K。
㶲平衡方程为:
Ex,in+Ex,QEx,outW=Ex,loss
式中:Ex,inEx,out分别为随工质输入和输出设备的㶲,kW;Ex,Q为设备与外界的换热量,kW;W为设备的输出功,kW;Ex,loss为设备的㶲损失,kW。
为验证所建立燃煤电厂模型的准确性,基于上述数学模型,对100%THA工况下的燃煤发电系统进行了校核,结果见表2。由表2可见,模型关键参数输出功率的误差为0.07%,最大误差为2.91%。表明所建模型可以准确反映燃煤发电机组的实际运行工况。
为验证ORC系统的准确性,依据上述数学模型,建立与文献[16]相同工况的仿真模型,并将输出结果与文献数据进行比较,结果见表3。由表3可见,各输出结果的误差均小于0.80%,验证了所建立ORC系统模型的准确性。
在相同的热源驱动下,选用不同的有机工质对集成系统性能输出产生不同程度的增益效果。同时,工质的环境性质和安全性也是不容忽视的关键要素。为了选择更适合集成系统的有机工质,本文在表4列出了的不同类型的有机工质作为候选工质,相应的性能输出如图3所示。结果显示,输出功率最大的前4种工质分别为Cyclohexane、R141b、R123和R1233zd(E)等。然而,Cyclohexane具有毒性且易燃,安全性为A3[17];R141b和R123的臭氧消耗潜能值(ODP)和全球变暖潜能值(GWP)均较大,会给环境带来一定威胁;R1233zd(E)的环境性质友好,安全性属A1。因此,本文选取R1233zd(E)作为ORC系统的有机工质。
依据热力学第一和第二定律,探究了电厂在改造前后50%、75%和100%THA运行工况下的性能变化。
图4显示了不同驱动蒸汽流量下新发电系统输出功率变化情况。可以发现将原有燃煤发电机组改造为新型耦合发电系统后,输出功率明显提高。当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA工况下的输出功率分别增加了27.18、19.12、15.54 MW。这表明,利用5号抽汽驱动ORC可以提高总输出功率,且机组负荷越低,输出功率增加幅度越大。这是因为在抽汽流量一致时,与主蒸汽相比,低负荷下ORC的驱动蒸汽流量比例更大,系统发电能力更强。因此,抽取在汽轮机中膨胀做功至一定程度的蒸汽驱动ORC,可以进一步提高蒸汽的整体发电能力。
不同驱动蒸汽流量下系统的标准发电煤耗率变化情况如图5所示。由图5可以发现,在新发电系统中,煤耗率随驱动蒸汽流量的增加而降低。当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下煤耗率分别降低了27.72、12.88、7.92 g/(kW·h)。这是由于随着驱动蒸汽流量的增大,总输出功率增大,导致煤耗率降低。此外电厂负荷越低,煤耗率下降幅度越大。因此,新型发电系统可以有效降低化石燃料的消耗。
图6显示了不同驱动蒸汽流量下系统余热回收率变化情况。
图6可以发现,系统余热回收率随驱动蒸汽流量的增大而增大。当ORC的驱动蒸汽流量达到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA工况下的系统余热回收率分别达到64.57%、25.64%和15.40%。这是因为ORC的工质流量随驱动蒸汽流量的增加而增加,从而提高了以排汽为热源的预热器热负荷;同时,空冷器的排汽流量随驱动蒸汽流量的增大而减小,二者共同作用增大了系统余热回收率。此外机组负荷越低,余热回收效果越显著。因此,新发电系统不仅可以提高中温蒸汽的发电能力,还可以提高对排汽余热的回收利用程度。
图7显示了不同驱动蒸汽流量下系统热效率变化情况。由图7可知,原燃煤电厂改造后的热效率明显提高。当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的热效率分别提高了3.48百分点、1.72百分点和1.08百分点。这是由于在耦合ORC后,消耗等量的燃料,系统的总输出功率得到了提高。此外,在低负荷下热效率提升幅度更显著。可以发现,采用新型耦合方式后,系统的燃料利用效率明显提高。
为了进一步确定系统对燃料的利用情况,根据热力学第二定律分析了新旧发电系统以及各部分的㶲利用情况。
图8为驱动蒸汽流量为160 kg/s时,100%THA新旧发电系统各部分的㶲指标。原发电系统的总㶲损失和㶲效率分别为898.77 MW和39.34%,新发电系统的总㶲损失和㶲效率分别为883.23 MW和40.39%。㶲效率提高1.05百分点,㶲损失减少15.54 MW。其中ORC系统的㶲效率为55.13%,显著高于原发电系统的39.34%。可以发现,新发电系统的总输出功率增大了15.54 MW,空冷器㶲损失减小了69.88 MW。尽管ORC系统造成了65.62 MW㶲损失,却获得了80.62 MW的输出功率,并且回收了12.28 MW排汽热㶲。因此,将原有发电系统改造为与ORC相耦合的新发电系统后,整体能源利用效率得到了显著提高。
原发电系统和新发电系统的子系统㶲损失分布如图9所示。
图9可知,锅炉和给水泵的㶲损失保持不变。ORC和增压泵的㶲损失分别增加了65.61 MW和0.04 MW,空冷器、回热系统、汽轮机和凝结水泵的㶲损失分别减少了69.88、1.84、9.42、0.06 MW,新发电系统节省了15.52 MW的㶲损失。在这些因素中,空冷器㶲损失的减少起主要作用。空冷器的㶲损失减少主要有2个原因:一方面,部分蒸汽驱动ORC发电,减小了进入空冷器的排汽流量,从而降低放热㶲损失;另一方面,部分排汽用于预热有机工质,进一步降低空冷器中的排汽㶲损失。
ORC系统的㶲损失分布如图10所示。
图10可知,㶲损失由小到大依次为工质泵、预热器、涡轮机、蒸发器和空冷器Ⅰ。预热器带来了3.67 MW㶲损失,但回收了12.28 MW的排汽热㶲;涡轮机造成了12.83 MW㶲损失,但产生的额外功率为80.61 MW,大于燃煤机组的功率减少量65.07 MW;尽管空冷器Ⅰ的㶲损失达到29.43 MW,但是燃煤机组的空冷器㶲损失减少了69.88 MW。与原系统相比,新系统的排汽热㶲损失减少了40.45 MW。因此,ORC与燃煤机组耦合后,可显著降低系统冷端散热㶲损失,提高能源利用效率。
不同驱动蒸汽流量下的㶲损失如图11所示。由图11可以发现,新耦合系统的㶲损失小于原发电系统,且随着驱动蒸汽流量的增大,㶲损失逐渐减小。当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的㶲损失分别减少了27.18、19.12、15.54 MW。这是由于ORC在中低温热电转换率高的作用,使更多的中温级蒸汽和低温排汽在驱动蒸汽流量增大的情况下得到有效利用。
不同驱动蒸汽流量下的㶲效率如图12所示。
图12可知,将原系统改造为新耦合发电系统后,㶲效率明显提高,同时系统的㶲效率随着ORC驱动蒸汽流量的增加而增加。当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的㶲效率分别提高了3.38百分点、1.68百分点和1.05百分点。因此,可以通过提高ORC的驱动蒸汽流量来提高系统㶲效率。此外,负荷越低,㶲效率的增幅越大。因此,采用该耦合方法可以显著提高能量利用效率。
为了实现能源的深度梯级利用,本文提出了一种新型发电系统,该系统由燃煤发电厂耦合ORC实现蒸汽能量的梯级利用,提高蒸汽发电能力,同时还可实现冬季防冻和对排汽余热的回收利用。从热力学角度对原系统和新耦合系统进行了比较,主要结论如下。
1)能量分析结果显示,当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,相比于原系统,新发电系统在50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的输出功率增加了27.18、19.12、15.54 MW,煤耗率分别降低了27.72、12.88、7.92 g/(kW·h),余热回收率分别达到64.57%、25.64%和15.40%,热效率分别提高了3.48百分点、1.72百分点和1.08百分点。
2)㶲分析结果显示,当驱动蒸汽流量从0增加到160 kg/s时,50%THA、75%THA和100%THA负荷下的㶲损失分别减少了27.18、19.12、15.54 MW,㶲效率分别提高了3.38百分点、1.68百分点和1.05百分点。
由此可见,所提方案可显著提高现有燃煤电厂的热力学性能,新耦合方式可为进一步提高现有燃煤电厂性能提供新的途径。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410220
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
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    成都工贸职业技术学院(成都市技师学院)电气工程学院,四川 成都 611730
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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